ardupilot/libraries/AP_Motors/AP_MotorsMulticopter.cpp

/*
   This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
   (at your option) any later version.

   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   GNU General Public License for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */

/*
 *       AP_MotorsMulticopter.cpp - ArduCopter multicopter motors library
 *       Code by Randy Mackay and Robert Lefebvre. DIYDrones.com
 *
 */

#include "AP_MotorsMulticopter.h"
#include <AP_HAL/AP_HAL.h>

extern const AP_HAL::HAL& hal;

// parameters for the motor class
const AP_Param::GroupInfo AP_MotorsMulticopter::var_info[] = {
    // 0 was used by TB_RATIO
    // 1,2,3 were used by throttle curve
    // 5 was SPIN_ARMED

    // @Param: YAW_HEADROOM
    // @DisplayName: Matrix Yaw Min
    // @Description: Yaw control is given at least this pwm range
    // @Range: 0 500
    // @Units: pwm
    // @User: Advanced
    AP_GROUPINFO("YAW_HEADROOM", 6, AP_MotorsMulticopter, _yaw_headroom, AP_MOTORS_YAW_HEADROOM_DEFAULT),

    // 7 was THR_LOW_CMP

    // @Param: THST_EXPO
    // @DisplayName: Thrust Curve Expo
    // @Description: Motor thrust curve exponent (from 0 for linear to 1.0 for second order curve)
    // @Range: 0.25 0.8
    // @User: Advanced
    AP_GROUPINFO("THST_EXPO", 8, AP_MotorsMulticopter, _thrust_curve_expo, AP_MOTORS_THST_EXPO_DEFAULT),

    // @Param: SPIN_MAX
    // @DisplayName: Motor Spin maximum
    // @Description: Point at which the thrust saturates expressed as a number from 0 to 1 in the entire output range
    // @Values: 0.9:Low, 0.95:Default, 1.0:High
    // @User: Advanced
    AP_GROUPINFO("SPIN_MAX", 9, AP_MotorsMulticopter, _spin_max, AP_MOTORS_SPIN_MAX_DEFAULT),

    // @Param: BAT_VOLT_MAX
    // @DisplayName: Battery voltage compensation maximum voltage
    // @Description: Battery voltage compensation maximum voltage (voltage above this will have no additional scaling effect on thrust).  Recommend 4.4 * cell count, 0 = Disabled
    // @Range: 6 35
    // @Units: Volts
    // @User: Advanced
    AP_GROUPINFO("BAT_VOLT_MAX", 10, AP_MotorsMulticopter, _batt_voltage_max, AP_MOTORS_BAT_VOLT_MAX_DEFAULT),

    // @Param: BAT_VOLT_MIN
    // @DisplayName: Battery voltage compensation minimum voltage
    // @Description: Battery voltage compensation minimum voltage (voltage below this will have no additional scaling effect on thrust).  Recommend 3.5 * cell count, 0 = Disabled
    // @Range: 6 35
    // @Units: Volts
    // @User: Advanced
    AP_GROUPINFO("BAT_VOLT_MIN", 11, AP_MotorsMulticopter, _batt_voltage_min, AP_MOTORS_BAT_VOLT_MIN_DEFAULT),

    // @Param: BAT_CURR_MAX
    // @DisplayName: Motor Current Max
    // @Description: Maximum current over which maximum throttle is limited (0 = Disabled)
    // @Range: 0 200
    // @Units: Amps
    // @User: Advanced
    AP_GROUPINFO("BAT_CURR_MAX", 12, AP_MotorsMulticopter, _batt_current_max, AP_MOTORS_BAT_CURR_MAX_DEFAULT),

    // 13, 14 were used by THR_MIX_MIN, THR_MIX_MAX

    // @Param: PWM_TYPE
    // @DisplayName: Output PWM type
    // @Description: This selects the output PWM type, allowing for normal PWM continuous output, OneShot or brushed motor output
    // @Values: 0:Normal,1:OneShot,2:OneShot125,3:Brushed16kHz
    // @User: Advanced
    // @RebootRequired: True
    AP_GROUPINFO("PWM_TYPE", 15, AP_MotorsMulticopter, _pwm_type, PWM_TYPE_NORMAL),

    // @Param: PWM_MIN
    // @DisplayName: PWM output miniumum
    // @Description: This sets the min PWM output value that will ever be output to the motors, 0 = use input RC3_MIN
    // @Range: 0 2000
    // @User: Advanced
    AP_GROUPINFO("PWM_MIN", 16, AP_MotorsMulticopter, _pwm_min, 0),

    // @Param: PWM_MAX
    // @DisplayName: PWM output maximum
    // @Description: This sets the max PWM value that will ever be output to the motors, 0 = use input RC3_MAX
    // @Range: 0 2000
    // @User: Advanced
    AP_GROUPINFO("PWM_MAX", 17, AP_MotorsMulticopter, _pwm_max, 0),

    // @Param: SPIN_MIN
    // @DisplayName: Motor Spin minimum
    // @Description: Point at which the thrust starts expressed as a number from 0 to 1 in the entire output range.  Should be higher than MOT_SPIN_ARM.
    // @Values: 0.0:Low, 0.15:Default, 0.3:High
    // @User: Advanced
    AP_GROUPINFO("SPIN_MIN", 18, AP_MotorsMulticopter, _spin_min, AP_MOTORS_SPIN_MIN_DEFAULT),

    // @Param: SPIN_ARM
    // @DisplayName: Motor Spin armed
    // @Description: Point at which the motors start to spin expressed as a number from 0 to 1 in the entire output range.  Should be lower than MOT_SPIN_MIN.
    // @Values: 0.0:Low, 0.1:Default, 0.2:High
    // @User: Advanced
    AP_GROUPINFO("SPIN_ARM", 19, AP_MotorsMulticopter, _spin_arm, AP_MOTORS_SPIN_ARM_DEFAULT),

    // @Param: BAT_CURR_TC
    // @DisplayName: Motor Current Max Time Constant
    // @Description: Time constant used to limit the maximum current
    // @Range: 0 10
    // @Units: Seconds
    // @User: Advanced
    AP_GROUPINFO("BAT_CURR_TC", 20, AP_MotorsMulticopter, _batt_current_time_constant, AP_MOTORS_BAT_CURR_TC_DEFAULT),

    // @Param: THST_HOVER
    // @DisplayName: Thrust Hover Value
    // @Description: Motor thrust needed to hover expressed as a number from 0 to 1
    // @Range: 0.2 0.8
    // @User: Advanced
    AP_GROUPINFO("THST_HOVER", 21, AP_MotorsMulticopter, _throttle_hover, AP_MOTORS_THST_HOVER_DEFAULT),

    // @Param: HOVER_LEARN
    // @DisplayName: Hover Value Learning
    // @Description: Enable/Disable automatic learning of hover throttle
    // @Values: 0:Disabled, 1:Learn, 2:LearnAndSave
    // @User: Advanced
    AP_GROUPINFO("HOVER_LEARN", 22, AP_MotorsMulticopter, _throttle_hover_learn, HOVER_LEARN_AND_SAVE),

    // @Param: SAFE_DISARM
    // @DisplayName: Motor PWM output disabled when disarmed
    // @Description: Disables motor PWM output when disarmed
    // @Values: 0:PWM enabled while disarmed, 1:PWM disabled while disarmed
    // @User: Advanced
    AP_GROUPINFO("SAFE_DISARM", 23, AP_MotorsMulticopter, _disarm_disable_pwm, 0),

    // @Param: YAW_SV_ANGLE
    // @DisplayName: Yaw Servo Max Lean Angle
    // @Description: Yaw servo's maximum lean angle
    // @Range: 5 80
    // @Units: Degrees
    // @Increment: 1
    // @User: Standard
    AP_GROUPINFO_FRAME("YAW_SV_ANGLE", 35, AP_MotorsMulticopter,  _yaw_servo_angle_max_deg, 30, AP_PARAM_FRAME_TRICOPTER),

    // @Param: SPOOL_TIME
    // @DisplayName: Spool up time
    // @Description: Time in seconds to spool up the motors from zero to min throttle. 
    // @Range: 0 2
    // @Units: Seconds
    // @Increment: 0.1
    // @User: Advanced
    AP_GROUPINFO("SPOOL_TIME",   36, AP_MotorsMulticopter,  _spool_up_time, AP_MOTORS_SPOOL_UP_TIME_DEFAULT),
    
    AP_GROUPEND
};

// Constructor
AP_MotorsMulticopter::AP_MotorsMulticopter(uint16_t loop_rate, uint16_t speed_hz) :
    AP_Motors(loop_rate, speed_hz),
    _spool_mode(SHUT_DOWN),
    _spin_up_ratio(0.0f),
    _batt_voltage_resting(0.0f),
    _batt_current_resting(0.0f),
    _batt_resistance(0.0f),
    _batt_timer(0),
    _lift_max(1.0f),
    _throttle_limit(1.0f),
    _throttle_thrust_max(0.0f),
    _disarm_safety_timer(0)
{
    AP_Param::setup_object_defaults(this, var_info);

    // disable all motors by default
    memset(motor_enabled, false, sizeof(motor_enabled));

    // setup battery voltage filtering
    _batt_voltage_filt.set_cutoff_frequency(AP_MOTORS_BATT_VOLT_FILT_HZ);
    _batt_voltage_filt.reset(1.0f);

    // default throttle ranges (i.e. _throttle_radio_min, _throttle_radio_max)
    set_throttle_range(1100, 1900);
};

// output - sends commands to the motors
void AP_MotorsMulticopter::output()
{
    // update throttle filter
    update_throttle_filter();

    // update battery resistance
    update_battery_resistance();

    // calc filtered battery voltage and lift_max
    update_lift_max_from_batt_voltage();

    // run spool logic
    output_logic();

    // calculate thrust
    output_armed_stabilizing();

    // apply any thrust compensation for the frame
    thrust_compensation();
    
    // convert rpy_thrust values to pwm
    output_to_motors();
};

// sends minimum values out to the motors
void AP_MotorsMulticopter::output_min()
{
    set_desired_spool_state(DESIRED_SHUT_DOWN);
    _spool_mode = SHUT_DOWN;
    output();
}

// update the throttle input filter
void AP_MotorsMulticopter::update_throttle_filter()
{
    if (armed()) {
        _throttle_filter.apply(_throttle_in, 1.0f/_loop_rate);
        // constrain filtered throttle
        if (_throttle_filter.get() < 0.0f) {
            _throttle_filter.reset(0.0f);
        }
        if (_throttle_filter.get() > 1.0f) {
            _throttle_filter.reset(1.0f);
        }
    } else {
        _throttle_filter.reset(0.0f);
    }
}

// return current_limit as a number from 0 ~ 1 in the range throttle_min to throttle_max
float AP_MotorsMulticopter::get_current_limit_max_throttle()
{
    // return maximum if current limiting is disabled
    if (_batt_current_max <= 0) {
        _throttle_limit = 1.0f;
        return 1.0f;
    }

    // remove throttle limit if disarmed
    if (!_flags.armed) {
        _throttle_limit = 1.0f;
        return 1.0f;
    }

    // calculate the maximum current to prevent voltage sag below _batt_voltage_min
    float batt_current_max = MIN(_batt_current_max, _batt_current + (_batt_voltage-_batt_voltage_min)/_batt_resistance);

    float batt_current_ratio = _batt_current/batt_current_max;

    float loop_interval = 1.0f/_loop_rate;
    _throttle_limit += (loop_interval/(loop_interval+_batt_current_time_constant))*(1.0f - batt_current_ratio);

    // throttle limit drops to 20% between hover and full throttle
    _throttle_limit = constrain_float(_throttle_limit, 0.2f, 1.0f);

    // limit max throttle
    return get_throttle_hover() + ((1.0-get_throttle_hover())*_throttle_limit);
}

// apply_thrust_curve_and_volt_scaling - returns throttle in the range 0 ~ 1
float AP_MotorsMulticopter::apply_thrust_curve_and_volt_scaling(float thrust) const
{
    float throttle_ratio = thrust;
    // apply thrust curve - domain 0.0 to 1.0, range 0.0 to 1.0
    if (_thrust_curve_expo > 0.0f){
        if(!is_zero(_batt_voltage_filt.get())) {
            throttle_ratio = ((_thrust_curve_expo-1.0f) + safe_sqrt((1.0f-_thrust_curve_expo)*(1.0f-_thrust_curve_expo) + 4.0f*_thrust_curve_expo*_lift_max*thrust))/(2.0f*_thrust_curve_expo*_batt_voltage_filt.get());
        } else {
            throttle_ratio = ((_thrust_curve_expo-1.0f) + safe_sqrt((1.0f-_thrust_curve_expo)*(1.0f-_thrust_curve_expo) + 4.0f*_thrust_curve_expo*_lift_max*thrust))/(2.0f*_thrust_curve_expo);
        }
    }

    return constrain_float(throttle_ratio, 0.0f, 1.0f);
}

// update_lift_max from battery voltage - used for voltage compensation
void AP_MotorsMulticopter::update_lift_max_from_batt_voltage()
{
    // sanity check battery_voltage_min is not too small
    // if disabled or misconfigured exit immediately
    if((_batt_voltage_max <= 0) || (_batt_voltage_min >= _batt_voltage_max) || (_batt_voltage < 0.25f*_batt_voltage_min)) {
        _batt_voltage_filt.reset(1.0f);
        _lift_max = 1.0f;
        return;
    }

    _batt_voltage_min = MAX(_batt_voltage_min, _batt_voltage_max * 0.6f);

    // add current based voltage sag to battery voltage
    float batt_voltage = _batt_voltage + (_batt_current-_batt_current_resting) * _batt_resistance;
    batt_voltage = constrain_float(batt_voltage, _batt_voltage_min, _batt_voltage_max);

    // filter at 0.5 Hz
    float batt_voltage_filt = _batt_voltage_filt.apply(batt_voltage/_batt_voltage_max, 1.0f/_loop_rate);

    // calculate lift max
    _lift_max = batt_voltage_filt*(1-_thrust_curve_expo) + _thrust_curve_expo*batt_voltage_filt*batt_voltage_filt;
}

// update_battery_resistance - calculate battery resistance when throttle is above hover_out
void AP_MotorsMulticopter::update_battery_resistance()
{
    // if disarmed reset resting voltage and current
    if (!_flags.armed) {
        _batt_voltage_resting = _batt_voltage;
        _batt_current_resting = _batt_current;
        _batt_timer = 0;
    } else if (_batt_voltage_resting > _batt_voltage && _batt_current_resting < _batt_current) {
        // update battery resistance when throttle is over hover throttle
        float batt_resistance = (_batt_voltage_resting-_batt_voltage)/(_batt_current-_batt_current_resting);
        if ((_batt_timer < 400) && ((_batt_current_resting*2.0f) < _batt_current)) {
            if (get_throttle() >= get_throttle_hover()) {
                // filter reaches 90% in 1/4 the test time
                _batt_resistance += 0.05f*(batt_resistance - _batt_resistance);
                _batt_timer += 1;
            } else {
                // initialize battery resistance to prevent change in resting voltage estimate
                _batt_resistance = batt_resistance;
            }
        }
        // make sure battery resistance value doesn't result in the predicted battery voltage exceeding the resting voltage
        if(batt_resistance < _batt_resistance){
            _batt_resistance = batt_resistance;
        }
    }
}

float AP_MotorsMulticopter::get_compensation_gain() const
{
    // avoid divide by zero
    if (_lift_max <= 0.0f) {
        return 1.0f;
    }

    float ret = 1.0f / _lift_max;

#if AP_MOTORS_DENSITY_COMP == 1
    // air density ratio is increasing in density / decreasing in altitude
    if (_air_density_ratio > 0.3f && _air_density_ratio < 1.5f) {
        ret *= 1.0f / constrain_float(_air_density_ratio,0.5f,1.25f);
    }
#endif
    return ret;
}

int16_t AP_MotorsMulticopter::calc_thrust_to_pwm(float thrust_in) const
{
    thrust_in = constrain_float(thrust_in, 0.0f, 1.0f);
    return get_pwm_output_min() + (get_pwm_output_max()-get_pwm_output_min()) * (_spin_min + (_spin_max-_spin_min)*apply_thrust_curve_and_volt_scaling(thrust_in));
}

int16_t AP_MotorsMulticopter::calc_spin_up_to_pwm() const
{
    return get_pwm_output_min() + constrain_float(_spin_up_ratio, 0.0f, 1.0f) * _spin_min * (get_pwm_output_max()-get_pwm_output_min());
}
// get minimum or maximum pwm value that can be output to motors
int16_t AP_MotorsMulticopter::get_pwm_output_min() const
{
    // return _pwm_min if both PWM_MIN and PWM_MAX parameters are defined and valid
    if ((_pwm_min > 0) && (_pwm_max > 0) && (_pwm_max > _pwm_min)) {
        return _pwm_min;
    }
    return _throttle_radio_min;
}

// get maximum pwm value that can be output to motors
int16_t AP_MotorsMulticopter::get_pwm_output_max() const
{
    // return _pwm_max if both PWM_MIN and PWM_MAX parameters are defined and valid
    if ((_pwm_min > 0) && (_pwm_max > 0) && (_pwm_max > _pwm_min)) {
        return _pwm_max;
    }
    return _throttle_radio_max;
}

// set_throttle_range - sets the minimum throttle that will be sent to the engines when they're not off (i.e. to prevents issues with some motors spinning and some not at very low throttle)
// also sets throttle channel minimum and maximum pwm
void AP_MotorsMulticopter::set_throttle_range(int16_t radio_min, int16_t radio_max)
{
    // sanity check
    if ((radio_max > radio_min)) {
        _throttle_radio_min = radio_min;
        _throttle_radio_max = radio_max;
    }
}

// update the throttle input filter.  should be called at 100hz
void AP_MotorsMulticopter::update_throttle_hover(float dt)
{
    if (_throttle_hover_learn != HOVER_LEARN_DISABLED) {
        // we have chosen to constrain the hover throttle to be within the range reachable by the third order expo polynomial.
        _throttle_hover = constrain_float(_throttle_hover + (dt/(dt+AP_MOTORS_THST_HOVER_TC))*(get_throttle()-_throttle_hover), AP_MOTORS_THST_HOVER_MIN, AP_MOTORS_THST_HOVER_MAX);
    }
}

// run spool logic
void AP_MotorsMulticopter::output_logic()
{
    if (_flags.armed) {
        _disarm_safety_timer = 100;
    } else if (_disarm_safety_timer != 0) {
        _disarm_safety_timer--;
    }

    // force desired and current spool mode if disarmed or not interlocked
    if (!_flags.armed || !_flags.interlock) {
        _spool_desired = DESIRED_SHUT_DOWN;
        _spool_mode = SHUT_DOWN;
    }

    if (_spool_up_time < 0.05) {
        // prevent float exception
        _spool_up_time.set(0.05);
    }

    switch (_spool_mode) {
        case SHUT_DOWN:
            // Motors should be stationary.
            // Servos set to their trim values or in a test condition.

            // set limits flags
            limit.roll_pitch = true;
            limit.yaw = true;
            limit.throttle_lower = true;
            limit.throttle_upper = true;

            // make sure the motors are spooling in the correct direction
            if (_spool_desired != DESIRED_SHUT_DOWN) {
                _spool_mode = SPIN_WHEN_ARMED;
                break;
            }

            // set and increment ramp variables
            _spin_up_ratio = 0.0f;
            _throttle_thrust_max = 0.0f;
            break;

        case SPIN_WHEN_ARMED: {
            // Motors should be stationary or at spin when armed.
            // Servos should be moving to correct the current attitude.

            // set limits flags
            limit.roll_pitch = true;
            limit.yaw = true;
            limit.throttle_lower = true;
            limit.throttle_upper = true;

            // set and increment ramp variables
            float spool_step = 1.0f/(_spool_up_time*_loop_rate);
            if (_spool_desired == DESIRED_SHUT_DOWN){
                _spin_up_ratio -= spool_step;
                // constrain ramp value and update mode
                if (_spin_up_ratio <= 0.0f) {
                    _spin_up_ratio = 0.0f;
                    _spool_mode = SHUT_DOWN;
                }
            } else if(_spool_desired == DESIRED_THROTTLE_UNLIMITED) {
                _spin_up_ratio += spool_step;
                // constrain ramp value and update mode
                if (_spin_up_ratio >= 1.0f) {
                    _spin_up_ratio = 1.0f;
                    _spool_mode = SPOOL_UP;
                }
            } else {    // _spool_desired == SPIN_WHEN_ARMED
                float spin_up_armed_ratio = 0.0f;
                if (_spin_min > 0.0f) {
                    spin_up_armed_ratio = _spin_arm / _spin_min;
                }
                _spin_up_ratio += constrain_float(spin_up_armed_ratio-_spin_up_ratio, -spool_step, spool_step);
            }
            _throttle_thrust_max = 0.0f;
            break;
        }
        case SPOOL_UP:
            // Maximum throttle should move from minimum to maximum.
            // Servos should exhibit normal flight behavior.

            // initialize limits flags
            limit.roll_pitch = false;
            limit.yaw = false;
            limit.throttle_lower = false;
            limit.throttle_upper = false;

            // make sure the motors are spooling in the correct direction
            if (_spool_desired != DESIRED_THROTTLE_UNLIMITED ){
                _spool_mode = SPOOL_DOWN;
                break;
            }

            // set and increment ramp variables
            _spin_up_ratio = 1.0f;
            _throttle_thrust_max += 1.0f/(_spool_up_time*_loop_rate);

            // constrain ramp value and update mode
            if (_throttle_thrust_max >= MIN(get_throttle(), get_current_limit_max_throttle())) {
                _throttle_thrust_max = get_current_limit_max_throttle();
                _spool_mode = THROTTLE_UNLIMITED;
            } else if (_throttle_thrust_max < 0.0f) {
                _throttle_thrust_max = 0.0f;
            }
            break;

        case THROTTLE_UNLIMITED:
            // Throttle should exhibit normal flight behavior.
            // Servos should exhibit normal flight behavior.

            // initialize limits flags
            limit.roll_pitch = false;
            limit.yaw = false;
            limit.throttle_lower = false;
            limit.throttle_upper = false;

            // make sure the motors are spooling in the correct direction
            if (_spool_desired != DESIRED_THROTTLE_UNLIMITED) {
                _spool_mode = SPOOL_DOWN;
                break;
            }

            // set and increment ramp variables
            _spin_up_ratio = 1.0f;
            _throttle_thrust_max = get_current_limit_max_throttle();
            break;

        case SPOOL_DOWN:
            // Maximum throttle should move from maximum to minimum.
            // Servos should exhibit normal flight behavior.

            // initialize limits flags
            limit.roll_pitch = false;
            limit.yaw = false;
            limit.throttle_lower = false;
            limit.throttle_upper = false;

            // make sure the motors are spooling in the correct direction
            if (_spool_desired == DESIRED_THROTTLE_UNLIMITED) {
                _spool_mode = SPOOL_UP;
                break;
            }

            // set and increment ramp variables
            _spin_up_ratio = 1.0f;
            _throttle_thrust_max -= 1.0f/(_spool_up_time*_loop_rate);

            // constrain ramp value and update mode
            if (_throttle_thrust_max <= 0.0f){
                _throttle_thrust_max = 0.0f;
            }
            if (_throttle_thrust_max >= get_current_limit_max_throttle()) {
                _throttle_thrust_max = get_current_limit_max_throttle();
            } else if (is_zero(_throttle_thrust_max)) {
                _spool_mode = SPIN_WHEN_ARMED;
            }
            break;
    }
}

// passes throttle directly to all motors for ESC calibration.
//   throttle_input is in the range of 0 ~ 1 where 0 will send get_pwm_output_min() and 1 will send get_pwm_output_max()
void AP_MotorsMulticopter::set_throttle_passthrough_for_esc_calibration(float throttle_input)
{
    if (armed()) {
        uint16_t pwm_out = get_pwm_output_min() + constrain_float(throttle_input, 0.0f, 1.0f) * (get_pwm_output_max() - get_pwm_output_min());
        // send the pilot's input directly to each enabled motor
        hal.rcout->cork();
        for (uint16_t i=0; i < AP_MOTORS_MAX_NUM_MOTORS; i++) {
            if (motor_enabled[i]) {
                rc_write(i, pwm_out);
            }
        }
        hal.rcout->push();
    }
}

// output a thrust to all motors that match a given motor mask. This
// is used to control tiltrotor motors in forward flight. Thrust is in
// the range 0 to 1
void AP_MotorsMulticopter::output_motor_mask(float thrust, uint8_t mask)
{
    hal.rcout->cork();
    for (uint8_t i=0; i<AP_MOTORS_MAX_NUM_MOTORS; i++) {
        if (motor_enabled[i]) {
            int16_t motor_out;
            if (mask & (1U<<i)) {
                motor_out = calc_thrust_to_pwm(thrust);
            } else {
                motor_out = get_pwm_output_min();
            }
            rc_write(i, motor_out);
        }
    }
    hal.rcout->push();
}

// save parameters as part of disarming
void AP_MotorsMulticopter::save_params_on_disarm()
{
    // save hover throttle
    if (_throttle_hover_learn == HOVER_LEARN_AND_SAVE) {
        _throttle_hover.save();
    }
}