cpython/Doc/library/xml.etree.elementtree.rst

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:mod:`xml.etree.ElementTree` --- The ElementTree XML API
========================================================
.. module:: xml.etree.ElementTree
:synopsis: Implementation of the ElementTree API.
.. moduleauthor:: Fredrik Lundh <fredrik@pythonware.com>
The :mod:`xml.etree.ElementTree` module implements a simple and efficient API
for parsing and creating XML data.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
This module will use a fast implementation whenever available.
The :mod:`xml.etree.cElementTree` module is deprecated.
.. warning::
The :mod:`xml.etree.ElementTree` module is not secure against
maliciously constructed data. If you need to parse untrusted or
unauthenticated data see :ref:`xml-vulnerabilities`.
Tutorial
--------
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This is a short tutorial for using :mod:`xml.etree.ElementTree` (``ET`` in
short). The goal is to demonstrate some of the building blocks and basic
concepts of the module.
XML tree and elements
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
XML is an inherently hierarchical data format, and the most natural way to
represent it is with a tree. ``ET`` has two classes for this purpose -
:class:`ElementTree` represents the whole XML document as a tree, and
:class:`Element` represents a single node in this tree. Interactions with
the whole document (reading and writing to/from files) are usually done
on the :class:`ElementTree` level. Interactions with a single XML element
and its sub-elements are done on the :class:`Element` level.
.. _elementtree-parsing-xml:
Parsing XML
^^^^^^^^^^^
We'll be using the following XML document as the sample data for this section:
.. code-block:: xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<data>
<country name="Liechtenstein">
<rank>1</rank>
<year>2008</year>
<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
<neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/>
<neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/>
</country>
<country name="Singapore">
<rank>4</rank>
<year>2011</year>
<gdppc>59900</gdppc>
<neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/>
</country>
<country name="Panama">
<rank>68</rank>
<year>2011</year>
<gdppc>13600</gdppc>
<neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/>
<neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/>
</country>
</data>
We can import this data by reading from a file::
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
tree = ET.parse('country_data.xml')
root = tree.getroot()
Or directly from a string::
root = ET.fromstring(country_data_as_string)
:func:`fromstring` parses XML from a string directly into an :class:`Element`,
which is the root element of the parsed tree. Other parsing functions may
create an :class:`ElementTree`. Check the documentation to be sure.
As an :class:`Element`, ``root`` has a tag and a dictionary of attributes::
>>> root.tag
'data'
>>> root.attrib
{}
It also has children nodes over which we can iterate::
>>> for child in root:
... print(child.tag, child.attrib)
...
country {'name': 'Liechtenstein'}
country {'name': 'Singapore'}
country {'name': 'Panama'}
Children are nested, and we can access specific child nodes by index::
>>> root[0][1].text
'2008'
.. note::
Not all elements of the XML input will end up as elements of the
parsed tree. Currently, this module skips over any XML comments,
processing instructions, and document type declarations in the
input. Nevertheless, trees built using this module's API rather
than parsing from XML text can have comments and processing
instructions in them; they will be included when generating XML
output. A document type declaration may be accessed by passing a
custom :class:`TreeBuilder` instance to the :class:`XMLParser`
constructor.
.. _elementtree-pull-parsing:
Pull API for non-blocking parsing
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Most parsing functions provided by this module require the whole document
to be read at once before returning any result. It is possible to use an
:class:`XMLParser` and feed data into it incrementally, but it is a push API that
calls methods on a callback target, which is too low-level and inconvenient for
most needs. Sometimes what the user really wants is to be able to parse XML
incrementally, without blocking operations, while enjoying the convenience of
fully constructed :class:`Element` objects.
The most powerful tool for doing this is :class:`XMLPullParser`. It does not
require a blocking read to obtain the XML data, and is instead fed with data
incrementally with :meth:`XMLPullParser.feed` calls. To get the parsed XML
elements, call :meth:`XMLPullParser.read_events`. Here is an example::
>>> parser = ET.XMLPullParser(['start', 'end'])
>>> parser.feed('<mytag>sometext')
>>> list(parser.read_events())
[('start', <Element 'mytag' at 0x7fa66db2be58>)]
>>> parser.feed(' more text</mytag>')
>>> for event, elem in parser.read_events():
... print(event)
... print(elem.tag, 'text=', elem.text)
...
end
The obvious use case is applications that operate in a non-blocking fashion
where the XML data is being received from a socket or read incrementally from
some storage device. In such cases, blocking reads are unacceptable.
Because it's so flexible, :class:`XMLPullParser` can be inconvenient to use for
simpler use-cases. If you don't mind your application blocking on reading XML
data but would still like to have incremental parsing capabilities, take a look
at :func:`iterparse`. It can be useful when you're reading a large XML document
and don't want to hold it wholly in memory.
Finding interesting elements
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
:class:`Element` has some useful methods that help iterate recursively over all
the sub-tree below it (its children, their children, and so on). For example,
:meth:`Element.iter`::
>>> for neighbor in root.iter('neighbor'):
... print(neighbor.attrib)
...
{'name': 'Austria', 'direction': 'E'}
{'name': 'Switzerland', 'direction': 'W'}
{'name': 'Malaysia', 'direction': 'N'}
{'name': 'Costa Rica', 'direction': 'W'}
{'name': 'Colombia', 'direction': 'E'}
:meth:`Element.findall` finds only elements with a tag which are direct
children of the current element. :meth:`Element.find` finds the *first* child
with a particular tag, and :attr:`Element.text` accesses the element's text
content. :meth:`Element.get` accesses the element's attributes::
>>> for country in root.findall('country'):
... rank = country.find('rank').text
... name = country.get('name')
... print(name, rank)
...
Liechtenstein 1
Singapore 4
Panama 68
More sophisticated specification of which elements to look for is possible by
using :ref:`XPath <elementtree-xpath>`.
Modifying an XML File
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
:class:`ElementTree` provides a simple way to build XML documents and write them to files.
The :meth:`ElementTree.write` method serves this purpose.
Once created, an :class:`Element` object may be manipulated by directly changing
its fields (such as :attr:`Element.text`), adding and modifying attributes
(:meth:`Element.set` method), as well as adding new children (for example
with :meth:`Element.append`).
Let's say we want to add one to each country's rank, and add an ``updated``
attribute to the rank element::
>>> for rank in root.iter('rank'):
... new_rank = int(rank.text) + 1
... rank.text = str(new_rank)
... rank.set('updated', 'yes')
...
>>> tree.write('output.xml')
Our XML now looks like this:
.. code-block:: xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<data>
<country name="Liechtenstein">
<rank updated="yes">2</rank>
<year>2008</year>
<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
<neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/>
<neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/>
</country>
<country name="Singapore">
<rank updated="yes">5</rank>
<year>2011</year>
<gdppc>59900</gdppc>
<neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/>
</country>
<country name="Panama">
<rank updated="yes">69</rank>
<year>2011</year>
<gdppc>13600</gdppc>
<neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/>
<neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/>
</country>
</data>
We can remove elements using :meth:`Element.remove`. Let's say we want to
remove all countries with a rank higher than 50::
>>> for country in root.findall('country'):
... rank = int(country.find('rank').text)
... if rank > 50:
... root.remove(country)
...
>>> tree.write('output.xml')
Our XML now looks like this:
.. code-block:: xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<data>
<country name="Liechtenstein">
<rank updated="yes">2</rank>
<year>2008</year>
<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
<neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/>
<neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/>
</country>
<country name="Singapore">
<rank updated="yes">5</rank>
<year>2011</year>
<gdppc>59900</gdppc>
<neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/>
</country>
</data>
Building XML documents
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The :func:`SubElement` function also provides a convenient way to create new
sub-elements for a given element::
>>> a = ET.Element('a')
>>> b = ET.SubElement(a, 'b')
>>> c = ET.SubElement(a, 'c')
>>> d = ET.SubElement(c, 'd')
>>> ET.dump(a)
<a><b /><c><d /></c></a>
Additional resources
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
See http://effbot.org/zone/element-index.htm for tutorials and links to other
docs.
.. _elementtree-xpath:
XPath support
-------------
This module provides limited support for
`XPath expressions <http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath>`_ for locating elements in a
tree. The goal is to support a small subset of the abbreviated syntax; a full
XPath engine is outside the scope of the module.
Example
^^^^^^^
Here's an example that demonstrates some of the XPath capabilities of the
module. We'll be using the ``countrydata`` XML document from the
:ref:`Parsing XML <elementtree-parsing-xml>` section::
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
root = ET.fromstring(countrydata)
# Top-level elements
root.findall(".")
# All 'neighbor' grand-children of 'country' children of the top-level
# elements
root.findall("./country/neighbor")
# Nodes with name='Singapore' that have a 'year' child
root.findall(".//year/..[@name='Singapore']")
# 'year' nodes that are children of nodes with name='Singapore'
root.findall(".//*[@name='Singapore']/year")
# All 'neighbor' nodes that are the second child of their parent
root.findall(".//neighbor[2]")
Supported XPath syntax
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. tabularcolumns:: |l|L|
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| Syntax | Meaning |
+=======================+======================================================+
| ``tag`` | Selects all child elements with the given tag. |
| | For example, ``spam`` selects all child elements |
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| | named ``spam``, and ``spam/egg`` selects all |
| | grandchildren named ``egg`` in all children named |
| | ``spam``. |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``*`` | Selects all child elements. For example, ``*/egg`` |
| | selects all grandchildren named ``egg``. |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``.`` | Selects the current node. This is mostly useful |
| | at the beginning of the path, to indicate that it's |
| | a relative path. |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``//`` | Selects all subelements, on all levels beneath the |
| | current element. For example, ``.//egg`` selects |
| | all ``egg`` elements in the entire tree. |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``..`` | Selects the parent element. Returns ``None`` if the |
| | path attempts to reach the ancestors of the start |
| | element (the element ``find`` was called on). |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``[@attrib]`` | Selects all elements that have the given attribute. |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``[@attrib='value']`` | Selects all elements for which the given attribute |
| | has the given value. The value cannot contain |
| | quotes. |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``[tag]`` | Selects all elements that have a child named |
| | ``tag``. Only immediate children are supported. |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``[position]`` | Selects all elements that are located at the given |
| | position. The position can be either an integer |
| | (1 is the first position), the expression ``last()`` |
| | (for the last position), or a position relative to |
| | the last position (e.g. ``last()-1``). |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
Predicates (expressions within square brackets) must be preceded by a tag
name, an asterisk, or another predicate. ``position`` predicates must be
preceded by a tag name.
Reference
---------
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.. _elementtree-functions:
Functions
^^^^^^^^^
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.. function:: Comment(text=None)
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Comment element factory. This factory function creates a special element
that will be serialized as an XML comment by the standard serializer. The
comment string can be either a bytestring or a Unicode string. *text* is a
string containing the comment string. Returns an element instance
representing a comment.
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Note that :class:`XMLParser` skips over comments in the input
instead of creating comment objects for them. An :class:`ElementTree` will
only contain comment nodes if they have been inserted into to
the tree using one of the :class:`Element` methods.
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.. function:: dump(elem)
Writes an element tree or element structure to sys.stdout. This function
should be used for debugging only.
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The exact output format is implementation dependent. In this version, it's
written as an ordinary XML file.
*elem* is an element tree or an individual element.
.. function:: fromstring(text)
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Parses an XML section from a string constant. Same as :func:`XML`. *text*
is a string containing XML data. Returns an :class:`Element` instance.
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.. function:: fromstringlist(sequence, parser=None)
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Parses an XML document from a sequence of string fragments. *sequence* is a
list or other sequence containing XML data fragments. *parser* is an
optional parser instance. If not given, the standard :class:`XMLParser`
parser is used. Returns an :class:`Element` instance.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. function:: iselement(element)
Checks if an object appears to be a valid element object. *element* is an
element instance. Returns a true value if this is an element object.
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.. function:: iterparse(source, events=None, parser=None)
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Parses an XML section into an element tree incrementally, and reports what's
going on to the user. *source* is a filename or :term:`file object`
containing XML data. *events* is a sequence of events to report back. The
supported events are the strings ``"start"``, ``"end"``, ``"start-ns"`` and
``"end-ns"`` (the "ns" events are used to get detailed namespace
information). If *events* is omitted, only ``"end"`` events are reported.
*parser* is an optional parser instance. If not given, the standard
:class:`XMLParser` parser is used. *parser* must be a subclass of
:class:`XMLParser` and can only use the default :class:`TreeBuilder` as a
target. Returns an :term:`iterator` providing ``(event, elem)`` pairs.
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Note that while :func:`iterparse` builds the tree incrementally, it issues
blocking reads on *source* (or the file it names). As such, it's unsuitable
for applications where blocking reads can't be made. For fully non-blocking
parsing, see :class:`XMLPullParser`.
Merged revisions 68116-68119,68121,68123-68127 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r68116 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 05:46:51 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines #4100: note that element children are not necessarily present on "start" events. ........ r68117 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 05:53:55 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines #4156: make clear that "protocol" is to be replaced with the protocol name. ........ r68118 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 06:00:19 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines #4185: clarify escape behavior of replacement strings. ........ r68119 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 06:09:40 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 3 lines #4222: document dis.findlabels() and dis.findlinestarts() and put them into dis.__all__. ........ r68121 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 06:43:33 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Point to types module in new module deprecation notice. ........ r68123 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 06:52:29 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines #4784: ... on three counts ... ........ r68124 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 06:53:19 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines #4782: Fix markup error that hid load() and loads(). ........ r68125 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 07:02:09 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines #4776: add data_files and package_dir arguments. ........ r68126 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 07:05:13 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Handlers are in the `logging.handlers` module. ........ r68127 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 07:14:49 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines #4767: Use correct submodules for all MIME classes. ........
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.. note::
:func:`iterparse` only guarantees that it has seen the ">" character of a
starting tag when it emits a "start" event, so the attributes are defined,
but the contents of the text and tail attributes are undefined at that
point. The same applies to the element children; they may or may not be
present.
Merged revisions 68116-68119,68121,68123-68127 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r68116 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 05:46:51 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines #4100: note that element children are not necessarily present on "start" events. ........ r68117 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 05:53:55 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines #4156: make clear that "protocol" is to be replaced with the protocol name. ........ r68118 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 06:00:19 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines #4185: clarify escape behavior of replacement strings. ........ r68119 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 06:09:40 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 3 lines #4222: document dis.findlabels() and dis.findlinestarts() and put them into dis.__all__. ........ r68121 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 06:43:33 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Point to types module in new module deprecation notice. ........ r68123 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 06:52:29 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines #4784: ... on three counts ... ........ r68124 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 06:53:19 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines #4782: Fix markup error that hid load() and loads(). ........ r68125 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 07:02:09 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines #4776: add data_files and package_dir arguments. ........ r68126 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 07:05:13 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Handlers are in the `logging.handlers` module. ........ r68127 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-01 07:14:49 -0600 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines #4767: Use correct submodules for all MIME classes. ........
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If you need a fully populated element, look for "end" events instead.
.. deprecated:: 3.4
The *parser* argument.
.. function:: parse(source, parser=None)
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Parses an XML section into an element tree. *source* is a filename or file
object containing XML data. *parser* is an optional parser instance. If
not given, the standard :class:`XMLParser` parser is used. Returns an
:class:`ElementTree` instance.
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.. function:: ProcessingInstruction(target, text=None)
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PI element factory. This factory function creates a special element that
will be serialized as an XML processing instruction. *target* is a string
containing the PI target. *text* is a string containing the PI contents, if
given. Returns an element instance, representing a processing instruction.
Note that :class:`XMLParser` skips over processing instructions
in the input instead of creating comment objects for them. An
:class:`ElementTree` will only contain processing instruction nodes if
they have been inserted into to the tree using one of the
:class:`Element` methods.
.. function:: register_namespace(prefix, uri)
Registers a namespace prefix. The registry is global, and any existing
mapping for either the given prefix or the namespace URI will be removed.
*prefix* is a namespace prefix. *uri* is a namespace uri. Tags and
attributes in this namespace will be serialized with the given prefix, if at
all possible.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. function:: SubElement(parent, tag, attrib={}, **extra)
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Subelement factory. This function creates an element instance, and appends
it to an existing element.
The element name, attribute names, and attribute values can be either
bytestrings or Unicode strings. *parent* is the parent element. *tag* is
the subelement name. *attrib* is an optional dictionary, containing element
attributes. *extra* contains additional attributes, given as keyword
arguments. Returns an element instance.
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.. function:: tostring(element, encoding="us-ascii", method="xml", *, \
short_empty_elements=True)
Generates a string representation of an XML element, including all
subelements. *element* is an :class:`Element` instance. *encoding* [1]_ is
the output encoding (default is US-ASCII). Use ``encoding="unicode"`` to
generate a Unicode string (otherwise, a bytestring is generated). *method*
is either ``"xml"``, ``"html"`` or ``"text"`` (default is ``"xml"``).
*short_empty_elements* has the same meaning as in :meth:`ElementTree.write`.
Returns an (optionally) encoded string containing the XML data.
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.. versionadded:: 3.4
The *short_empty_elements* parameter.
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.. function:: tostringlist(element, encoding="us-ascii", method="xml", *, \
short_empty_elements=True)
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Generates a string representation of an XML element, including all
subelements. *element* is an :class:`Element` instance. *encoding* [1]_ is
the output encoding (default is US-ASCII). Use ``encoding="unicode"`` to
generate a Unicode string (otherwise, a bytestring is generated). *method*
is either ``"xml"``, ``"html"`` or ``"text"`` (default is ``"xml"``).
*short_empty_elements* has the same meaning as in :meth:`ElementTree.write`.
Returns a list of (optionally) encoded strings containing the XML data.
It does not guarantee any specific sequence, except that
``b"".join(tostringlist(element)) == tostring(element)``.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. versionadded:: 3.4
The *short_empty_elements* parameter.
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.. function:: XML(text, parser=None)
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Parses an XML section from a string constant. This function can be used to
embed "XML literals" in Python code. *text* is a string containing XML
data. *parser* is an optional parser instance. If not given, the standard
:class:`XMLParser` parser is used. Returns an :class:`Element` instance.
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.. function:: XMLID(text, parser=None)
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Parses an XML section from a string constant, and also returns a dictionary
which maps from element id:s to elements. *text* is a string containing XML
data. *parser* is an optional parser instance. If not given, the standard
:class:`XMLParser` parser is used. Returns a tuple containing an
:class:`Element` instance and a dictionary.
.. _elementtree-element-objects:
Element Objects
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. class:: Element(tag, attrib={}, **extra)
Element class. This class defines the Element interface, and provides a
reference implementation of this interface.
The element name, attribute names, and attribute values can be either
bytestrings or Unicode strings. *tag* is the element name. *attrib* is
an optional dictionary, containing element attributes. *extra* contains
additional attributes, given as keyword arguments.
.. attribute:: tag
A string identifying what kind of data this element represents (the
element type, in other words).
.. attribute:: text
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The *text* attribute can be used to hold additional data associated with
the element. As the name implies this attribute is usually a string but
may be any application-specific object. If the element is created from
an XML file the attribute will contain any text found between the element
tags.
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.. attribute:: tail
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The *tail* attribute can be used to hold additional data associated with
the element. This attribute is usually a string but may be any
application-specific object. If the element is created from an XML file
the attribute will contain any text found after the element's end tag and
before the next tag.
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.. attribute:: attrib
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A dictionary containing the element's attributes. Note that while the
*attrib* value is always a real mutable Python dictionary, an ElementTree
implementation may choose to use another internal representation, and
create the dictionary only if someone asks for it. To take advantage of
such implementations, use the dictionary methods below whenever possible.
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The following dictionary-like methods work on the element attributes.
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.. method:: clear()
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Resets an element. This function removes all subelements, clears all
attributes, and sets the text and tail attributes to ``None``.
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.. method:: get(key, default=None)
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Gets the element attribute named *key*.
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Returns the attribute value, or *default* if the attribute was not found.
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.. method:: items()
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Returns the element attributes as a sequence of (name, value) pairs. The
attributes are returned in an arbitrary order.
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.. method:: keys()
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Returns the elements attribute names as a list. The names are returned
in an arbitrary order.
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.. method:: set(key, value)
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Set the attribute *key* on the element to *value*.
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The following methods work on the element's children (subelements).
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.. method:: append(subelement)
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Adds the element *subelement* to the end of this element's internal list
of subelements. Raises :exc:`TypeError` if *subelement* is not an
:class:`Element`.
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.. method:: extend(subelements)
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Appends *subelements* from a sequence object with zero or more elements.
Raises :exc:`TypeError` if a subelement is not an :class:`Element`.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. method:: find(match, namespaces=None)
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Finds the first subelement matching *match*. *match* may be a tag name
or a :ref:`path <elementtree-xpath>`. Returns an element instance
or ``None``. *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix
to full name.
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.. method:: findall(match, namespaces=None)
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Finds all matching subelements, by tag name or
:ref:`path <elementtree-xpath>`. Returns a list containing all matching
elements in document order. *namespaces* is an optional mapping from
namespace prefix to full name.
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.. method:: findtext(match, default=None, namespaces=None)
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Finds text for the first subelement matching *match*. *match* may be
a tag name or a :ref:`path <elementtree-xpath>`. Returns the text content
of the first matching element, or *default* if no element was found.
Note that if the matching element has no text content an empty string
is returned. *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix
to full name.
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.. method:: getchildren()
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.. deprecated:: 3.2
Use ``list(elem)`` or iteration.
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.. method:: getiterator(tag=None)
.. deprecated:: 3.2
Use method :meth:`Element.iter` instead.
.. method:: insert(index, subelement)
Inserts *subelement* at the given position in this element. Raises
:exc:`TypeError` if *subelement* is not an :class:`Element`.
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.. method:: iter(tag=None)
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Creates a tree :term:`iterator` with the current element as the root.
The iterator iterates over this element and all elements below it, in
document (depth first) order. If *tag* is not ``None`` or ``'*'``, only
elements whose tag equals *tag* are returned from the iterator. If the
tree structure is modified during iteration, the result is undefined.
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2011-10-09 18:02:03 -03:00
.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. method:: iterfind(match, namespaces=None)
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Finds all matching subelements, by tag name or
:ref:`path <elementtree-xpath>`. Returns an iterable yielding all
matching elements in document order. *namespaces* is an optional mapping
from namespace prefix to full name.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. method:: itertext()
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Creates a text iterator. The iterator loops over this element and all
subelements, in document order, and returns all inner text.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. method:: makeelement(tag, attrib)
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Creates a new element object of the same type as this element. Do not
call this method, use the :func:`SubElement` factory function instead.
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.. method:: remove(subelement)
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Removes *subelement* from the element. Unlike the find\* methods this
method compares elements based on the instance identity, not on tag value
or contents.
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:class:`Element` objects also support the following sequence type methods
for working with subelements: :meth:`~object.__delitem__`,
:meth:`~object.__getitem__`, :meth:`~object.__setitem__`,
:meth:`~object.__len__`.
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Caution: Elements with no subelements will test as ``False``. This behavior
will change in future versions. Use specific ``len(elem)`` or ``elem is
None`` test instead. ::
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element = root.find('foo')
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if not element: # careful!
print("element not found, or element has no subelements")
if element is None:
print("element not found")
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.. _elementtree-elementtree-objects:
ElementTree Objects
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. class:: ElementTree(element=None, file=None)
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ElementTree wrapper class. This class represents an entire element
hierarchy, and adds some extra support for serialization to and from
standard XML.
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*element* is the root element. The tree is initialized with the contents
of the XML *file* if given.
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.. method:: _setroot(element)
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Replaces the root element for this tree. This discards the current
contents of the tree, and replaces it with the given element. Use with
care. *element* is an element instance.
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.. method:: find(match, namespaces=None)
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Same as :meth:`Element.find`, starting at the root of the tree.
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.. method:: findall(match, namespaces=None)
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Same as :meth:`Element.findall`, starting at the root of the tree.
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.. method:: findtext(match, default=None, namespaces=None)
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Same as :meth:`Element.findtext`, starting at the root of the tree.
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.. method:: getiterator(tag=None)
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.. deprecated:: 3.2
Use method :meth:`ElementTree.iter` instead.
.. method:: getroot()
Returns the root element for this tree.
.. method:: iter(tag=None)
Creates and returns a tree iterator for the root element. The iterator
loops over all elements in this tree, in section order. *tag* is the tag
to look for (default is to return all elements)
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.. method:: iterfind(match, namespaces=None)
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Same as :meth:`Element.iterfind`, starting at the root of the tree.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. method:: parse(source, parser=None)
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Loads an external XML section into this element tree. *source* is a file
name or :term:`file object`. *parser* is an optional parser instance.
If not given, the standard :class:`XMLParser` parser is used. Returns the
section root element.
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.. method:: write(file, encoding="us-ascii", xml_declaration=None, \
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default_namespace=None, method="xml", *, \
short_empty_elements=True)
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Writes the element tree to a file, as XML. *file* is a file name, or a
:term:`file object` opened for writing. *encoding* [1]_ is the output
encoding (default is US-ASCII).
*xml_declaration* controls if an XML declaration should be added to the
file. Use ``False`` for never, ``True`` for always, ``None``
for only if not US-ASCII or UTF-8 or Unicode (default is ``None``).
*default_namespace* sets the default XML namespace (for "xmlns").
*method* is either ``"xml"``, ``"html"`` or ``"text"`` (default is
``"xml"``).
The keyword-only *short_empty_elements* parameter controls the formatting
of elements that contain no content. If *True* (the default), they are
emitted as a single self-closed tag, otherwise they are emitted as a pair
of start/end tags.
The output is either a string (:class:`str`) or binary (:class:`bytes`).
This is controlled by the *encoding* argument. If *encoding* is
``"unicode"``, the output is a string; otherwise, it's binary. Note that
this may conflict with the type of *file* if it's an open
:term:`file object`; make sure you do not try to write a string to a
binary stream and vice versa.
.. versionadded:: 3.4
The *short_empty_elements* parameter.
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Merged revisions 59259-59274 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59260 | lars.gustaebel | 2007-12-01 22:02:12 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 5 lines Issue #1531: Read fileobj from the current offset, do not seek to the start. (will backport to 2.5) ........ r59262 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:24:47 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Document PyEval_* functions from ceval.c. Credits to Michael Sloan from GHOP. ........ r59263 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:27:56 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Add a few refcount data entries. ........ r59264 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:38:48 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add test suite for cmd module. Written by Michael Schneider for GHOP. ........ r59265 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:42:46 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add examples to the ElementTree documentation. Written by h4wk.cz for GHOP. ........ r59266 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 00:12:45 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add "Using Python on Windows" document, by Robert Lehmann. Written for GHOP. ........ r59271 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:34:34 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add example to mmap docs. Written for GHOP by Rafal Rawicki. ........ r59272 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:37:29 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Convert bdb.rst line endings to Unix style. ........ r59274 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:58:50 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add more entries to the glossary. Written by Jeff Wheeler for GHOP. ........
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This is the XML file that is going to be manipulated::
<html>
<head>
<title>Example page</title>
</head>
<body>
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<p>Moved to <a href="http://example.org/">example.org</a>
Merged revisions 59259-59274 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59260 | lars.gustaebel | 2007-12-01 22:02:12 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 5 lines Issue #1531: Read fileobj from the current offset, do not seek to the start. (will backport to 2.5) ........ r59262 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:24:47 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Document PyEval_* functions from ceval.c. Credits to Michael Sloan from GHOP. ........ r59263 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:27:56 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Add a few refcount data entries. ........ r59264 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:38:48 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add test suite for cmd module. Written by Michael Schneider for GHOP. ........ r59265 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:42:46 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add examples to the ElementTree documentation. Written by h4wk.cz for GHOP. ........ r59266 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 00:12:45 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add "Using Python on Windows" document, by Robert Lehmann. Written for GHOP. ........ r59271 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:34:34 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add example to mmap docs. Written for GHOP by Rafal Rawicki. ........ r59272 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:37:29 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Convert bdb.rst line endings to Unix style. ........ r59274 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:58:50 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add more entries to the glossary. Written by Jeff Wheeler for GHOP. ........
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or <a href="http://example.com/">example.com</a>.</p>
</body>
</html>
Example of changing the attribute "target" of every link in first paragraph::
>>> from xml.etree.ElementTree import ElementTree
>>> tree = ElementTree()
>>> tree.parse("index.xhtml")
<Element 'html' at 0xb77e6fac>
Merged revisions 59259-59274 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59260 | lars.gustaebel | 2007-12-01 22:02:12 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 5 lines Issue #1531: Read fileobj from the current offset, do not seek to the start. (will backport to 2.5) ........ r59262 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:24:47 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Document PyEval_* functions from ceval.c. Credits to Michael Sloan from GHOP. ........ r59263 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:27:56 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Add a few refcount data entries. ........ r59264 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:38:48 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add test suite for cmd module. Written by Michael Schneider for GHOP. ........ r59265 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:42:46 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add examples to the ElementTree documentation. Written by h4wk.cz for GHOP. ........ r59266 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 00:12:45 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add "Using Python on Windows" document, by Robert Lehmann. Written for GHOP. ........ r59271 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:34:34 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add example to mmap docs. Written for GHOP by Rafal Rawicki. ........ r59272 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:37:29 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Convert bdb.rst line endings to Unix style. ........ r59274 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:58:50 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add more entries to the glossary. Written by Jeff Wheeler for GHOP. ........
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>>> p = tree.find("body/p") # Finds first occurrence of tag p in body
>>> p
<Element 'p' at 0xb77ec26c>
>>> links = list(p.iter("a")) # Returns list of all links
Merged revisions 59259-59274 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59260 | lars.gustaebel | 2007-12-01 22:02:12 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 5 lines Issue #1531: Read fileobj from the current offset, do not seek to the start. (will backport to 2.5) ........ r59262 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:24:47 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Document PyEval_* functions from ceval.c. Credits to Michael Sloan from GHOP. ........ r59263 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:27:56 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Add a few refcount data entries. ........ r59264 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:38:48 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add test suite for cmd module. Written by Michael Schneider for GHOP. ........ r59265 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:42:46 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add examples to the ElementTree documentation. Written by h4wk.cz for GHOP. ........ r59266 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 00:12:45 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add "Using Python on Windows" document, by Robert Lehmann. Written for GHOP. ........ r59271 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:34:34 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add example to mmap docs. Written for GHOP by Rafal Rawicki. ........ r59272 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:37:29 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Convert bdb.rst line endings to Unix style. ........ r59274 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:58:50 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add more entries to the glossary. Written by Jeff Wheeler for GHOP. ........
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>>> links
[<Element 'a' at 0xb77ec2ac>, <Element 'a' at 0xb77ec1cc>]
Merged revisions 59259-59274 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59260 | lars.gustaebel | 2007-12-01 22:02:12 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 5 lines Issue #1531: Read fileobj from the current offset, do not seek to the start. (will backport to 2.5) ........ r59262 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:24:47 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Document PyEval_* functions from ceval.c. Credits to Michael Sloan from GHOP. ........ r59263 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:27:56 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Add a few refcount data entries. ........ r59264 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:38:48 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add test suite for cmd module. Written by Michael Schneider for GHOP. ........ r59265 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:42:46 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add examples to the ElementTree documentation. Written by h4wk.cz for GHOP. ........ r59266 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 00:12:45 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add "Using Python on Windows" document, by Robert Lehmann. Written for GHOP. ........ r59271 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:34:34 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add example to mmap docs. Written for GHOP by Rafal Rawicki. ........ r59272 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:37:29 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Convert bdb.rst line endings to Unix style. ........ r59274 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:58:50 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add more entries to the glossary. Written by Jeff Wheeler for GHOP. ........
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>>> for i in links: # Iterates through all found links
... i.attrib["target"] = "blank"
>>> tree.write("output.xhtml")
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.. _elementtree-qname-objects:
QName Objects
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. class:: QName(text_or_uri, tag=None)
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QName wrapper. This can be used to wrap a QName attribute value, in order
to get proper namespace handling on output. *text_or_uri* is a string
containing the QName value, in the form {uri}local, or, if the tag argument
is given, the URI part of a QName. If *tag* is given, the first argument is
interpreted as an URI, and this argument is interpreted as a local name.
:class:`QName` instances are opaque.
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.. _elementtree-treebuilder-objects:
TreeBuilder Objects
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. class:: TreeBuilder(element_factory=None)
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Generic element structure builder. This builder converts a sequence of
start, data, and end method calls to a well-formed element structure. You
can use this class to build an element structure using a custom XML parser,
or a parser for some other XML-like format. *element_factory*, when given,
must be a callable accepting two positional arguments: a tag and
a dict of attributes. It is expected to return a new element instance.
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.. method:: close()
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Flushes the builder buffers, and returns the toplevel document
element. Returns an :class:`Element` instance.
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.. method:: data(data)
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Adds text to the current element. *data* is a string. This should be
either a bytestring, or a Unicode string.
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.. method:: end(tag)
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Closes the current element. *tag* is the element name. Returns the
closed element.
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.. method:: start(tag, attrs)
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Opens a new element. *tag* is the element name. *attrs* is a dictionary
containing element attributes. Returns the opened element.
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In addition, a custom :class:`TreeBuilder` object can provide the
following method:
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.. method:: doctype(name, pubid, system)
Handles a doctype declaration. *name* is the doctype name. *pubid* is
the public identifier. *system* is the system identifier. This method
does not exist on the default :class:`TreeBuilder` class.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. _elementtree-xmlparser-objects:
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XMLParser Objects
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. class:: XMLParser(html=0, target=None, encoding=None)
This class is the low-level building block of the module. It uses
:mod:`xml.parsers.expat` for efficient, event-based parsing of XML. It can
be fed XML data incrementall with the :meth:`feed` method, and parsing events
are translated to a push API - by invoking callbacks on the *target* object.
If *target* is omitted, the standard :class:`TreeBuilder` is used. The
*html* argument was historically used for backwards compatibility and is now
deprecated. If *encoding* [1]_ is given, the value overrides the encoding
specified in the XML file.
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.. deprecated:: 3.4
The *html* argument. The remaining arguments should be passed via
keywword to prepare for the removal of the *html* argument.
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.. method:: close()
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Finishes feeding data to the parser. Returns the result of calling the
``close()`` method of the *target* passed during construction; by default,
this is the toplevel document element.
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.. method:: doctype(name, pubid, system)
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.. deprecated:: 3.2
Define the :meth:`TreeBuilder.doctype` method on a custom TreeBuilder
target.
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.. method:: feed(data)
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Feeds data to the parser. *data* is encoded data.
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:meth:`XMLParser.feed` calls *target*\'s ``start(tag, attrs_dict)`` method
for each opening tag, its ``end(tag)`` method for each closing tag, and data
is processed by method ``data(data)``. :meth:`XMLParser.close` calls
*target*\'s method ``close()``. :class:`XMLParser` can be used not only for
building a tree structure. This is an example of counting the maximum depth
of an XML file::
Merged revisions 59259-59274 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59260 | lars.gustaebel | 2007-12-01 22:02:12 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 5 lines Issue #1531: Read fileobj from the current offset, do not seek to the start. (will backport to 2.5) ........ r59262 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:24:47 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Document PyEval_* functions from ceval.c. Credits to Michael Sloan from GHOP. ........ r59263 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:27:56 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Add a few refcount data entries. ........ r59264 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:38:48 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add test suite for cmd module. Written by Michael Schneider for GHOP. ........ r59265 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:42:46 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add examples to the ElementTree documentation. Written by h4wk.cz for GHOP. ........ r59266 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 00:12:45 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add "Using Python on Windows" document, by Robert Lehmann. Written for GHOP. ........ r59271 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:34:34 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add example to mmap docs. Written for GHOP by Rafal Rawicki. ........ r59272 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:37:29 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Convert bdb.rst line endings to Unix style. ........ r59274 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:58:50 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add more entries to the glossary. Written by Jeff Wheeler for GHOP. ........
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>>> from xml.etree.ElementTree import XMLParser
Merged revisions 59259-59274 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59260 | lars.gustaebel | 2007-12-01 22:02:12 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 5 lines Issue #1531: Read fileobj from the current offset, do not seek to the start. (will backport to 2.5) ........ r59262 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:24:47 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Document PyEval_* functions from ceval.c. Credits to Michael Sloan from GHOP. ........ r59263 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:27:56 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Add a few refcount data entries. ........ r59264 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:38:48 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add test suite for cmd module. Written by Michael Schneider for GHOP. ........ r59265 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:42:46 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add examples to the ElementTree documentation. Written by h4wk.cz for GHOP. ........ r59266 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 00:12:45 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add "Using Python on Windows" document, by Robert Lehmann. Written for GHOP. ........ r59271 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:34:34 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add example to mmap docs. Written for GHOP by Rafal Rawicki. ........ r59272 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:37:29 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Convert bdb.rst line endings to Unix style. ........ r59274 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:58:50 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add more entries to the glossary. Written by Jeff Wheeler for GHOP. ........
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>>> class MaxDepth: # The target object of the parser
... maxDepth = 0
... depth = 0
... def start(self, tag, attrib): # Called for each opening tag.
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... self.depth += 1
Merged revisions 59259-59274 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59260 | lars.gustaebel | 2007-12-01 22:02:12 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 5 lines Issue #1531: Read fileobj from the current offset, do not seek to the start. (will backport to 2.5) ........ r59262 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:24:47 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Document PyEval_* functions from ceval.c. Credits to Michael Sloan from GHOP. ........ r59263 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:27:56 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Add a few refcount data entries. ........ r59264 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:38:48 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add test suite for cmd module. Written by Michael Schneider for GHOP. ........ r59265 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:42:46 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add examples to the ElementTree documentation. Written by h4wk.cz for GHOP. ........ r59266 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 00:12:45 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add "Using Python on Windows" document, by Robert Lehmann. Written for GHOP. ........ r59271 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:34:34 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add example to mmap docs. Written for GHOP by Rafal Rawicki. ........ r59272 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:37:29 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Convert bdb.rst line endings to Unix style. ........ r59274 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:58:50 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add more entries to the glossary. Written by Jeff Wheeler for GHOP. ........
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... if self.depth > self.maxDepth:
... self.maxDepth = self.depth
... def end(self, tag): # Called for each closing tag.
... self.depth -= 1
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... def data(self, data):
Merged revisions 59259-59274 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59260 | lars.gustaebel | 2007-12-01 22:02:12 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 5 lines Issue #1531: Read fileobj from the current offset, do not seek to the start. (will backport to 2.5) ........ r59262 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:24:47 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Document PyEval_* functions from ceval.c. Credits to Michael Sloan from GHOP. ........ r59263 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:27:56 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Add a few refcount data entries. ........ r59264 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:38:48 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add test suite for cmd module. Written by Michael Schneider for GHOP. ........ r59265 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:42:46 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add examples to the ElementTree documentation. Written by h4wk.cz for GHOP. ........ r59266 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 00:12:45 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add "Using Python on Windows" document, by Robert Lehmann. Written for GHOP. ........ r59271 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:34:34 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add example to mmap docs. Written for GHOP by Rafal Rawicki. ........ r59272 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:37:29 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Convert bdb.rst line endings to Unix style. ........ r59274 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:58:50 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add more entries to the glossary. Written by Jeff Wheeler for GHOP. ........
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... pass # We do not need to do anything with data.
... def close(self): # Called when all data has been parsed.
... return self.maxDepth
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...
Merged revisions 59259-59274 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59260 | lars.gustaebel | 2007-12-01 22:02:12 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 5 lines Issue #1531: Read fileobj from the current offset, do not seek to the start. (will backport to 2.5) ........ r59262 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:24:47 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Document PyEval_* functions from ceval.c. Credits to Michael Sloan from GHOP. ........ r59263 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:27:56 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Add a few refcount data entries. ........ r59264 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:38:48 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add test suite for cmd module. Written by Michael Schneider for GHOP. ........ r59265 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:42:46 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add examples to the ElementTree documentation. Written by h4wk.cz for GHOP. ........ r59266 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 00:12:45 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add "Using Python on Windows" document, by Robert Lehmann. Written for GHOP. ........ r59271 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:34:34 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add example to mmap docs. Written for GHOP by Rafal Rawicki. ........ r59272 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:37:29 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Convert bdb.rst line endings to Unix style. ........ r59274 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:58:50 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add more entries to the glossary. Written by Jeff Wheeler for GHOP. ........
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>>> target = MaxDepth()
>>> parser = XMLParser(target=target)
Merged revisions 59259-59274 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59260 | lars.gustaebel | 2007-12-01 22:02:12 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 5 lines Issue #1531: Read fileobj from the current offset, do not seek to the start. (will backport to 2.5) ........ r59262 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:24:47 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Document PyEval_* functions from ceval.c. Credits to Michael Sloan from GHOP. ........ r59263 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:27:56 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Add a few refcount data entries. ........ r59264 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:38:48 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add test suite for cmd module. Written by Michael Schneider for GHOP. ........ r59265 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:42:46 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add examples to the ElementTree documentation. Written by h4wk.cz for GHOP. ........ r59266 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 00:12:45 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add "Using Python on Windows" document, by Robert Lehmann. Written for GHOP. ........ r59271 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:34:34 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add example to mmap docs. Written for GHOP by Rafal Rawicki. ........ r59272 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:37:29 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Convert bdb.rst line endings to Unix style. ........ r59274 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:58:50 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add more entries to the glossary. Written by Jeff Wheeler for GHOP. ........
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>>> exampleXml = """
... <a>
... <b>
... </b>
... <b>
... <c>
... <d>
... </d>
... </c>
... </b>
... </a>"""
>>> parser.feed(exampleXml)
>>> parser.close()
4
Merged revisions 61431,61433-61436,61439,61444,61449-61450,61453,61458,61465,61468,61471-61474,61480,61483-61484,61488,61495-61496,61498,61503-61504,61507,61509-61510,61515-61518 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r61431 | vinay.sajip | 2008-03-16 22:35:58 +0100 (So, 16 Mär 2008) | 1 line Clarified documentation on use of shutdown(). ........ r61433 | mark.summerfield | 2008-03-17 09:28:15 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 5 lines Added a footnote to each pointing out that for XML output if an encoding string is given it should conform to the appropriate XML standards---for example, "UTF-8" is okay, but "UTF8" is not. ........ r61434 | eric.smith | 2008-03-17 12:01:01 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 7 lines Issue 2264: empty float presentation type needs to have at least one digit past the decimal point. Added "Z" format_char to PyOS_ascii_formatd to support empty float presentation type. Renamed buf_size in PyOS_ascii_formatd to more accurately reflect it's meaning. Modified format.__float__ to use the new "Z" format as the default. Added test cases. ........ r61435 | eric.smith | 2008-03-17 13:14:29 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Reformated lines > 79 chars. Deleted unused macro ISXDIGIT. ........ r61436 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-17 15:40:53 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 13 lines Allow Gnu gcc's to build python on OSX by removing -Wno-long-double, -no-cpp-precomp, and -mno-fused-madd from configure. * r22183 added -no-cpp-precomp, which http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2005-12/msg00368.html claims hasn't been needed since gcc-3.1. * r25607 added -Wno-long-double to avoid a warning in Include/objimpl.h (issue 525481). The long double is still there, but OSX 10.4's gcc no longer warns about it. * r33666 fixed issue 775892 on OSX 10.3 by adding -mno-fused-madd, which changed the sign of some float 0s. Tim Peters said it wasn't a real issue anyway, and it no longer causes test failures. Fixes issue #1779871. ........ r61439 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-17 17:31:57 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Add Trent Nelson. ........ r61444 | travis.oliphant | 2008-03-17 18:36:12 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 1 line Add necessary headers to back-port new buffer protocol to Python 2.6 ........ r61449 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-03-17 19:48:05 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 8 lines Force zlib.crc32 and zlib.adler32 to return a signed integer on all platforms regardless of the native sizeof(long) used in the integer object. This somewhat odd behavior of returning a signed is maintained in 2.x for compatibility reasons of always returning an integer rather than a long object. Fixes Issue1202 for Python 2.6 ........ r61450 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-17 20:02:45 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 3 lines Use a buffer large enough to ensure we don't overrun, even if the value is outside the range we expect. ........ r61453 | steven.bethard | 2008-03-17 20:33:11 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 1 line Document unicode.isnumeric() and unicode.isdecimal() (issue2326) ........ r61458 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-17 21:22:43 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 5 lines Issue 2321: reduce memory usage (increase the memory that is returned to the system) by using pymalloc for the data of unicode objects. Will backport. ........ r61465 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-17 22:55:30 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Add David Wolever. ........ r61468 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-03-18 01:20:01 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 3 lines Fix the IOError message text when opening a file with an invalid filename. Error reported by Ilan Schnell. ........ r61471 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 02:00:07 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Convert test_strftime, test_getargs, and test_pep247 to use unittest. ........ r61472 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-18 02:09:59 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Fix build on platforms that don't have intptr_t. Patch by Joseph Armbruster. ........ r61473 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 02:50:25 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Convert test_dummy_threading and test_dbm to unittest. ........ r61474 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 02:58:56 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Move test_extcall to doctest. ........ r61480 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 04:46:22 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines test_errno was a no-op test; now it actually tests things and uses unittest. ........ r61483 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 05:09:00 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 3 lines Remove our implementation of memmove() and strerror(); both are in the C89 standard library. ........ r61484 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 05:16:06 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines The output directory for tests that compare against stdout is now gone! ........ r61488 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-18 05:29:35 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Block the "socket.ssl() is deprecated" warning from test_socket_ssl. ........ r61495 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-18 05:56:06 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 4 lines Speed test_thread up from 51.328s to 0.081s by reducing its sleep times. We still sleep at all to make it likely that all threads are active at the same time. ........ r61496 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-18 06:12:41 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 4 lines Speed up test_dict by about 10x by only checking selected dict literal sizes, instead of every integer from 0 to 400. Exhaustive testing wastes time without providing enough more assurance that the code is correct. ........ r61498 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-18 06:20:29 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 1 line Try increasing the timeout to reduce the flakiness of this test. ........ r61503 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 06:43:04 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Improve the error message for a test that failed on the S-390 Debian buildbot. ........ r61504 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-18 06:45:40 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 3 lines Add a -S/--slow flag to regrtest to have it print the 10 slowest tests with their times. ........ r61507 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-18 07:03:46 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 1 line Add some info to the failure messages ........ r61509 | trent.nelson | 2008-03-18 08:02:12 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 1 line Issue 2286: bump up the stack size of the 64-bit debug python_d.exe to 2100000. The default value of 200000 causes a stack overflow at 1965 iterations of r_object() in marshal.c, 35 iterations before the 2000 limit enforced by MAX_MARSHAL_STACK_DEPTH. ........ r61510 | trent.nelson | 2008-03-18 08:32:47 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 5 lines The behaviour of winsound.Beep() seems to differ between different versions of Windows when there's either: a) no sound card entirely b) legacy beep driver has been disabled c) the legacy beep driver has been uninstalled Sometimes RuntimeErrors are raised, sometimes they're not. If _have_soundcard() returns False, don't expect winsound.Beep() to raise a RuntimeError, as this clearly isn't the case, as demonstrated by the various Win32 XP buildbots. ........ r61515 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-18 13:20:15 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines norwitz-amd64 (gentoo) has EREMOTEIO. ........ r61516 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-18 13:45:37 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Add more Linux error codes. ........ r61517 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-18 14:05:03 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Add WSA errors. ........ r61518 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-18 14:16:05 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Note that the stderr output of the test is intentional. ........
2008-03-18 12:15:01 -03:00
.. _elementtree-xmlpullparser-objects:
XMLPullParser Objects
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. class:: XMLPullParser(events=None)
A pull parser suitable for non-blocking applications. Its input-side API is
similar to that of :class:`XMLParser`, but instead of pushing calls to a
callback target, :class:`XMLPullParser` collects an internal list of parsing
events and lets the user read from it. *events* is a sequence of events to
report back. The supported events are the strings ``"start"``, ``"end"``,
``"start-ns"`` and ``"end-ns"`` (the "ns" events are used to get detailed
namespace information). If *events* is omitted, only ``"end"`` events are
reported.
.. method:: feed(data)
Feed the given bytes data to the parser.
.. method:: close()
Signal the parser that the data stream is terminated. Unlike
:meth:`XMLParser.close`, this method always returns :const:`None`.
Any events not yet retrieved when the parser is closed can still be
read with :meth:`read_events`.
.. method:: read_events()
Return an iterator over the events which have been encountered in the
data fed to the
parser. The iterator yields ``(event, elem)`` pairs, where *event* is a
string representing the type of event (e.g. ``"end"``) and *elem* is the
encountered :class:`Element` object.
Events provided in a previous call to :meth:`read_events` will not be
yielded again. Events are consumed from the internal queue only when
they are retrieved from the iterator, so multiple readers iterating in
parallel over iterators obtained from :meth:`read_events` will have
unpredictable results.
.. note::
:class:`XMLPullParser` only guarantees that it has seen the ">"
character of a starting tag when it emits a "start" event, so the
attributes are defined, but the contents of the text and tail attributes
are undefined at that point. The same applies to the element children;
they may or may not be present.
If you need a fully populated element, look for "end" events instead.
.. versionadded:: 3.4
Exceptions
^^^^^^^^^^
.. class:: ParseError
XML parse error, raised by the various parsing methods in this module when
parsing fails. The string representation of an instance of this exception
will contain a user-friendly error message. In addition, it will have
the following attributes available:
.. attribute:: code
A numeric error code from the expat parser. See the documentation of
:mod:`xml.parsers.expat` for the list of error codes and their meanings.
.. attribute:: position
A tuple of *line*, *column* numbers, specifying where the error occurred.
Merged revisions 61431,61433-61436,61439,61444,61449-61450,61453,61458,61465,61468,61471-61474,61480,61483-61484,61488,61495-61496,61498,61503-61504,61507,61509-61510,61515-61518 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r61431 | vinay.sajip | 2008-03-16 22:35:58 +0100 (So, 16 Mär 2008) | 1 line Clarified documentation on use of shutdown(). ........ r61433 | mark.summerfield | 2008-03-17 09:28:15 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 5 lines Added a footnote to each pointing out that for XML output if an encoding string is given it should conform to the appropriate XML standards---for example, "UTF-8" is okay, but "UTF8" is not. ........ r61434 | eric.smith | 2008-03-17 12:01:01 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 7 lines Issue 2264: empty float presentation type needs to have at least one digit past the decimal point. Added "Z" format_char to PyOS_ascii_formatd to support empty float presentation type. Renamed buf_size in PyOS_ascii_formatd to more accurately reflect it's meaning. Modified format.__float__ to use the new "Z" format as the default. Added test cases. ........ r61435 | eric.smith | 2008-03-17 13:14:29 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Reformated lines > 79 chars. Deleted unused macro ISXDIGIT. ........ r61436 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-17 15:40:53 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 13 lines Allow Gnu gcc's to build python on OSX by removing -Wno-long-double, -no-cpp-precomp, and -mno-fused-madd from configure. * r22183 added -no-cpp-precomp, which http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2005-12/msg00368.html claims hasn't been needed since gcc-3.1. * r25607 added -Wno-long-double to avoid a warning in Include/objimpl.h (issue 525481). The long double is still there, but OSX 10.4's gcc no longer warns about it. * r33666 fixed issue 775892 on OSX 10.3 by adding -mno-fused-madd, which changed the sign of some float 0s. Tim Peters said it wasn't a real issue anyway, and it no longer causes test failures. Fixes issue #1779871. ........ r61439 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-17 17:31:57 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Add Trent Nelson. ........ r61444 | travis.oliphant | 2008-03-17 18:36:12 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 1 line Add necessary headers to back-port new buffer protocol to Python 2.6 ........ r61449 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-03-17 19:48:05 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 8 lines Force zlib.crc32 and zlib.adler32 to return a signed integer on all platforms regardless of the native sizeof(long) used in the integer object. This somewhat odd behavior of returning a signed is maintained in 2.x for compatibility reasons of always returning an integer rather than a long object. Fixes Issue1202 for Python 2.6 ........ r61450 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-17 20:02:45 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 3 lines Use a buffer large enough to ensure we don't overrun, even if the value is outside the range we expect. ........ r61453 | steven.bethard | 2008-03-17 20:33:11 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 1 line Document unicode.isnumeric() and unicode.isdecimal() (issue2326) ........ r61458 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-17 21:22:43 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 5 lines Issue 2321: reduce memory usage (increase the memory that is returned to the system) by using pymalloc for the data of unicode objects. Will backport. ........ r61465 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-17 22:55:30 +0100 (Mo, 17 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Add David Wolever. ........ r61468 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-03-18 01:20:01 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 3 lines Fix the IOError message text when opening a file with an invalid filename. Error reported by Ilan Schnell. ........ r61471 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 02:00:07 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Convert test_strftime, test_getargs, and test_pep247 to use unittest. ........ r61472 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-18 02:09:59 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Fix build on platforms that don't have intptr_t. Patch by Joseph Armbruster. ........ r61473 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 02:50:25 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Convert test_dummy_threading and test_dbm to unittest. ........ r61474 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 02:58:56 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Move test_extcall to doctest. ........ r61480 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 04:46:22 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines test_errno was a no-op test; now it actually tests things and uses unittest. ........ r61483 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 05:09:00 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 3 lines Remove our implementation of memmove() and strerror(); both are in the C89 standard library. ........ r61484 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 05:16:06 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines The output directory for tests that compare against stdout is now gone! ........ r61488 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-18 05:29:35 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Block the "socket.ssl() is deprecated" warning from test_socket_ssl. ........ r61495 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-18 05:56:06 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 4 lines Speed test_thread up from 51.328s to 0.081s by reducing its sleep times. We still sleep at all to make it likely that all threads are active at the same time. ........ r61496 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-18 06:12:41 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 4 lines Speed up test_dict by about 10x by only checking selected dict literal sizes, instead of every integer from 0 to 400. Exhaustive testing wastes time without providing enough more assurance that the code is correct. ........ r61498 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-18 06:20:29 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 1 line Try increasing the timeout to reduce the flakiness of this test. ........ r61503 | brett.cannon | 2008-03-18 06:43:04 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Improve the error message for a test that failed on the S-390 Debian buildbot. ........ r61504 | jeffrey.yasskin | 2008-03-18 06:45:40 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 3 lines Add a -S/--slow flag to regrtest to have it print the 10 slowest tests with their times. ........ r61507 | neal.norwitz | 2008-03-18 07:03:46 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 1 line Add some info to the failure messages ........ r61509 | trent.nelson | 2008-03-18 08:02:12 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 1 line Issue 2286: bump up the stack size of the 64-bit debug python_d.exe to 2100000. The default value of 200000 causes a stack overflow at 1965 iterations of r_object() in marshal.c, 35 iterations before the 2000 limit enforced by MAX_MARSHAL_STACK_DEPTH. ........ r61510 | trent.nelson | 2008-03-18 08:32:47 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 5 lines The behaviour of winsound.Beep() seems to differ between different versions of Windows when there's either: a) no sound card entirely b) legacy beep driver has been disabled c) the legacy beep driver has been uninstalled Sometimes RuntimeErrors are raised, sometimes they're not. If _have_soundcard() returns False, don't expect winsound.Beep() to raise a RuntimeError, as this clearly isn't the case, as demonstrated by the various Win32 XP buildbots. ........ r61515 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-18 13:20:15 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines norwitz-amd64 (gentoo) has EREMOTEIO. ........ r61516 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-18 13:45:37 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Add more Linux error codes. ........ r61517 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-18 14:05:03 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Add WSA errors. ........ r61518 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-03-18 14:16:05 +0100 (Di, 18 Mär 2008) | 2 lines Note that the stderr output of the test is intentional. ........
2008-03-18 12:15:01 -03:00
.. rubric:: Footnotes
.. [#] The encoding string included in XML output should conform to the
appropriate standards. For example, "UTF-8" is valid, but "UTF8" is
not. See http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
and http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml.