cpython/Lib/test/test_csv.py

# Copyright (C) 2001,2002 Python Software Foundation
# csv package unit tests

import copy
import sys
import unittest
from io import StringIO
from tempfile import TemporaryFile
import csv
import gc
import pickle
from test import support
from itertools import permutations
from textwrap import dedent
from collections import OrderedDict

class Test_Csv(unittest.TestCase):
    """
    Test the underlying C csv parser in ways that are not appropriate
    from the high level interface. Further tests of this nature are done
    in TestDialectRegistry.
    """
    def _test_arg_valid(self, ctor, arg):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ctor)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ctor, None)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ctor, arg, bad_attr = 0)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ctor, arg, delimiter = 0)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ctor, arg, delimiter = 'XX')
        self.assertRaises(csv.Error, ctor, arg, 'foo')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ctor, arg, delimiter=None)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ctor, arg, delimiter=1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ctor, arg, quotechar=1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ctor, arg, lineterminator=None)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ctor, arg, lineterminator=1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ctor, arg, quoting=None)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ctor, arg,
                          quoting=csv.QUOTE_ALL, quotechar='')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ctor, arg,
                          quoting=csv.QUOTE_ALL, quotechar=None)

    def test_reader_arg_valid(self):
        self._test_arg_valid(csv.reader, [])

    def test_writer_arg_valid(self):
        self._test_arg_valid(csv.writer, StringIO())

    def _test_default_attrs(self, ctor, *args):
        obj = ctor(*args)
        # Check defaults
        self.assertEqual(obj.dialect.delimiter, ',')
        self.assertIs(obj.dialect.doublequote, True)
        self.assertEqual(obj.dialect.escapechar, None)
        self.assertEqual(obj.dialect.lineterminator, "\r\n")
        self.assertEqual(obj.dialect.quotechar, '"')
        self.assertEqual(obj.dialect.quoting, csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL)
        self.assertIs(obj.dialect.skipinitialspace, False)
        self.assertIs(obj.dialect.strict, False)
        # Try deleting or changing attributes (they are read-only)
        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, delattr, obj.dialect, 'delimiter')
        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, obj.dialect, 'delimiter', ':')
        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, delattr, obj.dialect, 'quoting')
        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, obj.dialect,
                          'quoting', None)

    def test_reader_attrs(self):
        self._test_default_attrs(csv.reader, [])

    def test_writer_attrs(self):
        self._test_default_attrs(csv.writer, StringIO())

    def _test_kw_attrs(self, ctor, *args):
        # Now try with alternate options
        kwargs = dict(delimiter=':', doublequote=False, escapechar='\\',
                      lineterminator='\r', quotechar='*',
                      quoting=csv.QUOTE_NONE, skipinitialspace=True,
                      strict=True)
        obj = ctor(*args, **kwargs)
        self.assertEqual(obj.dialect.delimiter, ':')
        self.assertIs(obj.dialect.doublequote, False)
        self.assertEqual(obj.dialect.escapechar, '\\')
        self.assertEqual(obj.dialect.lineterminator, "\r")
        self.assertEqual(obj.dialect.quotechar, '*')
        self.assertEqual(obj.dialect.quoting, csv.QUOTE_NONE)
        self.assertIs(obj.dialect.skipinitialspace, True)
        self.assertIs(obj.dialect.strict, True)

    def test_reader_kw_attrs(self):
        self._test_kw_attrs(csv.reader, [])

    def test_writer_kw_attrs(self):
        self._test_kw_attrs(csv.writer, StringIO())

    def _test_dialect_attrs(self, ctor, *args):
        # Now try with dialect-derived options
        class dialect:
            delimiter='-'
            doublequote=False
            escapechar='^'
            lineterminator='$'
            quotechar='#'
            quoting=csv.QUOTE_ALL
            skipinitialspace=True
            strict=False
        args = args + (dialect,)
        obj = ctor(*args)
        self.assertEqual(obj.dialect.delimiter, '-')
        self.assertIs(obj.dialect.doublequote, False)
        self.assertEqual(obj.dialect.escapechar, '^')
        self.assertEqual(obj.dialect.lineterminator, "$")
        self.assertEqual(obj.dialect.quotechar, '#')
        self.assertEqual(obj.dialect.quoting, csv.QUOTE_ALL)
        self.assertIs(obj.dialect.skipinitialspace, True)
        self.assertIs(obj.dialect.strict, False)

    def test_reader_dialect_attrs(self):
        self._test_dialect_attrs(csv.reader, [])

    def test_writer_dialect_attrs(self):
        self._test_dialect_attrs(csv.writer, StringIO())


    def _write_test(self, fields, expect, **kwargs):
        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            writer = csv.writer(fileobj, **kwargs)
            writer.writerow(fields)
            fileobj.seek(0)
            self.assertEqual(fileobj.read(),
                             expect + writer.dialect.lineterminator)

    def _write_error_test(self, exc, fields, **kwargs):
        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            writer = csv.writer(fileobj, **kwargs)
            with self.assertRaises(exc):
                writer.writerow(fields)
            fileobj.seek(0)
            self.assertEqual(fileobj.read(), '')

    def test_write_arg_valid(self):
        self._write_error_test(csv.Error, None)
        self._write_test((), '')
        self._write_test([None], '""')
        self._write_error_test(csv.Error, [None], quoting = csv.QUOTE_NONE)
        # Check that exceptions are passed up the chain
        class BadList:
            def __len__(self):
                return 10;
            def __getitem__(self, i):
                if i > 2:
                    raise OSError
        self._write_error_test(OSError, BadList())
        class BadItem:
            def __str__(self):
                raise OSError
        self._write_error_test(OSError, [BadItem()])

    def test_write_bigfield(self):
        # This exercises the buffer realloc functionality
        bigstring = 'X' * 50000
        self._write_test([bigstring,bigstring], '%s,%s' % \
                         (bigstring, bigstring))

    def test_write_quoting(self):
        self._write_test(['a',1,'p,q'], 'a,1,"p,q"')
        self._write_error_test(csv.Error, ['a',1,'p,q'],
                               quoting = csv.QUOTE_NONE)
        self._write_test(['a',1,'p,q'], 'a,1,"p,q"',
                         quoting = csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL)
        self._write_test(['a',1,'p,q'], '"a",1,"p,q"',
                         quoting = csv.QUOTE_NONNUMERIC)
        self._write_test(['a',1,'p,q'], '"a","1","p,q"',
                         quoting = csv.QUOTE_ALL)
        self._write_test(['a\nb',1], '"a\nb","1"',
                         quoting = csv.QUOTE_ALL)

    def test_write_escape(self):
        self._write_test(['a',1,'p,q'], 'a,1,"p,q"',
                         escapechar='\\')
        self._write_error_test(csv.Error, ['a',1,'p,"q"'],
                               escapechar=None, doublequote=False)
        self._write_test(['a',1,'p,"q"'], 'a,1,"p,\\"q\\""',
                         escapechar='\\', doublequote = False)
        self._write_test(['"'], '""""',
                         escapechar='\\', quoting = csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL)
        self._write_test(['"'], '\\"',
                         escapechar='\\', quoting = csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL,
                         doublequote = False)
        self._write_test(['"'], '\\"',
                         escapechar='\\', quoting = csv.QUOTE_NONE)
        self._write_test(['a',1,'p,q'], 'a,1,p\\,q',
                         escapechar='\\', quoting = csv.QUOTE_NONE)

    def test_write_iterable(self):
        self._write_test(iter(['a', 1, 'p,q']), 'a,1,"p,q"')
        self._write_test(iter(['a', 1, None]), 'a,1,')
        self._write_test(iter([]), '')
        self._write_test(iter([None]), '""')
        self._write_error_test(csv.Error, iter([None]), quoting=csv.QUOTE_NONE)
        self._write_test(iter([None, None]), ',')

    def test_writerows(self):
        class BrokenFile:
            def write(self, buf):
                raise OSError
        writer = csv.writer(BrokenFile())
        self.assertRaises(OSError, writer.writerows, [['a']])

        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            writer = csv.writer(fileobj)
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, writer.writerows, None)
            writer.writerows([['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']])
            fileobj.seek(0)
            self.assertEqual(fileobj.read(), "a,b\r\nc,d\r\n")

    def test_writerows_with_none(self):
        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            writer = csv.writer(fileobj)
            writer.writerows([['a', None], [None, 'd']])
            fileobj.seek(0)
            self.assertEqual(fileobj.read(), "a,\r\n,d\r\n")

        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            writer = csv.writer(fileobj)
            writer.writerows([[None], ['a']])
            fileobj.seek(0)
            self.assertEqual(fileobj.read(), '""\r\na\r\n')

        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            writer = csv.writer(fileobj)
            writer.writerows([['a'], [None]])
            fileobj.seek(0)
            self.assertEqual(fileobj.read(), 'a\r\n""\r\n')

    @support.cpython_only
    def test_writerows_legacy_strings(self):
        import _testcapi

        c = _testcapi.unicode_legacy_string('a')
        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            writer = csv.writer(fileobj)
            writer.writerows([[c]])
            fileobj.seek(0)
            self.assertEqual(fileobj.read(), "a\r\n")

    def _read_test(self, input, expect, **kwargs):
        reader = csv.reader(input, **kwargs)
        result = list(reader)
        self.assertEqual(result, expect)

    def test_read_oddinputs(self):
        self._read_test([], [])
        self._read_test([''], [[]])
        self.assertRaises(csv.Error, self._read_test,
                          ['"ab"c'], None, strict = 1)
        # cannot handle null bytes for the moment
        self.assertRaises(csv.Error, self._read_test,
                          ['ab\0c'], None, strict = 1)
        self._read_test(['"ab"c'], [['abc']], doublequote = 0)

        self.assertRaises(csv.Error, self._read_test,
                          [b'ab\0c'], None)


    def test_read_eol(self):
        self._read_test(['a,b'], [['a','b']])
        self._read_test(['a,b\n'], [['a','b']])
        self._read_test(['a,b\r\n'], [['a','b']])
        self._read_test(['a,b\r'], [['a','b']])
        self.assertRaises(csv.Error, self._read_test, ['a,b\rc,d'], [])
        self.assertRaises(csv.Error, self._read_test, ['a,b\nc,d'], [])
        self.assertRaises(csv.Error, self._read_test, ['a,b\r\nc,d'], [])

    def test_read_eof(self):
        self._read_test(['a,"'], [['a', '']])
        self._read_test(['"a'], [['a']])
        self._read_test(['^'], [['\n']], escapechar='^')
        self.assertRaises(csv.Error, self._read_test, ['a,"'], [], strict=True)
        self.assertRaises(csv.Error, self._read_test, ['"a'], [], strict=True)
        self.assertRaises(csv.Error, self._read_test,
                          ['^'], [], escapechar='^', strict=True)

    def test_read_escape(self):
        self._read_test(['a,\\b,c'], [['a', 'b', 'c']], escapechar='\\')
        self._read_test(['a,b\\,c'], [['a', 'b,c']], escapechar='\\')
        self._read_test(['a,"b\\,c"'], [['a', 'b,c']], escapechar='\\')
        self._read_test(['a,"b,\\c"'], [['a', 'b,c']], escapechar='\\')
        self._read_test(['a,"b,c\\""'], [['a', 'b,c"']], escapechar='\\')
        self._read_test(['a,"b,c"\\'], [['a', 'b,c\\']], escapechar='\\')

    def test_read_quoting(self):
        self._read_test(['1,",3,",5'], [['1', ',3,', '5']])
        self._read_test(['1,",3,",5'], [['1', '"', '3', '"', '5']],
                        quotechar=None, escapechar='\\')
        self._read_test(['1,",3,",5'], [['1', '"', '3', '"', '5']],
                        quoting=csv.QUOTE_NONE, escapechar='\\')
        # will this fail where locale uses comma for decimals?
        self._read_test([',3,"5",7.3, 9'], [['', 3, '5', 7.3, 9]],
                        quoting=csv.QUOTE_NONNUMERIC)
        self._read_test(['"a\nb", 7'], [['a\nb', ' 7']])
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self._read_test,
                          ['abc,3'], [[]],
                          quoting=csv.QUOTE_NONNUMERIC)

    def test_read_bigfield(self):
        # This exercises the buffer realloc functionality and field size
        # limits.
        limit = csv.field_size_limit()
        try:
            size = 50000
            bigstring = 'X' * size
            bigline = '%s,%s' % (bigstring, bigstring)
            self._read_test([bigline], [[bigstring, bigstring]])
            csv.field_size_limit(size)
            self._read_test([bigline], [[bigstring, bigstring]])
            self.assertEqual(csv.field_size_limit(), size)
            csv.field_size_limit(size-1)
            self.assertRaises(csv.Error, self._read_test, [bigline], [])
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, csv.field_size_limit, None)
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, csv.field_size_limit, 1, None)
        finally:
            csv.field_size_limit(limit)

    def test_read_linenum(self):
        r = csv.reader(['line,1', 'line,2', 'line,3'])
        self.assertEqual(r.line_num, 0)
        next(r)
        self.assertEqual(r.line_num, 1)
        next(r)
        self.assertEqual(r.line_num, 2)
        next(r)
        self.assertEqual(r.line_num, 3)
        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, r)
        self.assertEqual(r.line_num, 3)

    def test_roundtrip_quoteed_newlines(self):
        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            writer = csv.writer(fileobj)
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, writer.writerows, None)
            rows = [['a\nb','b'],['c','x\r\nd']]
            writer.writerows(rows)
            fileobj.seek(0)
            for i, row in enumerate(csv.reader(fileobj)):
                self.assertEqual(row, rows[i])

    def test_roundtrip_escaped_unquoted_newlines(self):
        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            writer = csv.writer(fileobj,quoting=csv.QUOTE_NONE,escapechar="\\")
            rows = [['a\nb','b'],['c','x\r\nd']]
            writer.writerows(rows)
            fileobj.seek(0)
            for i, row in enumerate(csv.reader(fileobj,quoting=csv.QUOTE_NONE,escapechar="\\")):
                self.assertEqual(row,rows[i])

class TestDialectRegistry(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_registry_badargs(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, csv.list_dialects, None)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, csv.get_dialect)
        self.assertRaises(csv.Error, csv.get_dialect, None)
        self.assertRaises(csv.Error, csv.get_dialect, "nonesuch")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, csv.unregister_dialect)
        self.assertRaises(csv.Error, csv.unregister_dialect, None)
        self.assertRaises(csv.Error, csv.unregister_dialect, "nonesuch")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, csv.register_dialect, None)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, csv.register_dialect, None, None)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, csv.register_dialect, "nonesuch", 0, 0)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, csv.register_dialect, "nonesuch",
                          badargument=None)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, csv.register_dialect, "nonesuch",
                          quoting=None)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, csv.register_dialect, [])

    def test_registry(self):
        class myexceltsv(csv.excel):
            delimiter = "\t"
        name = "myexceltsv"
        expected_dialects = csv.list_dialects() + [name]
        expected_dialects.sort()
        csv.register_dialect(name, myexceltsv)
        self.addCleanup(csv.unregister_dialect, name)
        self.assertEqual(csv.get_dialect(name).delimiter, '\t')
        got_dialects = sorted(csv.list_dialects())
        self.assertEqual(expected_dialects, got_dialects)

    def test_register_kwargs(self):
        name = 'fedcba'
        csv.register_dialect(name, delimiter=';')
        self.addCleanup(csv.unregister_dialect, name)
        self.assertEqual(csv.get_dialect(name).delimiter, ';')
        self.assertEqual([['X', 'Y', 'Z']], list(csv.reader(['X;Y;Z'], name)))

    def test_incomplete_dialect(self):
        class myexceltsv(csv.Dialect):
            delimiter = "\t"
        self.assertRaises(csv.Error, myexceltsv)

    def test_space_dialect(self):
        class space(csv.excel):
            delimiter = " "
            quoting = csv.QUOTE_NONE
            escapechar = "\\"

        with TemporaryFile("w+") as fileobj:
            fileobj.write("abc def\nc1ccccc1 benzene\n")
            fileobj.seek(0)
            reader = csv.reader(fileobj, dialect=space())
            self.assertEqual(next(reader), ["abc", "def"])
            self.assertEqual(next(reader), ["c1ccccc1", "benzene"])

    def compare_dialect_123(self, expected, *writeargs, **kwwriteargs):

        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='', encoding="utf-8") as fileobj:

            writer = csv.writer(fileobj, *writeargs, **kwwriteargs)
            writer.writerow([1,2,3])
            fileobj.seek(0)
            self.assertEqual(fileobj.read(), expected)

    def test_dialect_apply(self):
        class testA(csv.excel):
            delimiter = "\t"
        class testB(csv.excel):
            delimiter = ":"
        class testC(csv.excel):
            delimiter = "|"
        class testUni(csv.excel):
            delimiter = "\u039B"

        csv.register_dialect('testC', testC)
        try:
            self.compare_dialect_123("1,2,3\r\n")
            self.compare_dialect_123("1\t2\t3\r\n", testA)
            self.compare_dialect_123("1:2:3\r\n", dialect=testB())
            self.compare_dialect_123("1|2|3\r\n", dialect='testC')
            self.compare_dialect_123("1;2;3\r\n", dialect=testA,
                                     delimiter=';')
            self.compare_dialect_123("1\u039B2\u039B3\r\n",
                                     dialect=testUni)

        finally:
            csv.unregister_dialect('testC')

    def test_bad_dialect(self):
        # Unknown parameter
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, csv.reader, [], bad_attr = 0)
        # Bad values
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, csv.reader, [], delimiter = None)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, csv.reader, [], quoting = -1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, csv.reader, [], quoting = 100)

    def test_copy(self):
        for name in csv.list_dialects():
            dialect = csv.get_dialect(name)
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, copy.copy, dialect)

    def test_pickle(self):
        for name in csv.list_dialects():
            dialect = csv.get_dialect(name)
            for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
                self.assertRaises(TypeError, pickle.dumps, dialect, proto)

class TestCsvBase(unittest.TestCase):
    def readerAssertEqual(self, input, expected_result):
        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            fileobj.write(input)
            fileobj.seek(0)
            reader = csv.reader(fileobj, dialect = self.dialect)
            fields = list(reader)
            self.assertEqual(fields, expected_result)

    def writerAssertEqual(self, input, expected_result):
        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            writer = csv.writer(fileobj, dialect = self.dialect)
            writer.writerows(input)
            fileobj.seek(0)
            self.assertEqual(fileobj.read(), expected_result)

class TestDialectExcel(TestCsvBase):
    dialect = 'excel'

    def test_single(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual('abc', [['abc']])

    def test_simple(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual('1,2,3,4,5', [['1','2','3','4','5']])

    def test_blankline(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual('', [])

    def test_empty_fields(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual(',', [['', '']])

    def test_singlequoted(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual('""', [['']])

    def test_singlequoted_left_empty(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual('"",', [['','']])

    def test_singlequoted_right_empty(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual(',""', [['','']])

    def test_single_quoted_quote(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual('""""', [['"']])

    def test_quoted_quotes(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual('""""""', [['""']])

    def test_inline_quote(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual('a""b', [['a""b']])

    def test_inline_quotes(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual('a"b"c', [['a"b"c']])

    def test_quotes_and_more(self):
        # Excel would never write a field containing '"a"b', but when
        # reading one, it will return 'ab'.
        self.readerAssertEqual('"a"b', [['ab']])

    def test_lone_quote(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual('a"b', [['a"b']])

    def test_quote_and_quote(self):
        # Excel would never write a field containing '"a" "b"', but when
        # reading one, it will return 'a "b"'.
        self.readerAssertEqual('"a" "b"', [['a "b"']])

    def test_space_and_quote(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual(' "a"', [[' "a"']])

    def test_quoted(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual('1,2,3,"I think, therefore I am",5,6',
                               [['1', '2', '3',
                                 'I think, therefore I am',
                                 '5', '6']])

    def test_quoted_quote(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual('1,2,3,"""I see,"" said the blind man","as he picked up his hammer and saw"',
                               [['1', '2', '3',
                                 '"I see," said the blind man',
                                 'as he picked up his hammer and saw']])

    def test_quoted_nl(self):
        input = '''\
1,2,3,"""I see,""
said the blind man","as he picked up his
hammer and saw"
9,8,7,6'''
        self.readerAssertEqual(input,
                               [['1', '2', '3',
                                   '"I see,"\nsaid the blind man',
                                   'as he picked up his\nhammer and saw'],
                                ['9','8','7','6']])

    def test_dubious_quote(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual('12,12,1",', [['12', '12', '1"', '']])

    def test_null(self):
        self.writerAssertEqual([], '')

    def test_single_writer(self):
        self.writerAssertEqual([['abc']], 'abc\r\n')

    def test_simple_writer(self):
        self.writerAssertEqual([[1, 2, 'abc', 3, 4]], '1,2,abc,3,4\r\n')

    def test_quotes(self):
        self.writerAssertEqual([[1, 2, 'a"bc"', 3, 4]], '1,2,"a""bc""",3,4\r\n')

    def test_quote_fieldsep(self):
        self.writerAssertEqual([['abc,def']], '"abc,def"\r\n')

    def test_newlines(self):
        self.writerAssertEqual([[1, 2, 'a\nbc', 3, 4]], '1,2,"a\nbc",3,4\r\n')

class EscapedExcel(csv.excel):
    quoting = csv.QUOTE_NONE
    escapechar = '\\'

class TestEscapedExcel(TestCsvBase):
    dialect = EscapedExcel()

    def test_escape_fieldsep(self):
        self.writerAssertEqual([['abc,def']], 'abc\\,def\r\n')

    def test_read_escape_fieldsep(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual('abc\\,def\r\n', [['abc,def']])

class TestDialectUnix(TestCsvBase):
    dialect = 'unix'

    def test_simple_writer(self):
        self.writerAssertEqual([[1, 'abc def', 'abc']], '"1","abc def","abc"\n')

    def test_simple_reader(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual('"1","abc def","abc"\n', [['1', 'abc def', 'abc']])

class QuotedEscapedExcel(csv.excel):
    quoting = csv.QUOTE_NONNUMERIC
    escapechar = '\\'

class TestQuotedEscapedExcel(TestCsvBase):
    dialect = QuotedEscapedExcel()

    def test_write_escape_fieldsep(self):
        self.writerAssertEqual([['abc,def']], '"abc,def"\r\n')

    def test_read_escape_fieldsep(self):
        self.readerAssertEqual('"abc\\,def"\r\n', [['abc,def']])

class TestDictFields(unittest.TestCase):
    ### "long" means the row is longer than the number of fieldnames
    ### "short" means there are fewer elements in the row than fieldnames
    def test_writeheader_return_value(self):
        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            writer = csv.DictWriter(fileobj, fieldnames = ["f1", "f2", "f3"])
            writeheader_return_value = writer.writeheader()
            self.assertEqual(writeheader_return_value, 10)

    def test_write_simple_dict(self):
        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            writer = csv.DictWriter(fileobj, fieldnames = ["f1", "f2", "f3"])
            writer.writeheader()
            fileobj.seek(0)
            self.assertEqual(fileobj.readline(), "f1,f2,f3\r\n")
            writer.writerow({"f1": 10, "f3": "abc"})
            fileobj.seek(0)
            fileobj.readline() # header
            self.assertEqual(fileobj.read(), "10,,abc\r\n")

    def test_write_multiple_dict_rows(self):
        fileobj = StringIO()
        writer = csv.DictWriter(fileobj, fieldnames=["f1", "f2", "f3"])
        writer.writeheader()
        self.assertEqual(fileobj.getvalue(), "f1,f2,f3\r\n")
        writer.writerows([{"f1": 1, "f2": "abc", "f3": "f"},
                          {"f1": 2, "f2": 5, "f3": "xyz"}])
        self.assertEqual(fileobj.getvalue(),
                         "f1,f2,f3\r\n1,abc,f\r\n2,5,xyz\r\n")

    def test_write_no_fields(self):
        fileobj = StringIO()
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, csv.DictWriter, fileobj)

    def test_write_fields_not_in_fieldnames(self):
        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            writer = csv.DictWriter(fileobj, fieldnames = ["f1", "f2", "f3"])
            # Of special note is the non-string key (issue 19449)
            with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cx:
                writer.writerow({"f4": 10, "f2": "spam", 1: "abc"})
            exception = str(cx.exception)
            self.assertIn("fieldnames", exception)
            self.assertIn("'f4'", exception)
            self.assertNotIn("'f2'", exception)
            self.assertIn("1", exception)

    def test_typo_in_extrasaction_raises_error(self):
        fileobj = StringIO()
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, csv.DictWriter, fileobj, ['f1', 'f2'],
                          extrasaction="raised")

    def test_write_field_not_in_field_names_raise(self):
        fileobj = StringIO()
        writer = csv.DictWriter(fileobj, ['f1', 'f2'], extrasaction="raise")
        dictrow = {'f0': 0, 'f1': 1, 'f2': 2, 'f3': 3}
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, csv.DictWriter.writerow, writer, dictrow)

    def test_write_field_not_in_field_names_ignore(self):
        fileobj = StringIO()
        writer = csv.DictWriter(fileobj, ['f1', 'f2'], extrasaction="ignore")
        dictrow = {'f0': 0, 'f1': 1, 'f2': 2, 'f3': 3}
        csv.DictWriter.writerow(writer, dictrow)
        self.assertEqual(fileobj.getvalue(), "1,2\r\n")

    def test_read_dict_fields(self):
        with TemporaryFile("w+") as fileobj:
            fileobj.write("1,2,abc\r\n")
            fileobj.seek(0)
            reader = csv.DictReader(fileobj,
                                    fieldnames=["f1", "f2", "f3"])
            self.assertEqual(next(reader), {"f1": '1', "f2": '2', "f3": 'abc'})

    def test_read_dict_no_fieldnames(self):
        with TemporaryFile("w+") as fileobj:
            fileobj.write("f1,f2,f3\r\n1,2,abc\r\n")
            fileobj.seek(0)
            reader = csv.DictReader(fileobj)
            self.assertEqual(next(reader), {"f1": '1', "f2": '2', "f3": 'abc'})
            self.assertEqual(reader.fieldnames, ["f1", "f2", "f3"])

    # Two test cases to make sure existing ways of implicitly setting
    # fieldnames continue to work.  Both arise from discussion in issue3436.
    def test_read_dict_fieldnames_from_file(self):
        with TemporaryFile("w+") as fileobj:
            fileobj.write("f1,f2,f3\r\n1,2,abc\r\n")
            fileobj.seek(0)
            reader = csv.DictReader(fileobj,
                                    fieldnames=next(csv.reader(fileobj)))
            self.assertEqual(reader.fieldnames, ["f1", "f2", "f3"])
            self.assertEqual(next(reader), {"f1": '1', "f2": '2', "f3": 'abc'})

    def test_read_dict_fieldnames_chain(self):
        import itertools
        with TemporaryFile("w+") as fileobj:
            fileobj.write("f1,f2,f3\r\n1,2,abc\r\n")
            fileobj.seek(0)
            reader = csv.DictReader(fileobj)
            first = next(reader)
            for row in itertools.chain([first], reader):
                self.assertEqual(reader.fieldnames, ["f1", "f2", "f3"])
                self.assertEqual(row, {"f1": '1', "f2": '2', "f3": 'abc'})

    def test_read_long(self):
        with TemporaryFile("w+") as fileobj:
            fileobj.write("1,2,abc,4,5,6\r\n")
            fileobj.seek(0)
            reader = csv.DictReader(fileobj,
                                    fieldnames=["f1", "f2"])
            self.assertEqual(next(reader), {"f1": '1', "f2": '2',
                                             None: ["abc", "4", "5", "6"]})

    def test_read_long_with_rest(self):
        with TemporaryFile("w+") as fileobj:
            fileobj.write("1,2,abc,4,5,6\r\n")
            fileobj.seek(0)
            reader = csv.DictReader(fileobj,
                                    fieldnames=["f1", "f2"], restkey="_rest")
            self.assertEqual(next(reader), {"f1": '1', "f2": '2',
                                             "_rest": ["abc", "4", "5", "6"]})

    def test_read_long_with_rest_no_fieldnames(self):
        with TemporaryFile("w+") as fileobj:
            fileobj.write("f1,f2\r\n1,2,abc,4,5,6\r\n")
            fileobj.seek(0)
            reader = csv.DictReader(fileobj, restkey="_rest")
            self.assertEqual(reader.fieldnames, ["f1", "f2"])
            self.assertEqual(next(reader), {"f1": '1', "f2": '2',
                                             "_rest": ["abc", "4", "5", "6"]})

    def test_read_short(self):
        with TemporaryFile("w+") as fileobj:
            fileobj.write("1,2,abc,4,5,6\r\n1,2,abc\r\n")
            fileobj.seek(0)
            reader = csv.DictReader(fileobj,
                                    fieldnames="1 2 3 4 5 6".split(),
                                    restval="DEFAULT")
            self.assertEqual(next(reader), {"1": '1', "2": '2', "3": 'abc',
                                             "4": '4', "5": '5', "6": '6'})
            self.assertEqual(next(reader), {"1": '1', "2": '2', "3": 'abc',
                                             "4": 'DEFAULT', "5": 'DEFAULT',
                                             "6": 'DEFAULT'})

    def test_read_multi(self):
        sample = [
            '2147483648,43.0e12,17,abc,def\r\n',
            '147483648,43.0e2,17,abc,def\r\n',
            '47483648,43.0,170,abc,def\r\n'
            ]

        reader = csv.DictReader(sample,
                                fieldnames="i1 float i2 s1 s2".split())
        self.assertEqual(next(reader), {"i1": '2147483648',
                                         "float": '43.0e12',
                                         "i2": '17',
                                         "s1": 'abc',
                                         "s2": 'def'})

    def test_read_with_blanks(self):
        reader = csv.DictReader(["1,2,abc,4,5,6\r\n","\r\n",
                                 "1,2,abc,4,5,6\r\n"],
                                fieldnames="1 2 3 4 5 6".split())
        self.assertEqual(next(reader), {"1": '1', "2": '2', "3": 'abc',
                                         "4": '4', "5": '5', "6": '6'})
        self.assertEqual(next(reader), {"1": '1', "2": '2', "3": 'abc',
                                         "4": '4', "5": '5', "6": '6'})

    def test_read_semi_sep(self):
        reader = csv.DictReader(["1;2;abc;4;5;6\r\n"],
                                fieldnames="1 2 3 4 5 6".split(),
                                delimiter=';')
        self.assertEqual(next(reader), {"1": '1', "2": '2', "3": 'abc',
                                         "4": '4', "5": '5', "6": '6'})

class TestArrayWrites(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_int_write(self):
        import array
        contents = [(20-i) for i in range(20)]
        a = array.array('i', contents)

        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            writer = csv.writer(fileobj, dialect="excel")
            writer.writerow(a)
            expected = ",".join([str(i) for i in a])+"\r\n"
            fileobj.seek(0)
            self.assertEqual(fileobj.read(), expected)

    def test_double_write(self):
        import array
        contents = [(20-i)*0.1 for i in range(20)]
        a = array.array('d', contents)
        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            writer = csv.writer(fileobj, dialect="excel")
            writer.writerow(a)
            expected = ",".join([str(i) for i in a])+"\r\n"
            fileobj.seek(0)
            self.assertEqual(fileobj.read(), expected)

    def test_float_write(self):
        import array
        contents = [(20-i)*0.1 for i in range(20)]
        a = array.array('f', contents)
        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            writer = csv.writer(fileobj, dialect="excel")
            writer.writerow(a)
            expected = ",".join([str(i) for i in a])+"\r\n"
            fileobj.seek(0)
            self.assertEqual(fileobj.read(), expected)

    def test_char_write(self):
        import array, string
        a = array.array('u', string.ascii_letters)

        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='') as fileobj:
            writer = csv.writer(fileobj, dialect="excel")
            writer.writerow(a)
            expected = ",".join(a)+"\r\n"
            fileobj.seek(0)
            self.assertEqual(fileobj.read(), expected)

class TestDialectValidity(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_quoting(self):
        class mydialect(csv.Dialect):
            delimiter = ";"
            escapechar = '\\'
            doublequote = False
            skipinitialspace = True
            lineterminator = '\r\n'
            quoting = csv.QUOTE_NONE
        d = mydialect()
        self.assertEqual(d.quoting, csv.QUOTE_NONE)

        mydialect.quoting = None
        self.assertRaises(csv.Error, mydialect)

        mydialect.doublequote = True
        mydialect.quoting = csv.QUOTE_ALL
        mydialect.quotechar = '"'
        d = mydialect()
        self.assertEqual(d.quoting, csv.QUOTE_ALL)
        self.assertEqual(d.quotechar, '"')
        self.assertTrue(d.doublequote)

        mydialect.quotechar = "''"
        with self.assertRaises(csv.Error) as cm:
            mydialect()
        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
                         '"quotechar" must be a 1-character string')

        mydialect.quotechar = 4
        with self.assertRaises(csv.Error) as cm:
            mydialect()
        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
                         '"quotechar" must be string, not int')

    def test_delimiter(self):
        class mydialect(csv.Dialect):
            delimiter = ";"
            escapechar = '\\'
            doublequote = False
            skipinitialspace = True
            lineterminator = '\r\n'
            quoting = csv.QUOTE_NONE
        d = mydialect()
        self.assertEqual(d.delimiter, ";")

        mydialect.delimiter = ":::"
        with self.assertRaises(csv.Error) as cm:
            mydialect()
        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
                         '"delimiter" must be a 1-character string')

        mydialect.delimiter = ""
        with self.assertRaises(csv.Error) as cm:
            mydialect()
        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
                         '"delimiter" must be a 1-character string')

        mydialect.delimiter = b","
        with self.assertRaises(csv.Error) as cm:
            mydialect()
        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
                         '"delimiter" must be string, not bytes')

        mydialect.delimiter = 4
        with self.assertRaises(csv.Error) as cm:
            mydialect()
        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
                         '"delimiter" must be string, not int')

    def test_lineterminator(self):
        class mydialect(csv.Dialect):
            delimiter = ";"
            escapechar = '\\'
            doublequote = False
            skipinitialspace = True
            lineterminator = '\r\n'
            quoting = csv.QUOTE_NONE
        d = mydialect()
        self.assertEqual(d.lineterminator, '\r\n')

        mydialect.lineterminator = ":::"
        d = mydialect()
        self.assertEqual(d.lineterminator, ":::")

        mydialect.lineterminator = 4
        with self.assertRaises(csv.Error) as cm:
            mydialect()
        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
                         '"lineterminator" must be a string')

    def test_invalid_chars(self):
        def create_invalid(field_name, value):
            class mydialect(csv.Dialect):
                pass
            setattr(mydialect, field_name, value)
            d = mydialect()

        for field_name in ("delimiter", "escapechar", "quotechar"):
            with self.subTest(field_name=field_name):
                self.assertRaises(csv.Error, create_invalid, field_name, "")
                self.assertRaises(csv.Error, create_invalid, field_name, "abc")
                self.assertRaises(csv.Error, create_invalid, field_name, b'x')
                self.assertRaises(csv.Error, create_invalid, field_name, 5)


class TestSniffer(unittest.TestCase):
    sample1 = """\
Harry's, Arlington Heights, IL, 2/1/03, Kimi Hayes
Shark City, Glendale Heights, IL, 12/28/02, Prezence
Tommy's Place, Blue Island, IL, 12/28/02, Blue Sunday/White Crow
Stonecutters Seafood and Chop House, Lemont, IL, 12/19/02, Week Back
"""
    sample2 = """\
'Harry''s':'Arlington Heights':'IL':'2/1/03':'Kimi Hayes'
'Shark City':'Glendale Heights':'IL':'12/28/02':'Prezence'
'Tommy''s Place':'Blue Island':'IL':'12/28/02':'Blue Sunday/White Crow'
'Stonecutters ''Seafood'' and Chop House':'Lemont':'IL':'12/19/02':'Week Back'
"""
    header1 = '''\
"venue","city","state","date","performers"
'''
    sample3 = '''\
05/05/03?05/05/03?05/05/03?05/05/03?05/05/03?05/05/03
05/05/03?05/05/03?05/05/03?05/05/03?05/05/03?05/05/03
05/05/03?05/05/03?05/05/03?05/05/03?05/05/03?05/05/03
'''

    sample4 = '''\
2147483648;43.0e12;17;abc;def
147483648;43.0e2;17;abc;def
47483648;43.0;170;abc;def
'''

    sample5 = "aaa\tbbb\r\nAAA\t\r\nBBB\t\r\n"
    sample6 = "a|b|c\r\nd|e|f\r\n"
    sample7 = "'a'|'b'|'c'\r\n'd'|e|f\r\n"

# Issue 18155: Use a delimiter that is a special char to regex:

    header2 = '''\
"venue"+"city"+"state"+"date"+"performers"
'''
    sample8 = """\
Harry's+ Arlington Heights+ IL+ 2/1/03+ Kimi Hayes
Shark City+ Glendale Heights+ IL+ 12/28/02+ Prezence
Tommy's Place+ Blue Island+ IL+ 12/28/02+ Blue Sunday/White Crow
Stonecutters Seafood and Chop House+ Lemont+ IL+ 12/19/02+ Week Back
"""
    sample9 = """\
'Harry''s'+ Arlington Heights'+ 'IL'+ '2/1/03'+ 'Kimi Hayes'
'Shark City'+ Glendale Heights'+' IL'+ '12/28/02'+ 'Prezence'
'Tommy''s Place'+ Blue Island'+ 'IL'+ '12/28/02'+ 'Blue Sunday/White Crow'
'Stonecutters ''Seafood'' and Chop House'+ 'Lemont'+ 'IL'+ '12/19/02'+ 'Week Back'
"""

    def test_has_header(self):
        sniffer = csv.Sniffer()
        self.assertIs(sniffer.has_header(self.sample1), False)
        self.assertIs(sniffer.has_header(self.header1 + self.sample1), True)

    def test_has_header_regex_special_delimiter(self):
        sniffer = csv.Sniffer()
        self.assertIs(sniffer.has_header(self.sample8), False)
        self.assertIs(sniffer.has_header(self.header2 + self.sample8), True)

    def test_guess_quote_and_delimiter(self):
        sniffer = csv.Sniffer()
        for header in (";'123;4';", "'123;4';", ";'123;4'", "'123;4'"):
            with self.subTest(header):
                dialect = sniffer.sniff(header, ",;")
                self.assertEqual(dialect.delimiter, ';')
                self.assertEqual(dialect.quotechar, "'")
                self.assertIs(dialect.doublequote, False)
                self.assertIs(dialect.skipinitialspace, False)

    def test_sniff(self):
        sniffer = csv.Sniffer()
        dialect = sniffer.sniff(self.sample1)
        self.assertEqual(dialect.delimiter, ",")
        self.assertEqual(dialect.quotechar, '"')
        self.assertIs(dialect.skipinitialspace, True)

        dialect = sniffer.sniff(self.sample2)
        self.assertEqual(dialect.delimiter, ":")
        self.assertEqual(dialect.quotechar, "'")
        self.assertIs(dialect.skipinitialspace, False)

    def test_delimiters(self):
        sniffer = csv.Sniffer()
        dialect = sniffer.sniff(self.sample3)
        # given that all three lines in sample3 are equal,
        # I think that any character could have been 'guessed' as the
        # delimiter, depending on dictionary order
        self.assertIn(dialect.delimiter, self.sample3)
        dialect = sniffer.sniff(self.sample3, delimiters="?,")
        self.assertEqual(dialect.delimiter, "?")
        dialect = sniffer.sniff(self.sample3, delimiters="/,")
        self.assertEqual(dialect.delimiter, "/")
        dialect = sniffer.sniff(self.sample4)
        self.assertEqual(dialect.delimiter, ";")
        dialect = sniffer.sniff(self.sample5)
        self.assertEqual(dialect.delimiter, "\t")
        dialect = sniffer.sniff(self.sample6)
        self.assertEqual(dialect.delimiter, "|")
        dialect = sniffer.sniff(self.sample7)
        self.assertEqual(dialect.delimiter, "|")
        self.assertEqual(dialect.quotechar, "'")
        dialect = sniffer.sniff(self.sample8)
        self.assertEqual(dialect.delimiter, '+')
        dialect = sniffer.sniff(self.sample9)
        self.assertEqual(dialect.delimiter, '+')
        self.assertEqual(dialect.quotechar, "'")

    def test_doublequote(self):
        sniffer = csv.Sniffer()
        dialect = sniffer.sniff(self.header1)
        self.assertFalse(dialect.doublequote)
        dialect = sniffer.sniff(self.header2)
        self.assertFalse(dialect.doublequote)
        dialect = sniffer.sniff(self.sample2)
        self.assertTrue(dialect.doublequote)
        dialect = sniffer.sniff(self.sample8)
        self.assertFalse(dialect.doublequote)
        dialect = sniffer.sniff(self.sample9)
        self.assertTrue(dialect.doublequote)

class NUL:
    def write(s, *args):
        pass
    writelines = write

@unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(sys, "gettotalrefcount"),
                     'requires sys.gettotalrefcount()')
class TestLeaks(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_create_read(self):
        delta = 0
        lastrc = sys.gettotalrefcount()
        for i in range(20):
            gc.collect()
            self.assertEqual(gc.garbage, [])
            rc = sys.gettotalrefcount()
            csv.reader(["a,b,c\r\n"])
            csv.reader(["a,b,c\r\n"])
            csv.reader(["a,b,c\r\n"])
            delta = rc-lastrc
            lastrc = rc
        # if csv.reader() leaks, last delta should be 3 or more
        self.assertLess(delta, 3)

    def test_create_write(self):
        delta = 0
        lastrc = sys.gettotalrefcount()
        s = NUL()
        for i in range(20):
            gc.collect()
            self.assertEqual(gc.garbage, [])
            rc = sys.gettotalrefcount()
            csv.writer(s)
            csv.writer(s)
            csv.writer(s)
            delta = rc-lastrc
            lastrc = rc
        # if csv.writer() leaks, last delta should be 3 or more
        self.assertLess(delta, 3)

    def test_read(self):
        delta = 0
        rows = ["a,b,c\r\n"]*5
        lastrc = sys.gettotalrefcount()
        for i in range(20):
            gc.collect()
            self.assertEqual(gc.garbage, [])
            rc = sys.gettotalrefcount()
            rdr = csv.reader(rows)
            for row in rdr:
                pass
            delta = rc-lastrc
            lastrc = rc
        # if reader leaks during read, delta should be 5 or more
        self.assertLess(delta, 5)

    def test_write(self):
        delta = 0
        rows = [[1,2,3]]*5
        s = NUL()
        lastrc = sys.gettotalrefcount()
        for i in range(20):
            gc.collect()
            self.assertEqual(gc.garbage, [])
            rc = sys.gettotalrefcount()
            writer = csv.writer(s)
            for row in rows:
                writer.writerow(row)
            delta = rc-lastrc
            lastrc = rc
        # if writer leaks during write, last delta should be 5 or more
        self.assertLess(delta, 5)

class TestUnicode(unittest.TestCase):

    names = ["Martin von Löwis",
             "Marc André Lemburg",
             "Guido van Rossum",
             "François Pinard"]

    def test_unicode_read(self):
        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='', encoding="utf-8") as fileobj:
            fileobj.write(",".join(self.names) + "\r\n")
            fileobj.seek(0)
            reader = csv.reader(fileobj)
            self.assertEqual(list(reader), [self.names])


    def test_unicode_write(self):
        with TemporaryFile("w+", newline='', encoding="utf-8") as fileobj:
            writer = csv.writer(fileobj)
            writer.writerow(self.names)
            expected = ",".join(self.names)+"\r\n"
            fileobj.seek(0)
            self.assertEqual(fileobj.read(), expected)

class KeyOrderingTest(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_ordering_for_the_dict_reader_and_writer(self):
        resultset = set()
        for keys in permutations("abcde"):
            with TemporaryFile('w+', newline='', encoding="utf-8") as fileobject:
                dw = csv.DictWriter(fileobject, keys)
                dw.writeheader()
                fileobject.seek(0)
                dr = csv.DictReader(fileobject)
                kt = tuple(dr.fieldnames)
                self.assertEqual(keys, kt)
                resultset.add(kt)
        # Final sanity check: were all permutations unique?
        self.assertEqual(len(resultset), 120, "Key ordering: some key permutations not collected (expected 120)")

    def test_ordered_dict_reader(self):
        data = dedent('''\
            FirstName,LastName
            Eric,Idle
            Graham,Chapman,Over1,Over2

            Under1
            John,Cleese
        ''').splitlines()

        self.assertEqual(list(csv.DictReader(data)),
            [OrderedDict([('FirstName', 'Eric'), ('LastName', 'Idle')]),
             OrderedDict([('FirstName', 'Graham'), ('LastName', 'Chapman'),
                          (None, ['Over1', 'Over2'])]),
             OrderedDict([('FirstName', 'Under1'), ('LastName', None)]),
             OrderedDict([('FirstName', 'John'), ('LastName', 'Cleese')]),
            ])

        self.assertEqual(list(csv.DictReader(data, restkey='OtherInfo')),
            [OrderedDict([('FirstName', 'Eric'), ('LastName', 'Idle')]),
             OrderedDict([('FirstName', 'Graham'), ('LastName', 'Chapman'),
                          ('OtherInfo', ['Over1', 'Over2'])]),
             OrderedDict([('FirstName', 'Under1'), ('LastName', None)]),
             OrderedDict([('FirstName', 'John'), ('LastName', 'Cleese')]),
            ])

        del data[0]            # Remove the header row
        self.assertEqual(list(csv.DictReader(data, fieldnames=['fname', 'lname'])),
            [OrderedDict([('fname', 'Eric'), ('lname', 'Idle')]),
             OrderedDict([('fname', 'Graham'), ('lname', 'Chapman'),
                          (None, ['Over1', 'Over2'])]),
             OrderedDict([('fname', 'Under1'), ('lname', None)]),
             OrderedDict([('fname', 'John'), ('lname', 'Cleese')]),
            ])


class MiscTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
    def test__all__(self):
        extra = {'__doc__', '__version__'}
        support.check__all__(self, csv, ('csv', '_csv'), extra=extra)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()