Integration of importdocs from the features/pep-420 repo.
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@ -209,9 +209,9 @@ Glossary
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finder
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An object that tries to find the :term:`loader` for a module. It must
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implement a method named :meth:`find_module`. See :pep:`302` for
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details and :class:`importlib.abc.Finder` for an
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:term:`abstract base class`.
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implement either a method named :meth:`find_loader` or a method named
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:meth:`find_module`. See :pep:`302` and :pep:`420` for details and
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:class:`importlib.abc.Finder` for an :term:`abstract base class`.
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floor division
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Mathematical division that rounds down to nearest integer. The floor
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@ -315,6 +315,10 @@ Glossary
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role in places where a constant hash value is needed, for example as a key
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in a dictionary.
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importing
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The process by which Python code in one module is made available to
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Python code in another module.
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importer
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An object that both finds and loads a module; both a
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:term:`finder` and :term:`loader` object.
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@ -440,6 +444,11 @@ Glossary
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include :class:`dict`, :class:`collections.defaultdict`,
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:class:`collections.OrderedDict` and :class:`collections.Counter`.
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meta path finder
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A finder returned by a search of :data:`sys.meta_path`. Meta path
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finders are related to, but different from :term:`sys path finders <sys
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path finder>`.
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metaclass
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The class of a class. Class definitions create a class name, a class
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dictionary, and a list of base classes. The metaclass is responsible for
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@ -464,6 +473,11 @@ Glossary
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for a member during lookup. See `The Python 2.3 Method Resolution Order
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<http://www.python.org/download/releases/2.3/mro/>`_.
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module
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An object that serves as an organizational unit of Python code. Modules
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have a namespace contain arbitrary Python objects. Modules are loaded
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into Python by the process of :term:`importing`.
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MRO
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See :term:`method resolution order`.
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@ -496,6 +510,12 @@ Glossary
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functions are implemented by the :mod:`random` and :mod:`itertools`
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modules, respectively.
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namespace package
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A :pep:`420` :term:`package` which serves only as a container for
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subpackages. Namespace packages may have no physical representation,
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and specifically are not like a :term:`regular package` because they
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have no ``__init__.py`` file.
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nested scope
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The ability to refer to a variable in an enclosing definition. For
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instance, a function defined inside another function can refer to
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@ -516,6 +536,19 @@ Glossary
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(methods). Also the ultimate base class of any :term:`new-style
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class`.
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package
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A Python module which can contain submodules or recursively,
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subpackages. Technically, a package is a Python module with an
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``__path__`` attribute.
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path importer
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A built-in :term:`finder` / :term:`loader` that knows how to find and
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load modules from the file system.
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portion
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A set of files in a single directory (possibly stored in a zip file)
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that contribute to a namespace package, as defined in :pep:`420`.
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positional argument
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The arguments assigned to local names inside a function or method,
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determined by the order in which they were given in the call. ``*`` is
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@ -524,8 +557,8 @@ Glossary
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:term:`argument`.
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provisional package
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A provisional package is one which has been deliberately excluded from the
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standard library's backwards compatibility guarantees. While major
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A provisional package is one which has been deliberately excluded from
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the standard library's backwards compatibility guarantees. While major
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changes to such packages are not expected, as long as they are marked
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provisional, backwards incompatible changes (up to and including removal
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of the package) may occur if deemed necessary by core developers. Such
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@ -533,13 +566,13 @@ Glossary
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flaws are uncovered that were missed prior to the inclusion of the
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package.
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This process allows the standard library to continue to evolve over time,
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without locking in problematic design errors for extended periods of time.
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See :pep:`411` for more details.
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This process allows the standard library to continue to evolve over
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time, without locking in problematic design errors for extended periods
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of time. See :pep:`411` for more details.
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Python 3000
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Nickname for the Python 3.x release line (coined long ago when the release
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of version 3 was something in the distant future.) This is also
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Nickname for the Python 3.x release line (coined long ago when the
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release of version 3 was something in the distant future.) This is also
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abbreviated "Py3k".
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Pythonic
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@ -576,6 +609,14 @@ Glossary
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>>> C.D.meth.__qualname__
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'C.D.meth'
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When used to refer to modules, the *fully qualified name* means the
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entire dotted path to the module, including any parent packages,
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e.g. ``email.mime.text``::
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>>> import email.mime.text
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>>> email.mime.text.__name__
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'email.mime.text'
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reference count
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The number of references to an object. When the reference count of an
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object drops to zero, it is deallocated. Reference counting is
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@ -584,6 +625,10 @@ Glossary
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:func:`~sys.getrefcount` function that programmers can call to return the
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reference count for a particular object.
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regular package
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A traditional :term:`package`, such as a directory containing an
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``__init__.py`` file.
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__slots__
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A declaration inside a class that saves memory by pre-declaring space for
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instance attributes and eliminating instance dictionaries. Though
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@ -626,6 +671,11 @@ Glossary
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:meth:`~collections.somenamedtuple._asdict`. Examples of struct sequences
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include :data:`sys.float_info` and the return value of :func:`os.stat`.
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sys path finder
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A finder returned by a search of :data:`sys.path` by the :term:`path
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importer`. Sys path finders are related to, but different from
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:term:`meta path finders <meta path finder>`.
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triple-quoted string
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A string which is bound by three instances of either a quotation mark
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(") or an apostrophe ('). While they don't provide any functionality
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@ -128,6 +128,16 @@ are also provided to help in implementing the core ABCs.
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An abstract base class representing a :term:`finder`.
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See :pep:`302` for the exact definition for a finder.
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.. method:: find_loader(self, fullname):
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An abstract method for finding a :term:`loader` for the specified
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module. Returns a 2-tuple of ``(loader, portion)`` where portion is a
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sequence of file system locations contributing to part of a namespace
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package. The sequence may be empty. When present, `find_loader()` is
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preferred over `find_module()`.
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.. versionadded: 3.3
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.. method:: find_module(fullname, path=None)
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An abstract method for finding a :term:`loader` for the specified
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@ -190,6 +200,13 @@ are also provided to help in implementing the core ABCs.
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(This is not set by the built-in import machinery,
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but it should be set whenever a :term:`loader` is used.)
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.. method:: module_repr(module)
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An abstract method which when implemented calculates and returns the
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given module's repr, as a string.
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.. versionadded: 3.3
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.. class:: ResourceLoader
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@ -270,14 +287,13 @@ are also provided to help in implementing the core ABCs.
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Path to the file of the module.
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.. method:: load_module(fullname=None)
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.. method:: load_module(fullname)
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Calls
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``super().load_module(fullname if fullname is not None else self.name)``.
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Calls super's ``load_module()``.
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.. method:: get_filename(fullname)
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Returns :attr:`path` when ``fullname`` equals :attr:`name` or ``None``.
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Returns :attr:`path`.
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.. method:: get_data(path)
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@ -538,7 +554,6 @@ find and load modules.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. function:: all_suffixes()
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Returns a combined list of strings representing all file suffixes for
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@ -727,7 +742,7 @@ find and load modules.
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Path to the extension module.
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.. method:: load_module(fullname=None)
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.. method:: load_module(fullname)
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Loads the extension module if and only if *fullname* is the same as
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:attr:`name` or is ``None``.
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@ -651,17 +651,19 @@ Modules
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statement: import
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object: module
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Modules are imported by the :keyword:`import` statement (see section
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:ref:`import`). A module object has a
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namespace implemented by a dictionary object (this is the dictionary referenced
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by the __globals__ attribute of functions defined in the module). Attribute
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Modules are a basic organizational unit of Python code, and are created by
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the :ref:`importmachinery` as invoked either by the :keyword:`import`
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statement (see section :ref:`import`) or by calling the built in
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:func:`__import__` function. A module object has a namespace implemented
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by a dictionary object (this is the dictionary referenced by the
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``__globals__`` attribute of functions defined in the module). Attribute
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references are translated to lookups in this dictionary, e.g., ``m.x`` is
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equivalent to ``m.__dict__["x"]``. A module object does not contain the code
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object used to initialize the module (since it isn't needed once the
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equivalent to ``m.__dict__["x"]``. A module object does not contain the
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code object used to initialize the module (since it isn't needed once the
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initialization is done).
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Attribute assignment updates the module's namespace dictionary, e.g., ``m.x =
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1`` is equivalent to ``m.__dict__["x"] = 1``.
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Attribute assignment updates the module's namespace dictionary, e.g.,
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``m.x = 1`` is equivalent to ``m.__dict__["x"] = 1``.
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.. index:: single: __dict__ (module attribute)
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@ -683,11 +685,12 @@ Modules
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Predefined (writable) attributes: :attr:`__name__` is the module's name;
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:attr:`__doc__` is the module's documentation string, or ``None`` if
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unavailable; :attr:`__file__` is the pathname of the file from which the module
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was loaded, if it was loaded from a file. The :attr:`__file__` attribute is not
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present for C modules that are statically linked into the interpreter; for
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extension modules loaded dynamically from a shared library, it is the pathname
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of the shared library file.
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unavailable; :attr:`__file__` is the pathname of the file from which the
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module was loaded, if it was loaded from a file. The :attr:`__file__`
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attribute may be missing for certain types of modules, such as C modules
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that are statically linked into the interpreter; for extension modules
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loaded dynamically from a shared library, it is the pathname of the shared
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library file.
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Custom classes
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Custom class types are typically created by class definitions (see section
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@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
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.. _importmachinery:
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****************
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Import machinery
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****************
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.. index:: single: import machinery
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Python code in one :term:`module` gains access to the code in another module
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by the process of :term:`importing` it. Most commonly, the :keyword:`import`
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statement is used to invoke the import machinery, but it can also be invoked
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by calling the built-in :func:`__import__` function.
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The :keyword:`import` statement combines two operations; it searches for the
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named module, then it binds the results of that search to a name in the local
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scope. The search operation of the :keyword:`import` statement is defined as
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a call to the :func:`__import__` function, with the appropriate arguments.
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The return value of :func:`__import__` is used to perform the name binding
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operation of the :keyword:`import` statement. See the :keyword:`import`
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statement for the exact details of that name binding operation.
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A direct call to :func:`__import__` performs only the search for the module.
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The function's return value is used like any other function call in Python;
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there is no special side-effects (e.g. name binding) associated with
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:func:`__import__`.
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When a module is first imported, Python searches for the module and if found,
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it creates a module object, initializing it. If the named module cannot be
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found, an :exc:`ImportError` is raised. Python implements various strategies
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to search for the named module when the import machinery is invoked. These
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strategies can be modified and extended by using various hooks described in
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the sections below. The entire import machinery itself can be overridden by
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replacing built-in :func:`__import__`.
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Packages
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========
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.. index::
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single: package
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Python has only one type of module object, and all modules are of this type,
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regardless of whether the module is implemented in Python, C, or something
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else. To help organize modules and provide a naming hierarchy, Python has a
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concept of :term:`packages <package>`. It's important to keep in mind that
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all packages are modules, but not all modules are packages. Or put another
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way, packages are just a special kind of module. Although usually
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unnecessary, introspection of various module object attributes can determine
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whether a module is a package or not.
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Packages can contain other packages and modules, while modules generally do
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not contain other modules or packages. You can think of packages as the
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directories on a file system and modules as files within directories, but
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don't take this analogy too literally since packages and modules need not
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originate from the file system. For the purposes of this documentation, we'll
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use this convenient analogy of directories and files.
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All modules have a name. Packages also have names, and subpackages can be
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nested arbitrarily deeply. Subpackage names are separated from their parent
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package by dots, akin to Python's standard attribute access syntax. Thus you
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might have a module called :mod:`sys` and a package called :mod:`email`, which
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in turn has a subpackage called :mod:`email.mime` and a module within that
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subpackage called :mod:`email.mime.text`.
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Regular packages
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----------------
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.. index::
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pair: package; regular
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Python defines two types of packages, :term:`regular packages <regular
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package>` and :term:`namespace packages <namespace package>`. Regular
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packages are traditional packages as they existed in Python 3.2 and earlier.
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A regular package is typically implemented as a directory containing an
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``__init__.py`` file. When a regular package is imported, this
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``__init__.py`` file is implicitly imported, and the objects it defines are
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bound to names in the package's namespace. The ``__init__.py`` file can
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contain the same Python code that any other module can contain, and Python
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will add some additional attributes to the module when it is imported.
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Namespace packages
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------------------
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.. index::
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pair:: package; namespace
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pair:: package; portion
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A namespace package is a composite of various :term:`portions <portion>`,
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where each portion contributes a subpackage to the parent package. Portions
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may reside in different locations on the file system. Portions may also be
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found in zip files, on the network, or anywhere else that Python searches
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during import. Namespace packages may or may not correspond directly to
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objects on the file system; they may be virtual modules that have no concrete
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representation.
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For example, the following file system layout defines a top level ``parent``
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package with three subpackages::
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parent/
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__init__.py
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one/
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__init__.py
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two/
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__init__.py
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three/
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__init__.py
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Importing ``parent.one`` will implicitly import ``parent/__init__.py`` and
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``parent/one/__init__.py``. Subsequent imports of ``parent.two`` or
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``parent.three`` will import ``parent/two/__init__.py`` and
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``parent/three/__init__.py`` respectively.
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With namespace packages, there is no ``parent/__init__.py`` file. In fact,
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there may be multiple ``parent`` directories found during import search, where
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each one is provided by a separate vendor installed container, and none of
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them contain an ``__init__.py`` file. Thus ``parent/one`` may not be
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physically located next to ``parent/two``. In this case, Python will create a
|
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namespace package for the top-level ``parent`` package whenever it or one of
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its subpackages is imported.
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Searching
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=========
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To begin the search, Python needs the :term:`fully qualified <qualified name>`
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name of the module (or package, but for the purposes of this discussion, the
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difference is immaterial) being imported. This name may come from various
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arguments to the :keyword:`import` statement, or from the parameters to the
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:func:`__import__` function.
|
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|
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This name will be used in various phases of the import search, and it may be
|
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the dotted path to a submodule, e.g. ``foo.bar.baz``. In this case, Python
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first tries to import ``foo``, then ``foo.bar``, and finally ``foo.bar.baz``.
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If any of the intermediate imports fail, an :exc:`ImportError` is raised.
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|
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The module cache
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----------------
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.. index::
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single: sys.modules
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The first place checked during import search is :data:`sys.modules`. This
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mapping serves as a cache of all modules that have been previously imported,
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including the intermediate paths. So if ``foo.bar.baz`` was previously
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imported, :data:`sys.modules` will contain entries for ``foo``, ``foo.bar``,
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and ``foo.bar.baz``. Each key will have as its value the corresponding module
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object.
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During import, the module name is looked up in :data:`sys.modules` and if
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present, the associated value is the module satisfying the import, and the
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process completes. However, if the value is ``None``, then an
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:exc:`ImportError` is raised. If the module name is missing, Python will
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continue searching for the module.
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:data:`sys.modules` is writable. Deleting a key will generally not destroy
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the associated module, but it will invalidate the cache entry for the named
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module, causing Python to search anew for the named module upon its next
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import. Beware though, because if you keep a reference to the module object,
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invalidate its cache entry in :data:`sys.modules`, and then re-import the
|
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named module, the two module objects will *not* be the same. The key can also
|
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be assigned to ``None``, forcing the next import of the module to result in an
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:exc:`ImportError`.
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Finders and loaders
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-------------------
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.. index::
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single: finder
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single: loader
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|
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If the named module is not found in :data:`sys.modules` then Python's import
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protocol is invoked to find and load the module. As this implies, the import
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protocol consists of two conceptual objects, :term:`finders <finder>` and
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:term:`loaders <loader>`. A finder's job is to determine whether it can find
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the named module using whatever strategy it knows about. For example, there
|
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is a file system finder which know how to search the file system for the named
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module. Other finders may know how to search a zip file, a web page, or a
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database to find the named module. The import machinery is extensible, so new
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finders can be added to extend the range and scope of module searching.
|
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Finders do not actually load modules. If they can find the named module, they
|
||||
return a loader, which the import machinery later invokes to load the module
|
||||
and create the corresponding module object.
|
||||
|
||||
There are actually two types of finders, and two different but related APIs
|
||||
for finders, depending on whether it is a :term:`meta path finder` or a
|
||||
:term:`sys path finder`. Meta path processing occurs at the beginning of
|
||||
import processing, while sys path processing happens later, by the :term:`path
|
||||
importer`.
|
||||
|
||||
The following sections describe the protocol for finders and loaders in more
|
||||
detail, including how you can create and register new ones to extend the
|
||||
import machinery.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Import hooks
|
||||
------------
|
||||
|
||||
.. index::
|
||||
single: import hooks
|
||||
single: meta hooks
|
||||
single: path hooks
|
||||
pair: hooks; import
|
||||
pair: hooks; meta
|
||||
pair: hooks; path
|
||||
|
||||
The import machinery is designed to be extensible; the primary mechanism for
|
||||
this are the *import hooks*. There are two types of import hooks: *meta
|
||||
hooks* and *path hooks*.
|
||||
|
||||
Meta hooks are called at the start of import processing, before any other
|
||||
import processing has occurred. This allows meta hooks to override
|
||||
:data:`sys.path` processing, frozen modules, or even built-in modules. Meta
|
||||
hooks are registered by adding new finder objects to :data:`sys.meta_path`, as
|
||||
described below.
|
||||
|
||||
Path hooks are called as part of :data:`sys.path` (or ``package.__path__``)
|
||||
processing, at the point where their associated path item is encountered.
|
||||
Path hooks are registered by adding new callables to :data:`sys.path_hooks` as
|
||||
described below.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The meta path
|
||||
-------------
|
||||
|
||||
.. index::
|
||||
single: sys.meta_path
|
||||
pair: finder; find_module
|
||||
pair: finder; find_loader
|
||||
|
||||
When the named module is not found in :data:`sys.modules`, Python next
|
||||
searches :data:`sys.meta_path`, which contains a list of meta path finder
|
||||
objects. These finders are queried in order to see if they know how to handle
|
||||
the named module. Meta path finders must implement a method called
|
||||
:meth:`find_module()` which takes two arguments, a name and a path. The meta
|
||||
path finder can use any strategy it wants to determine whether it can handle
|
||||
the named module or not.
|
||||
|
||||
If the meta path finder knows how to handle the named module, it returns a
|
||||
loader object. If it cannot handle the named module, it returns ``None``. If
|
||||
:data:`sys.meta_path` processing reaches the end of its list without returning
|
||||
a loader, then an :exc:`ImportError` is raised. Any other exceptions raised
|
||||
are simply propagated up, aborting the import process.
|
||||
|
||||
The :meth:`find_module()` method of meta path finders is called with two
|
||||
arguments. The first is the fully qualified name of the module being
|
||||
imported, for example ``foo.bar.baz``. The second argument is the relative
|
||||
path for the module search. For top-level modules, the second argument is
|
||||
``None``, but for submodules or subpackages, the second argument is the value
|
||||
of the parent package's ``__path__`` attribute, which must exist or an
|
||||
:exc:`ImportError` is raised.
|
||||
|
||||
Python's default :data:`sys.meta_path` has three meta path finders, one that
|
||||
knows how to import built-in modules, one that knows how to import frozen
|
||||
modules, and one that knows how to import modules from the file system
|
||||
(i.e. the :term:`path importer`).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Meta path loaders
|
||||
-----------------
|
||||
|
||||
Once a loader is found via a meta path finder, the loader's
|
||||
:meth:`load_module()` method is called, with a single argument, the fully
|
||||
qualified name of the module being imported. This method has several
|
||||
responsibilities, and should return the module object it has loaded [#fn1]_.
|
||||
If it cannot load the module, it should raise an :exc:`ImportError`, although
|
||||
any other exception raised during :meth:`load_module()` will be propagated.
|
||||
|
||||
In many cases, the meta path finder and loader can be the same object,
|
||||
e.g. :meth:`finder.find_module()` would just return ``self``.
|
||||
|
||||
Loaders must satisfy the following requirements:
|
||||
|
||||
* If there is an existing module object with the given name in
|
||||
:data:`sys.modules`, the loader must use that existing module. (Otherwise,
|
||||
the :func:`reload()` builtin will not work correctly.) If the named module
|
||||
does not exist in :data:`sys.modules`, the loader must create a new module
|
||||
object and add it to :data:`sys.modules`.
|
||||
|
||||
Note that the module *must* exist in :data:`sys.modules` before the loader
|
||||
executes the module code. This is crucial because the module code may
|
||||
(directly or indirectly) import itself; adding it to :data:`sys.modules`
|
||||
beforehand prevents unbounded recursion in the worst case and multiple
|
||||
loading in the best.
|
||||
|
||||
If the load fails, the loader needs to remove any modules it may have
|
||||
inserted into ``sys.modules``. If the module was already in
|
||||
``sys.modules`` then the loader should leave it alone.
|
||||
|
||||
* The loader may set the ``__file__`` attribute of the module. If set, this
|
||||
attribute's value must be a string. The loader may opt to leave
|
||||
``__file__`` unset if it has no semantic meaning (e.g. a module loaded from
|
||||
a database).
|
||||
|
||||
* The loader may set the ``__name__`` attribute of the module. While not
|
||||
required, setting this attribute is highly recommended so that the
|
||||
:meth:`repr()` of the module is more informative.
|
||||
|
||||
* If module is a package (either regular or namespace), the loader must set
|
||||
the module object's ``__path__`` attribute. The value must be a list, but
|
||||
may be empty if ``__path__`` has no further significance to the importer.
|
||||
More details on the semantics of ``__path__`` are given below.
|
||||
|
||||
* The ``__loader__`` attribute must be set to the loader object that loaded
|
||||
the module. This is mostly for introspection and reloading, but can be
|
||||
used for additional importer-specific functionality, for example getting
|
||||
data associated with an importer.
|
||||
|
||||
* The module's ``__package__`` attribute should be set. Its value must be a
|
||||
string, but it can be the same value as its ``__name__``. This is the
|
||||
recommendation when the module is a package. When the module is not a
|
||||
package, ``__package__`` should be set to the parent package's name.
|
||||
|
||||
This attribute is used instead of ``__name__`` to calculate explicit
|
||||
relative imports for main modules, as defined in :pep:`366`.
|
||||
|
||||
* If the module is a Python module (as opposed to a built-in module or a
|
||||
dynamically loaded extension), it should execute the module's code in the
|
||||
module's global name space (``module.__dict__``).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Module reprs
|
||||
------------
|
||||
|
||||
By default, all modules have a usable repr, however depending on the
|
||||
attributes set above, and hooks in the loader, you can more tightly control
|
||||
the repr of module objects.
|
||||
|
||||
Loaders may implement a :meth:`module_repr()` method which takes a single
|
||||
argument, the module object. When ``repr(module)`` is called for a module
|
||||
with a loader supporting this protocol, whatever is returned from
|
||||
``loader.module_repr(module)`` is returned as the module's repr without
|
||||
further processing. This return value must be a string.
|
||||
|
||||
If the module has no ``__loader__`` attribute, or the loader has no
|
||||
:meth:`module_repr()` method, then the module object implementation itself
|
||||
will craft a default repr using whatever information is available. It will
|
||||
try to use the ``module.__name__``, ``module.__file__``, and
|
||||
``module.__loader__`` as input into the repr, with defaults for whatever
|
||||
information is missing.
|
||||
|
||||
Here are the exact rules used:
|
||||
|
||||
* If the module has an ``__loader__`` and that loader has a
|
||||
:meth:`module_repr()` method, call it with a single argument, which is the
|
||||
module object. The value returned is used as the module's repr.
|
||||
|
||||
* If an exception occurs in :meth:`module_repr()`, the exception is caught
|
||||
and discarded, and the calculation of the module's repr continues as if
|
||||
:meth:`module_repr()` did not exist.
|
||||
|
||||
* If the module has an ``__file__`` attribute, this is used as part of the
|
||||
module's repr.
|
||||
|
||||
* If the module has no ``__file__`` but does have an ``__loader__``, then the
|
||||
loader's repr is used as part of the module's repr.
|
||||
|
||||
* Otherwise, just use the module's ``__name__`` in the repr.
|
||||
|
||||
This example, from :pep:`420` shows how a loader can craft its own module
|
||||
repr::
|
||||
|
||||
class NamespaceLoader:
|
||||
@classmethod
|
||||
def module_repr(cls, module):
|
||||
return "<module '{}' (namespace)>".format(module.__name__)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
module.__path__
|
||||
---------------
|
||||
|
||||
By definition, if a module has an ``__path__`` attribute, it is a package,
|
||||
regardless of its value.
|
||||
|
||||
A package's ``__path__`` attribute is used during imports of its subpackages.
|
||||
Within the import machinery, it functions much the same as :data:`sys.path`,
|
||||
i.e. providing a list of locations to search for modules during import.
|
||||
However, ``__path__`` is typically much more constrained than
|
||||
:data:`sys.path`.
|
||||
|
||||
``__path__`` must be a list, but it may be empty. The same rules used for
|
||||
:data:`sys.path` also apply to a package's ``__path__``, and
|
||||
:data:`sys.path_hooks` (described below) are consulted when traversing a
|
||||
package's ``__path__``.
|
||||
|
||||
A package's ``__init__.py`` file may set or alter the package's ``__path__``
|
||||
attribute, and this was typically the way namespace packages were implemented
|
||||
prior to :pep:`420`. With the adoption of :pep:`420`, namespace packages no
|
||||
longer need to supply ``__init__.py`` files containing only ``__path__``
|
||||
manipulation code; the namespace loader automatically sets ``__path__``
|
||||
correctly for the namespace package.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The Path Importer
|
||||
=================
|
||||
|
||||
.. index::
|
||||
single: path importer
|
||||
|
||||
As mentioned previously, Python comes with several default meta path finders.
|
||||
One of these, called the :term:`path importer`, knows how to provide
|
||||
traditional file system imports. It implements all the semantics for finding
|
||||
modules on the file system, handling special file types such as Python source
|
||||
code (``.py`` files), Python byte code (``.pyc`` and ``.pyo`` files) and
|
||||
shared libraries (e.g. ``.so`` files).
|
||||
|
||||
In addition to being able to find such modules, there is built-in support for
|
||||
loading these modules. To accomplish these two related tasks, additional
|
||||
hooks and protocols are provided so that you can extend and customize the path
|
||||
importer semantics.
|
||||
|
||||
A word of warning: this section and the previous both use the term *finder*,
|
||||
distinguishing between them by using the terms :term:`meta path finder` and
|
||||
:term:`sys path finder`. Meta path finders and sys path finders are very
|
||||
similar, support similar protocols, and function in similar ways during the
|
||||
import process, but it's important to keep in mind that they are subtly
|
||||
different. In particular, meta path finders operate at the beginning of the
|
||||
import process, as keyed off the :data:`sys.meta_path` traversal.
|
||||
|
||||
On the other hand, sys path finders are in a sense an implementation detail of
|
||||
the path importer, and in fact, if the path importer were to be removed from
|
||||
:data:`sys.meta_path`, none of the sys path finder semantics would be invoked.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
sys path finders
|
||||
----------------
|
||||
|
||||
.. index::
|
||||
single: sys.path
|
||||
single: sys.path_hooks
|
||||
single: sys.path_importer_cache
|
||||
single: PYTHONPATH
|
||||
|
||||
The path importer is responsible for finding and loading Python modules and
|
||||
packages from the file system. As a meta path finder, it implements the
|
||||
:meth:`find_module()` protocol previously described, however it exposes
|
||||
additional hooks that can be used to customize how modules are found and
|
||||
loaded from the file system.
|
||||
|
||||
Three variables are used during file system import, :data:`sys.path`,
|
||||
:data:`sys.path_hooks` and :data:`sys.path_importer_cache`. These provide
|
||||
additional ways that the import machinery can be customized, in this case
|
||||
specifically during file system path import.
|
||||
|
||||
:data:`sys.path` contains a list of strings providing search locations for
|
||||
modules and packages. It is initialized from the :data:`PYTHONPATH`
|
||||
environment variable and various other installation- and
|
||||
implementation-specific defaults. Entries in :data:`sys.path` can name
|
||||
directories on the file system, zip files, and potentially other "locations"
|
||||
that should be searched for modules.
|
||||
|
||||
The path importer is a meta path finder, so the import machinery begins file
|
||||
system search by calling the path importer's :meth:`find_module()` method as
|
||||
described previously. When the ``path`` argument to :meth:`find_module()` is
|
||||
given, it will be a list of string paths to traverse. If not,
|
||||
:data:`sys.path` is used.
|
||||
|
||||
The path importer iterates over every entry in the search path, and for each
|
||||
of these, searches for an appropriate sys path finder for the path entry.
|
||||
Because this can be an expensive operation (e.g. there are `stat()` call
|
||||
overheads for this search), the path importer maintains a cache mapping path
|
||||
entries to sys path finders. This cache is maintained in
|
||||
:data:`sys.path_importer_cache`. In this way, the expensive search for a
|
||||
particular path location's sys path finder need only be done once. User code
|
||||
is free to remove cache entries from :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` forcing
|
||||
the path importer to perform the path search again.
|
||||
|
||||
If the path entry is not present in the cache, the path importer iterates over
|
||||
every callable in :data:`sys.path_hooks`. Each entry in this list is called
|
||||
with a single argument, the path entry being searched. This callable may
|
||||
either return a sys path finder that can handle the path entry, or it may
|
||||
raise :exc:`ImportError`. An :exc:`ImportError` is used by the path importer
|
||||
to signal that the hook cannot find a sys path finder for that path entry.
|
||||
The exception is ignored and :data:`sys.path_hooks` iteration continues.
|
||||
|
||||
If :data:`sys.path_hooks` iteration ends with no sys path finder being
|
||||
returned then the path importer's :meth:`find_module()` method will return
|
||||
``None`` and an :exc:`ImportError` will be raised.
|
||||
|
||||
If a sys path finder *is* returned by one of the callables on
|
||||
:data:`sys.path_hooks`, then the following protocol is used to ask the sys
|
||||
path finder for a module loader. If a loader results from this step, it is
|
||||
used to load the module as previously described (i.e. its
|
||||
:meth:`load_module()` method is called).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
sys path finder protocol
|
||||
------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
sys path finders support the same, traditional :meth:`find_module()` method
|
||||
that meta path finders support, however sys path finder :meth:`find_module()`
|
||||
methods are never called with a ``path`` argument.
|
||||
|
||||
The :meth:`find_module()` method on sys path finders is deprecated though, and
|
||||
instead sys path finders should implement the :meth:`find_loader()` method.
|
||||
If it exists on the sys path finder, :meth:`find_loader()` will always be
|
||||
called instead of :meth:`find_module()`.
|
||||
|
||||
:meth:`find_loader()` takes one argument, the fully qualified name of the
|
||||
module being imported. :meth:`find_loader()` returns a 2-tuple where the
|
||||
first item is the loader and the second item is a namespace :term:`portion`.
|
||||
When the first item (i.e. the loader) is ``None``, this means that while the
|
||||
sys path finder does not have a loader for the named module, it knows that the
|
||||
path entry contributes to a namespace portion for the named module. This will
|
||||
almost always be the case where Python is asked to import a namespace package
|
||||
that has no physical presence on the file system. When a sys path finder
|
||||
returns ``None`` for the loader, the second item of the 2-tuple return value
|
||||
must be a sequence, although it can be empty.
|
||||
|
||||
If :meth:`find_loader()` returns a non-``None`` loader value, the portion is
|
||||
ignored and the loader is returned from the path importer, terminating the
|
||||
:data:`sys.path` search.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Open issues
|
||||
===========
|
||||
|
||||
XXX What to say about `imp.NullImporter` when it's found in
|
||||
:data:`sys.path_importer_cache`?
|
||||
|
||||
XXX It would be really nice to have a diagram.
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#fn1] The importlib implementation appears not to use the return value
|
||||
directly. Instead, it gets the module object by looking the module name up
|
||||
in ``sys.modules``.)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
References
|
||||
==========
|
||||
|
||||
The import machinery has evolved considerably since Python's early days. The
|
||||
original `specification for packages
|
||||
<http://www.python.org/doc/essays/packages.html>`_ is still available to read,
|
||||
although some details have changed since the writing of that document.
|
||||
|
||||
The original specification for :data:`sys.meta_path` was :pep:`302`, with
|
||||
subsequent extension in :pep:`420`, which also introduced namespace packages
|
||||
without ``__init__.py`` files in Python 3.3. :pep:`420` also introduced the
|
||||
:meth:`find_loader` protocol as an alternative to :meth:`find_module`.
|
||||
|
||||
:pep:`366` describes the addition of the ``__package__`` attribute for
|
||||
explicit relative imports in main modules.
|
|
@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ interfaces available to C/C++ programmers in detail.
|
|||
lexical_analysis.rst
|
||||
datamodel.rst
|
||||
executionmodel.rst
|
||||
import_machinery.rst
|
||||
expressions.rst
|
||||
simple_stmts.rst
|
||||
compound_stmts.rst
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -660,162 +660,50 @@ The :keyword:`import` statement
|
|||
relative_module: "."* `module` | "."+
|
||||
name: `identifier`
|
||||
|
||||
Import statements are executed in two steps: (1) find a module, and initialize
|
||||
it if necessary; (2) define a name or names in the local namespace (of the scope
|
||||
where the :keyword:`import` statement occurs). The statement comes in two
|
||||
forms differing on whether it uses the :keyword:`from` keyword. The first form
|
||||
(without :keyword:`from`) repeats these steps for each identifier in the list.
|
||||
The form with :keyword:`from` performs step (1) once, and then performs step
|
||||
(2) repeatedly. For a reference implementation of step (1), see the
|
||||
:mod:`importlib` module.
|
||||
Import statements are executed in two steps: (1) find a module, loading and
|
||||
initializing it if necessary; (2) define a name or names in the local
|
||||
namespace (of the scope where the :keyword:`import` statement occurs). The
|
||||
statement comes in two forms differing on whether it uses the :keyword:`from`
|
||||
keyword. The first form (without :keyword:`from`) repeats these steps for each
|
||||
identifier in the list. The form with :keyword:`from` performs step (1) once,
|
||||
and then performs step (2) repeatedly.
|
||||
|
||||
.. index::
|
||||
single: package
|
||||
|
||||
To understand how step (1) occurs, one must first understand how Python handles
|
||||
hierarchical naming of modules. To help organize modules and provide a
|
||||
hierarchy in naming, Python has a concept of packages. A package can contain
|
||||
other packages and modules while modules cannot contain other modules or
|
||||
packages. From a file system perspective, packages are directories and modules
|
||||
are files. The original `specification for packages
|
||||
<http://www.python.org/doc/essays/packages.html>`_ is still available to read,
|
||||
although minor details have changed since the writing of that document.
|
||||
|
||||
.. index::
|
||||
single: sys.modules
|
||||
|
||||
Once the name of the module is known (unless otherwise specified, the term
|
||||
"module" will refer to both packages and modules), searching
|
||||
for the module or package can begin. The first place checked is
|
||||
:data:`sys.modules`, the cache of all modules that have been imported
|
||||
previously. If the module is found there then it is used in step (2) of import
|
||||
unless ``None`` is found in :data:`sys.modules`, in which case
|
||||
:exc:`ImportError` is raised.
|
||||
|
||||
.. index::
|
||||
single: sys.meta_path
|
||||
single: finder
|
||||
pair: finder; find_module
|
||||
single: __path__
|
||||
|
||||
If the module is not found in the cache, then :data:`sys.meta_path` is searched
|
||||
(the specification for :data:`sys.meta_path` can be found in :pep:`302`).
|
||||
The object is a list of :term:`finder` objects which are queried in order as to
|
||||
whether they know how to load the module by calling their :meth:`find_module`
|
||||
method with the name of the module. If the module happens to be contained
|
||||
within a package (as denoted by the existence of a dot in the name), then a
|
||||
second argument to :meth:`find_module` is given as the value of the
|
||||
:attr:`__path__` attribute from the parent package (everything up to the last
|
||||
dot in the name of the module being imported). If a finder can find the module
|
||||
it returns a :term:`loader` (discussed later) or returns ``None``.
|
||||
|
||||
.. index::
|
||||
single: sys.path_hooks
|
||||
single: sys.path_importer_cache
|
||||
single: sys.path
|
||||
|
||||
If none of the finders on :data:`sys.meta_path` are able to find the module
|
||||
then some implicitly defined finders are queried. Implementations of Python
|
||||
vary in what implicit meta path finders are defined. The one they all do
|
||||
define, though, is one that handles :data:`sys.path_hooks`,
|
||||
:data:`sys.path_importer_cache`, and :data:`sys.path`.
|
||||
|
||||
The implicit finder searches for the requested module in the "paths" specified
|
||||
in one of two places ("paths" do not have to be file system paths). If the
|
||||
module being imported is supposed to be contained within a package then the
|
||||
second argument passed to :meth:`find_module`, :attr:`__path__` on the parent
|
||||
package, is used as the source of paths. If the module is not contained in a
|
||||
package then :data:`sys.path` is used as the source of paths.
|
||||
|
||||
Once the source of paths is chosen it is iterated over to find a finder that
|
||||
can handle that path. The dict at :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` caches
|
||||
finders for paths and is checked for a finder. If the path does not have a
|
||||
finder cached then :data:`sys.path_hooks` is searched by calling each object in
|
||||
the list with a single argument of the path, returning a finder or raises
|
||||
:exc:`ImportError`. If a finder is returned then it is cached in
|
||||
:data:`sys.path_importer_cache` and then used for that path entry. If no finder
|
||||
can be found but the path exists then a value of ``None`` is
|
||||
stored in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` to signify that an implicit,
|
||||
file-based finder that handles modules stored as individual files should be
|
||||
used for that path. If the path does not exist then a finder which always
|
||||
returns ``None`` is placed in the cache for the path.
|
||||
|
||||
.. index::
|
||||
single: loader
|
||||
pair: loader; load_module
|
||||
exception: ImportError
|
||||
|
||||
If no finder can find the module then :exc:`ImportError` is raised. Otherwise
|
||||
some finder returned a loader whose :meth:`load_module` method is called with
|
||||
the name of the module to load (see :pep:`302` for the original definition of
|
||||
loaders). A loader has several responsibilities to perform on a module it
|
||||
loads. First, if the module already exists in :data:`sys.modules` (a
|
||||
possibility if the loader is called outside of the import machinery) then it
|
||||
is to use that module for initialization and not a new module. But if the
|
||||
module does not exist in :data:`sys.modules` then it is to be added to that
|
||||
dict before initialization begins. If an error occurs during loading of the
|
||||
module and it was added to :data:`sys.modules` it is to be removed from the
|
||||
dict. If an error occurs but the module was already in :data:`sys.modules` it
|
||||
is left in the dict.
|
||||
|
||||
.. index::
|
||||
single: __name__
|
||||
single: __file__
|
||||
single: __path__
|
||||
single: __package__
|
||||
single: __loader__
|
||||
|
||||
The loader must set several attributes on the module. :data:`__name__` is to be
|
||||
set to the name of the module. :data:`__file__` is to be the "path" to the file
|
||||
unless the module is built-in (and thus listed in
|
||||
:data:`sys.builtin_module_names`) in which case the attribute is not set.
|
||||
If what is being imported is a package then :data:`__path__` is to be set to a
|
||||
list of paths to be searched when looking for modules and packages contained
|
||||
within the package being imported. :data:`__package__` is optional but should
|
||||
be set to the name of package that contains the module or package (the empty
|
||||
string is used for module not contained in a package). :data:`__loader__` is
|
||||
also optional but should be set to the loader object that is loading the
|
||||
module. While loaders are required to return the module they loaded, import
|
||||
itself always retrieves any modules it returns from :data:`sys.modules`.
|
||||
|
||||
.. index::
|
||||
exception: ImportError
|
||||
|
||||
If an error occurs during loading then the loader raises :exc:`ImportError` if
|
||||
some other exception is not already being propagated. Otherwise the loader
|
||||
returns the module that was loaded and initialized.
|
||||
The details of step (1), finding and loading modules is described in greater
|
||||
detail in the section on the :ref:`import machinery <importmachinery>`, which
|
||||
also describes the various types of packages and modules that can be imported,
|
||||
as well as all the hooks that can be used to customize Python's import.
|
||||
|
||||
When step (1) finishes without raising an exception, step (2) can begin.
|
||||
|
||||
The first form of :keyword:`import` statement binds the module name in the local
|
||||
namespace to the module object, and then goes on to import the next identifier,
|
||||
if any. If the module name is followed by :keyword:`as`, the name following
|
||||
:keyword:`as` is used as the local name for the module.
|
||||
The first form of :keyword:`import` statement binds the module name in the
|
||||
local namespace to the module object, and then goes on to import the next
|
||||
identifier, if any. If the module name is followed by :keyword:`as`, the name
|
||||
following :keyword:`as` is used as the local name for the module.
|
||||
|
||||
.. index::
|
||||
pair: name; binding
|
||||
exception: ImportError
|
||||
|
||||
The :keyword:`from` form does not bind the module name: it goes through the list
|
||||
of identifiers, looks each one of them up in the module found in step (1), and
|
||||
binds the name in the local namespace to the object thus found. As with the
|
||||
first form of :keyword:`import`, an alternate local name can be supplied by
|
||||
specifying ":keyword:`as` localname". If a name is not found,
|
||||
:exc:`ImportError` is raised. If the list of identifiers is replaced by a star
|
||||
(``'*'``), all public names defined in the module are bound in the local
|
||||
The :keyword:`from` form does not bind the module name: it goes through the
|
||||
list of identifiers, looks each one of them up in the module found in step
|
||||
(1), and binds the name in the local namespace to the object thus found. As
|
||||
with the first form of :keyword:`import`, an alternate local name can be
|
||||
supplied by specifying ":keyword:`as` localname". If a name is not found,
|
||||
:exc:`ImportError` is raised. If the list of identifiers is replaced by a
|
||||
star (``'*'``), all public names defined in the module are bound in the local
|
||||
namespace of the :keyword:`import` statement.
|
||||
|
||||
.. index:: single: __all__ (optional module attribute)
|
||||
|
||||
The *public names* defined by a module are determined by checking the module's
|
||||
namespace for a variable named ``__all__``; if defined, it must be a sequence of
|
||||
strings which are names defined or imported by that module. The names given in
|
||||
``__all__`` are all considered public and are required to exist. If ``__all__``
|
||||
is not defined, the set of public names includes all names found in the module's
|
||||
namespace which do not begin with an underscore character (``'_'``).
|
||||
``__all__`` should contain the entire public API. It is intended to avoid
|
||||
accidentally exporting items that are not part of the API (such as library
|
||||
modules which were imported and used within the module).
|
||||
namespace for a variable named ``__all__``; if defined, it must be a sequence
|
||||
of strings which are names defined or imported by that module. The names
|
||||
given in ``__all__`` are all considered public and are required to exist. If
|
||||
``__all__`` is not defined, the set of public names includes all names found
|
||||
in the module's namespace which do not begin with an underscore character
|
||||
(``'_'``). ``__all__`` should contain the entire public API. It is intended
|
||||
to avoid accidentally exporting items that are not part of the API (such as
|
||||
library modules which were imported and used within the module).
|
||||
|
||||
The :keyword:`from` form with ``*`` may only occur in a module scope. The wild
|
||||
card form of import --- ``import *`` --- is only allowed at the module level.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -33,16 +33,33 @@ class Loader(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
|
|||
The fullname is a str."""
|
||||
raise NotImplementedError
|
||||
|
||||
@abs.abstractmethod
|
||||
def module_repr(self, module):
|
||||
"""Abstract method which when implemented calculates and returns the
|
||||
given module's repr."""
|
||||
raise NotImplementedError
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
class Finder(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
|
||||
|
||||
"""Abstract base class for import finders."""
|
||||
|
||||
@abs.abstractmethod
|
||||
def find_loader(self, fullname):
|
||||
"""Abstract method which when implemented returns a module loader.
|
||||
The fullname is a str. Returns a 2-tuple of (Loader, portion) where
|
||||
portion is a sequence of file system locations contributing to part of
|
||||
a namespace package. The sequence may be empty. When present,
|
||||
`find_loader()` is preferred over `find_module()`.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
raise NotImplementedError
|
||||
|
||||
@abc.abstractmethod
|
||||
def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
|
||||
"""Abstract method which when implemented should find a module.
|
||||
The fullname is a str and the optional path is a str or None.
|
||||
Returns a Loader object.
|
||||
Returns a Loader object. This method is only called if
|
||||
`find_loader()` is not present.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
raise NotImplementedError
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue