cpython/Doc/c-api/init.rst

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _initialization:
*****************************************
Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
*****************************************
.. _pre-init-safe:
Before Python Initialization
============================
In an application embedding Python, the :c:func:`Py_Initialize` function must
be called before using any other Python/C API functions; with the exception of
a few functions and the :ref:`global configuration variables
<global-conf-vars>`.
The following functions can be safely called before Python is initialized:
* Configuration functions:
* :c:func:`PyImport_AppendInittab`
* :c:func:`PyImport_ExtendInittab`
* :c:func:`PyInitFrozenExtensions`
* :c:func:`PyMem_SetAllocator`
* :c:func:`PyMem_SetupDebugHooks`
* :c:func:`PyObject_SetArenaAllocator`
* :c:func:`Py_SetPath`
* :c:func:`Py_SetProgramName`
* :c:func:`Py_SetPythonHome`
* :c:func:`Py_SetStandardStreamEncoding`
* Informative functions:
* :c:func:`PyMem_GetAllocator`
* :c:func:`PyObject_GetArenaAllocator`
* :c:func:`Py_GetBuildInfo`
* :c:func:`Py_GetCompiler`
* :c:func:`Py_GetCopyright`
* :c:func:`Py_GetPlatform`
* :c:func:`Py_GetVersion`
* Utilities:
* :c:func:`Py_DecodeLocale`
* Memory allocators:
* :c:func:`PyMem_RawMalloc`
* :c:func:`PyMem_RawRealloc`
* :c:func:`PyMem_RawCalloc`
* :c:func:`PyMem_RawFree`
.. note::
The following functions **should not be called** before
:c:func:`Py_Initialize`: :c:func:`Py_EncodeLocale`, :c:func:`Py_GetPath`,
:c:func:`Py_GetPrefix`, :c:func:`Py_GetExecPrefix`,
:c:func:`Py_GetProgramFullPath`, :c:func:`Py_GetPythonHome`,
:c:func:`Py_GetProgramName` and :c:func:`PyEval_InitThreads`.
.. _global-conf-vars:
Global configuration variables
==============================
Python has variables for the global configuration to control different features
and options. By default, these flags are controlled by :ref:`command line
options <using-on-interface-options>`.
When a flag is set by an option, the value of the flag is the number of times
that the option was set. For example, ``-b`` sets :c:data:`Py_BytesWarningFlag`
to 1 and ``-bb`` sets :c:data:`Py_BytesWarningFlag` to 2.
.. c:var:: Py_BytesWarningFlag
Issue a warning when comparing :class:`bytes` or :class:`bytearray` with
:class:`str` or :class:`bytes` with :class:`int`. Issue an error if greater
or equal to ``2``.
Set by the :option:`-b` option.
.. c:var:: Py_DebugFlag
Turn on parser debugging output (for expert only, depending on compilation
options).
Set by the :option:`-d` option and the :envvar:`PYTHONDEBUG` environment
variable.
.. c:var:: Py_DontWriteBytecodeFlag
If set to non-zero, Python won't try to write ``.pyc`` files on the
import of source modules.
Set by the :option:`-B` option and the :envvar:`PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE`
environment variable.
.. c:var:: Py_FrozenFlag
Suppress error messages when calculating the module search path in
:c:func:`Py_GetPath`.
Private flag used by ``_freeze_importlib`` and ``frozenmain`` programs.
.. c:var:: Py_HashRandomizationFlag
Set to ``1`` if the :envvar:`PYTHONHASHSEED` environment variable is set to
a non-empty string.
If the flag is non-zero, read the :envvar:`PYTHONHASHSEED` environment
variable to initialize the secret hash seed.
.. c:var:: Py_IgnoreEnvironmentFlag
Ignore all :envvar:`PYTHON*` environment variables, e.g.
:envvar:`PYTHONPATH` and :envvar:`PYTHONHOME`, that might be set.
Set by the :option:`-E` and :option:`-I` options.
.. c:var:: Py_InspectFlag
When a script is passed as first argument or the :option:`-c` option is used,
enter interactive mode after executing the script or the command, even when
:data:`sys.stdin` does not appear to be a terminal.
Set by the :option:`-i` option and the :envvar:`PYTHONINSPECT` environment
variable.
.. c:var:: Py_InteractiveFlag
Set by the :option:`-i` option.
.. c:var:: Py_IsolatedFlag
Run Python in isolated mode. In isolated mode :data:`sys.path` contains
neither the script's directory nor the user's site-packages directory.
Set by the :option:`-I` option.
.. versionadded:: 3.4
.. c:var:: Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag
If the flag is non-zero, use the ``mbcs`` encoding instead of the UTF-8
encoding for the filesystem encoding.
Set to ``1`` if the :envvar:`PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSFSENCODING` environment
variable is set to a non-empty string.
See :pep:`529` for more details.
Availability: Windows.
.. c:var:: Py_LegacyWindowsStdioFlag
If the flag is non-zero, use :class:`io.FileIO` instead of
:class:`WindowsConsoleIO` for :mod:`sys` standard streams.
Set to ``1`` if the :envvar:`PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSSTDIO` environment
variable is set to a non-empty string.
See :pep:`528` for more details.
Availability: Windows.
.. c:var:: Py_NoSiteFlag
Disable the import of the module :mod:`site` and the site-dependent
manipulations of :data:`sys.path` that it entails. Also disable these
manipulations if :mod:`site` is explicitly imported later (call
:func:`site.main` if you want them to be triggered).
Set by the :option:`-S` option.
.. c:var:: Py_NoUserSiteDirectory
Don't add the :data:`user site-packages directory <site.USER_SITE>` to
:data:`sys.path`.
Set by the :option:`-s` and :option:`-I` options, and the
:envvar:`PYTHONNOUSERSITE` environment variable.
.. c:var:: Py_OptimizeFlag
Set by the :option:`-O` option and the :envvar:`PYTHONOPTIMIZE` environment
variable.
.. c:var:: Py_QuietFlag
Don't display the copyright and version messages even in interactive mode.
Set by the :option:`-q` option.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
.. c:var:: Py_UnbufferedStdioFlag
Force the stdout and stderr streams to be unbuffered.
Set by the :option:`-u` option and the :envvar:`PYTHONUNBUFFERED`
environment variable.
.. c:var:: Py_VerboseFlag
Print a message each time a module is initialized, showing the place
(filename or built-in module) from which it is loaded. If greater or equal
to ``2``, print a message for each file that is checked for when
searching for a module. Also provides information on module cleanup at exit.
Set by the :option:`-v` option and the :envvar:`PYTHONVERBOSE` environment
variable.
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Initializing and finalizing the interpreter
===========================================
.. c:function:: void Py_Initialize()
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.. index::
single: Py_SetProgramName()
single: PyEval_InitThreads()
single: modules (in module sys)
single: path (in module sys)
module: builtins
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module: __main__
module: sys
triple: module; search; path
single: PySys_SetArgv()
single: PySys_SetArgvEx()
single: Py_FinalizeEx()
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Initialize the Python interpreter. In an application embedding Python,
this should be called before using any other Python/C API functions; see
:ref:`Before Python Initialization <pre-init-safe>` for the few exceptions.
This initializes
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the table of loaded modules (``sys.modules``), and creates the fundamental
modules :mod:`builtins`, :mod:`__main__` and :mod:`sys`. It also initializes
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the module search path (``sys.path``). It does not set ``sys.argv``; use
:c:func:`PySys_SetArgvEx` for that. This is a no-op when called for a second time
(without calling :c:func:`Py_FinalizeEx` first). There is no return value; it is a
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fatal error if the initialization fails.
.. note::
On Windows, changes the console mode from ``O_TEXT`` to ``O_BINARY``, which will
also affect non-Python uses of the console using the C Runtime.
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.. c:function:: void Py_InitializeEx(int initsigs)
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This function works like :c:func:`Py_Initialize` if *initsigs* is ``1``. If
*initsigs* is ``0``, it skips initialization registration of signal handlers, which
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might be useful when Python is embedded.
.. c:function:: int Py_IsInitialized()
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Return true (nonzero) when the Python interpreter has been initialized, false
(zero) if not. After :c:func:`Py_FinalizeEx` is called, this returns false until
:c:func:`Py_Initialize` is called again.
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.. c:function:: int Py_FinalizeEx()
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Undo all initializations made by :c:func:`Py_Initialize` and subsequent use of
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Python/C API functions, and destroy all sub-interpreters (see
:c:func:`Py_NewInterpreter` below) that were created and not yet destroyed since
the last call to :c:func:`Py_Initialize`. Ideally, this frees all memory
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allocated by the Python interpreter. This is a no-op when called for a second
time (without calling :c:func:`Py_Initialize` again first). Normally the
return value is 0. If there were errors during finalization
(flushing buffered data), -1 is returned.
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This function is provided for a number of reasons. An embedding application
might want to restart Python without having to restart the application itself.
An application that has loaded the Python interpreter from a dynamically
loadable library (or DLL) might want to free all memory allocated by Python
before unloading the DLL. During a hunt for memory leaks in an application a
developer might want to free all memory allocated by Python before exiting from
the application.
**Bugs and caveats:** The destruction of modules and objects in modules is done
in random order; this may cause destructors (:meth:`__del__` methods) to fail
when they depend on other objects (even functions) or modules. Dynamically
loaded extension modules loaded by Python are not unloaded. Small amounts of
memory allocated by the Python interpreter may not be freed (if you find a leak,
please report it). Memory tied up in circular references between objects is not
freed. Some memory allocated by extension modules may not be freed. Some
extensions may not work properly if their initialization routine is called more
than once; this can happen if an application calls :c:func:`Py_Initialize` and
:c:func:`Py_FinalizeEx` more than once.
.. versionadded:: 3.6
.. c:function:: void Py_Finalize()
This is a backwards-compatible version of :c:func:`Py_FinalizeEx` that
disregards the return value.
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Process-wide parameters
=======================
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.. c:function:: int Py_SetStandardStreamEncoding(const char *encoding, const char *errors)
.. index::
single: Py_Initialize()
single: main()
triple: stdin; stdout; sdterr
This function should be called before :c:func:`Py_Initialize`, if it is
called at all. It specifies which encoding and error handling to use
with standard IO, with the same meanings as in :func:`str.encode`.
It overrides :envvar:`PYTHONIOENCODING` values, and allows embedding code
to control IO encoding when the environment variable does not work.
``encoding`` and/or ``errors`` may be NULL to use
:envvar:`PYTHONIOENCODING` and/or default values (depending on other
settings).
Note that :data:`sys.stderr` always uses the "backslashreplace" error
handler, regardless of this (or any other) setting.
If :c:func:`Py_FinalizeEx` is called, this function will need to be called
again in order to affect subsequent calls to :c:func:`Py_Initialize`.
Returns ``0`` if successful, a nonzero value on error (e.g. calling after the
interpreter has already been initialized).
.. versionadded:: 3.4
.. c:function:: void Py_SetProgramName(wchar_t *name)
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.. index::
single: Py_Initialize()
single: main()
single: Py_GetPath()
This function should be called before :c:func:`Py_Initialize` is called for
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the first time, if it is called at all. It tells the interpreter the value
of the ``argv[0]`` argument to the :c:func:`main` function of the program
(converted to wide characters).
This is used by :c:func:`Py_GetPath` and some other functions below to find
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the Python run-time libraries relative to the interpreter executable. The
default value is ``'python'``. The argument should point to a
zero-terminated wide character string in static storage whose contents will not
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change for the duration of the program's execution. No code in the Python
interpreter will change the contents of this storage.
Use :c:func:`Py_DecodeLocale` to decode a bytes string to get a
:c:type:`wchar_*` string.
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.. c:function:: wchar* Py_GetProgramName()
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.. index:: single: Py_SetProgramName()
Return the program name set with :c:func:`Py_SetProgramName`, or the default.
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The returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its
value.
.. c:function:: wchar_t* Py_GetPrefix()
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Return the *prefix* for installed platform-independent files. This is derived
through a number of complicated rules from the program name set with
:c:func:`Py_SetProgramName` and some environment variables; for example, if the
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program name is ``'/usr/local/bin/python'``, the prefix is ``'/usr/local'``. The
returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its
value. This corresponds to the :makevar:`prefix` variable in the top-level
:file:`Makefile` and the ``--prefix`` argument to the :program:`configure`
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script at build time. The value is available to Python code as ``sys.prefix``.
It is only useful on Unix. See also the next function.
.. c:function:: wchar_t* Py_GetExecPrefix()
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Return the *exec-prefix* for installed platform-*dependent* files. This is
derived through a number of complicated rules from the program name set with
:c:func:`Py_SetProgramName` and some environment variables; for example, if the
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program name is ``'/usr/local/bin/python'``, the exec-prefix is
``'/usr/local'``. The returned string points into static storage; the caller
should not modify its value. This corresponds to the :makevar:`exec_prefix`
variable in the top-level :file:`Makefile` and the ``--exec-prefix``
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argument to the :program:`configure` script at build time. The value is
available to Python code as ``sys.exec_prefix``. It is only useful on Unix.
Background: The exec-prefix differs from the prefix when platform dependent
files (such as executables and shared libraries) are installed in a different
directory tree. In a typical installation, platform dependent files may be
installed in the :file:`/usr/local/plat` subtree while platform independent may
be installed in :file:`/usr/local`.
Generally speaking, a platform is a combination of hardware and software
families, e.g. Sparc machines running the Solaris 2.x operating system are
considered the same platform, but Intel machines running Solaris 2.x are another
platform, and Intel machines running Linux are yet another platform. Different
major revisions of the same operating system generally also form different
platforms. Non-Unix operating systems are a different story; the installation
strategies on those systems are so different that the prefix and exec-prefix are
meaningless, and set to the empty string. Note that compiled Python bytecode
files are platform independent (but not independent from the Python version by
which they were compiled!).
System administrators will know how to configure the :program:`mount` or
:program:`automount` programs to share :file:`/usr/local` between platforms
while having :file:`/usr/local/plat` be a different filesystem for each
platform.
.. c:function:: wchar_t* Py_GetProgramFullPath()
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.. index::
single: Py_SetProgramName()
single: executable (in module sys)
Return the full program name of the Python executable; this is computed as a
side-effect of deriving the default module search path from the program name
(set by :c:func:`Py_SetProgramName` above). The returned string points into
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static storage; the caller should not modify its value. The value is available
to Python code as ``sys.executable``.
.. c:function:: wchar_t* Py_GetPath()
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.. index::
triple: module; search; path
single: path (in module sys)
single: Py_SetPath()
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Return the default module search path; this is computed from the program name
(set by :c:func:`Py_SetProgramName` above) and some environment variables.
The returned string consists of a series of directory names separated by a
platform dependent delimiter character. The delimiter character is ``':'``
on Unix and Mac OS X, ``';'`` on Windows. The returned string points into
static storage; the caller should not modify its value. The list
:data:`sys.path` is initialized with this value on interpreter startup; it
can be (and usually is) modified later to change the search path for loading
modules.
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.. XXX should give the exact rules
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.. c:function:: void Py_SetPath(const wchar_t *)
.. index::
triple: module; search; path
single: path (in module sys)
single: Py_GetPath()
Set the default module search path. If this function is called before
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:c:func:`Py_Initialize`, then :c:func:`Py_GetPath` won't attempt to compute a
default search path but uses the one provided instead. This is useful if
Python is embedded by an application that has full knowledge of the location
of all modules. The path components should be separated by the platform
dependent delimiter character, which is ``':'`` on Unix and Mac OS X, ``';'``
on Windows.
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This also causes :data:`sys.executable` to be set only to the raw program
name (see :c:func:`Py_SetProgramName`) and for :data:`sys.prefix` and
:data:`sys.exec_prefix` to be empty. It is up to the caller to modify these
if required after calling :c:func:`Py_Initialize`.
Use :c:func:`Py_DecodeLocale` to decode a bytes string to get a
:c:type:`wchar_*` string.
The path argument is copied internally, so the caller may free it after the
call completes.
.. c:function:: const char* Py_GetVersion()
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Return the version of this Python interpreter. This is a string that looks
something like ::
"3.0a5+ (py3k:63103M, May 12 2008, 00:53:55) \n[GCC 4.2.3]"
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.. index:: single: version (in module sys)
The first word (up to the first space character) is the current Python version;
the first three characters are the major and minor version separated by a
period. The returned string points into static storage; the caller should not
modify its value. The value is available to Python code as :data:`sys.version`.
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.. c:function:: const char* Py_GetPlatform()
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.. index:: single: platform (in module sys)
Return the platform identifier for the current platform. On Unix, this is
formed from the "official" name of the operating system, converted to lower
case, followed by the major revision number; e.g., for Solaris 2.x, which is
also known as SunOS 5.x, the value is ``'sunos5'``. On Mac OS X, it is
``'darwin'``. On Windows, it is ``'win'``. The returned string points into
static storage; the caller should not modify its value. The value is available
to Python code as ``sys.platform``.
.. c:function:: const char* Py_GetCopyright()
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Return the official copyright string for the current Python version, for example
``'Copyright 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam'``
.. index:: single: copyright (in module sys)
The returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its
value. The value is available to Python code as ``sys.copyright``.
.. c:function:: const char* Py_GetCompiler()
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Return an indication of the compiler used to build the current Python version,
in square brackets, for example::
"[GCC 2.7.2.2]"
.. index:: single: version (in module sys)
The returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its
value. The value is available to Python code as part of the variable
``sys.version``.
.. c:function:: const char* Py_GetBuildInfo()
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Return information about the sequence number and build date and time of the
current Python interpreter instance, for example ::
"#67, Aug 1 1997, 22:34:28"
.. index:: single: version (in module sys)
The returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its
value. The value is available to Python code as part of the variable
``sys.version``.
.. c:function:: void PySys_SetArgvEx(int argc, wchar_t **argv, int updatepath)
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.. index::
single: main()
single: Py_FatalError()
single: argv (in module sys)
Merged revisions 69129-69131,69139-69140,69143,69154-69159,69169,69288-69289,69293,69297-69301,69348 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r69129 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-30 19:42:55 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line check the errno in bad fd cases ........ r69130 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-01-30 20:50:09 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line Add a section ........ r69131 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-01-30 21:26:02 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line Text edits and markup fixes ........ r69139 | mark.dickinson | 2009-01-31 10:44:04 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Add an extra test for long <-> float hash equivalence. ........ r69140 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 10:52:03 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line PyErr_BadInternalCall() raises a SystemError, not TypeError #5112 ........ r69143 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 15:00:10 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line I believe the intention here was to avoid a global lookup ........ r69154 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 16:33:02 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line fix indentation in comment ........ r69155 | david.goodger | 2009-01-31 16:53:46 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line markup fix ........ r69156 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-31 16:57:30 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 4 lines - Issue #5104: The socket module now raises OverflowError when 16-bit port and protocol numbers are supplied outside the allowed 0-65536 range on bind() and getservbyport(). ........ r69157 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 17:43:25 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line add explanatory comment ........ r69158 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 17:54:38 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line more flags which only work for function blocks ........ r69159 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-31 18:16:01 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Update doc wording as suggested in issue4903. ........ r69169 | guilherme.polo | 2009-01-31 20:56:16 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 3 lines Restore Tkinter.Tk._loadtk so this test doesn't fail for problems related to ttk. ........ r69288 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:30:57 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5153: fix typo in example. ........ r69289 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:37:07 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5144: document that PySys_SetArgv prepends the script directory (or the empty string) to sys.path. ........ r69293 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:59:28 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5059: fix example. ........ r69297 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:32:18 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5015: document PythonHome API functions. ........ r69298 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:33:21 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4827: fix callback example. ........ r69299 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:35:28 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4820: use correct module for ctypes.util. ........ r69300 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:38:23 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4563: disable alpha and roman lists, fixes wrong formatting of contributor list. ........ r69301 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:40:35 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5031: fix Thread.daemon property docs. ........ r69348 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-02-05 19:47:31 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line fix download link ........
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Set :data:`sys.argv` based on *argc* and *argv*. These parameters are
similar to those passed to the program's :c:func:`main` function with the
Merged revisions 69129-69131,69139-69140,69143,69154-69159,69169,69288-69289,69293,69297-69301,69348 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r69129 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-30 19:42:55 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line check the errno in bad fd cases ........ r69130 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-01-30 20:50:09 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line Add a section ........ r69131 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-01-30 21:26:02 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line Text edits and markup fixes ........ r69139 | mark.dickinson | 2009-01-31 10:44:04 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Add an extra test for long <-> float hash equivalence. ........ r69140 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 10:52:03 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line PyErr_BadInternalCall() raises a SystemError, not TypeError #5112 ........ r69143 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 15:00:10 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line I believe the intention here was to avoid a global lookup ........ r69154 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 16:33:02 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line fix indentation in comment ........ r69155 | david.goodger | 2009-01-31 16:53:46 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line markup fix ........ r69156 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-31 16:57:30 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 4 lines - Issue #5104: The socket module now raises OverflowError when 16-bit port and protocol numbers are supplied outside the allowed 0-65536 range on bind() and getservbyport(). ........ r69157 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 17:43:25 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line add explanatory comment ........ r69158 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 17:54:38 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line more flags which only work for function blocks ........ r69159 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-31 18:16:01 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Update doc wording as suggested in issue4903. ........ r69169 | guilherme.polo | 2009-01-31 20:56:16 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 3 lines Restore Tkinter.Tk._loadtk so this test doesn't fail for problems related to ttk. ........ r69288 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:30:57 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5153: fix typo in example. ........ r69289 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:37:07 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5144: document that PySys_SetArgv prepends the script directory (or the empty string) to sys.path. ........ r69293 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:59:28 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5059: fix example. ........ r69297 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:32:18 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5015: document PythonHome API functions. ........ r69298 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:33:21 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4827: fix callback example. ........ r69299 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:35:28 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4820: use correct module for ctypes.util. ........ r69300 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:38:23 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4563: disable alpha and roman lists, fixes wrong formatting of contributor list. ........ r69301 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:40:35 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5031: fix Thread.daemon property docs. ........ r69348 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-02-05 19:47:31 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line fix download link ........
2009-02-05 22:40:07 -04:00
difference that the first entry should refer to the script file to be
executed rather than the executable hosting the Python interpreter. If there
isn't a script that will be run, the first entry in *argv* can be an empty
string. If this function fails to initialize :data:`sys.argv`, a fatal
condition is signalled using :c:func:`Py_FatalError`.
Merged revisions 69129-69131,69139-69140,69143,69154-69159,69169,69288-69289,69293,69297-69301,69348 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r69129 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-30 19:42:55 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line check the errno in bad fd cases ........ r69130 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-01-30 20:50:09 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line Add a section ........ r69131 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-01-30 21:26:02 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line Text edits and markup fixes ........ r69139 | mark.dickinson | 2009-01-31 10:44:04 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Add an extra test for long <-> float hash equivalence. ........ r69140 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 10:52:03 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line PyErr_BadInternalCall() raises a SystemError, not TypeError #5112 ........ r69143 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 15:00:10 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line I believe the intention here was to avoid a global lookup ........ r69154 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 16:33:02 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line fix indentation in comment ........ r69155 | david.goodger | 2009-01-31 16:53:46 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line markup fix ........ r69156 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-31 16:57:30 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 4 lines - Issue #5104: The socket module now raises OverflowError when 16-bit port and protocol numbers are supplied outside the allowed 0-65536 range on bind() and getservbyport(). ........ r69157 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 17:43:25 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line add explanatory comment ........ r69158 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 17:54:38 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line more flags which only work for function blocks ........ r69159 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-31 18:16:01 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Update doc wording as suggested in issue4903. ........ r69169 | guilherme.polo | 2009-01-31 20:56:16 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 3 lines Restore Tkinter.Tk._loadtk so this test doesn't fail for problems related to ttk. ........ r69288 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:30:57 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5153: fix typo in example. ........ r69289 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:37:07 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5144: document that PySys_SetArgv prepends the script directory (or the empty string) to sys.path. ........ r69293 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:59:28 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5059: fix example. ........ r69297 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:32:18 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5015: document PythonHome API functions. ........ r69298 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:33:21 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4827: fix callback example. ........ r69299 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:35:28 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4820: use correct module for ctypes.util. ........ r69300 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:38:23 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4563: disable alpha and roman lists, fixes wrong formatting of contributor list. ........ r69301 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:40:35 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5031: fix Thread.daemon property docs. ........ r69348 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-02-05 19:47:31 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line fix download link ........
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If *updatepath* is zero, this is all the function does. If *updatepath*
is non-zero, the function also modifies :data:`sys.path` according to the
following algorithm:
- If the name of an existing script is passed in ``argv[0]``, the absolute
path of the directory where the script is located is prepended to
:data:`sys.path`.
- Otherwise (that is, if *argc* is ``0`` or ``argv[0]`` doesn't point
to an existing file name), an empty string is prepended to
:data:`sys.path`, which is the same as prepending the current working
directory (``"."``).
Use :c:func:`Py_DecodeLocale` to decode a bytes string to get a
:c:type:`wchar_*` string.
.. note::
It is recommended that applications embedding the Python interpreter
for purposes other than executing a single script pass ``0`` as *updatepath*,
and update :data:`sys.path` themselves if desired.
See `CVE-2008-5983 <https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-5983>`_.
On versions before 3.1.3, you can achieve the same effect by manually
popping the first :data:`sys.path` element after having called
:c:func:`PySys_SetArgv`, for example using::
PyRun_SimpleString("import sys; sys.path.pop(0)\n");
.. versionadded:: 3.1.3
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
.. XXX impl. doesn't seem consistent in allowing ``0``/``NULL`` for the params;
check w/ Guido.
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
.. c:function:: void PySys_SetArgv(int argc, wchar_t **argv)
This function works like :c:func:`PySys_SetArgvEx` with *updatepath* set
to ``1`` unless the :program:`python` interpreter was started with the
:option:`-I`.
Use :c:func:`Py_DecodeLocale` to decode a bytes string to get a
:c:type:`wchar_*` string.
.. versionchanged:: 3.4 The *updatepath* value depends on :option:`-I`.
.. c:function:: void Py_SetPythonHome(wchar_t *home)
Merged revisions 69129-69131,69139-69140,69143,69154-69159,69169,69288-69289,69293,69297-69301,69348 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r69129 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-30 19:42:55 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line check the errno in bad fd cases ........ r69130 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-01-30 20:50:09 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line Add a section ........ r69131 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-01-30 21:26:02 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line Text edits and markup fixes ........ r69139 | mark.dickinson | 2009-01-31 10:44:04 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Add an extra test for long <-> float hash equivalence. ........ r69140 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 10:52:03 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line PyErr_BadInternalCall() raises a SystemError, not TypeError #5112 ........ r69143 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 15:00:10 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line I believe the intention here was to avoid a global lookup ........ r69154 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 16:33:02 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line fix indentation in comment ........ r69155 | david.goodger | 2009-01-31 16:53:46 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line markup fix ........ r69156 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-31 16:57:30 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 4 lines - Issue #5104: The socket module now raises OverflowError when 16-bit port and protocol numbers are supplied outside the allowed 0-65536 range on bind() and getservbyport(). ........ r69157 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 17:43:25 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line add explanatory comment ........ r69158 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 17:54:38 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line more flags which only work for function blocks ........ r69159 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-31 18:16:01 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Update doc wording as suggested in issue4903. ........ r69169 | guilherme.polo | 2009-01-31 20:56:16 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 3 lines Restore Tkinter.Tk._loadtk so this test doesn't fail for problems related to ttk. ........ r69288 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:30:57 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5153: fix typo in example. ........ r69289 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:37:07 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5144: document that PySys_SetArgv prepends the script directory (or the empty string) to sys.path. ........ r69293 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:59:28 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5059: fix example. ........ r69297 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:32:18 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5015: document PythonHome API functions. ........ r69298 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:33:21 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4827: fix callback example. ........ r69299 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:35:28 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4820: use correct module for ctypes.util. ........ r69300 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:38:23 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4563: disable alpha and roman lists, fixes wrong formatting of contributor list. ........ r69301 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:40:35 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5031: fix Thread.daemon property docs. ........ r69348 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-02-05 19:47:31 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line fix download link ........
2009-02-05 22:40:07 -04:00
Set the default "home" directory, that is, the location of the standard
Python libraries. See :envvar:`PYTHONHOME` for the meaning of the
argument string.
Merged revisions 74779-74786,74793,74795,74811,74860-74861,74863,74876,74886,74896,74901,74903,74908,74912,74930,74933,74943,74946,74952-74955,75015,75019,75032,75068,75076,75095,75098,75102,75129,75139,75230 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r74779 | michael.foord | 2009-09-13 11:13:36 -0500 (Sun, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Change to tutorial wording for reading text / binary files on Windows. Issue #6301. ........ r74780 | michael.foord | 2009-09-13 11:40:02 -0500 (Sun, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Objects that compare equal automatically pass or fail assertAlmostEqual and assertNotAlmostEqual tests on unittest.TestCase. Issue 6567. ........ r74781 | michael.foord | 2009-09-13 11:46:19 -0500 (Sun, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Note that sys._getframe is not guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python, and a corresponding note in inspect.currentframe. Issue 6712. ........ r74782 | michael.foord | 2009-09-13 12:07:46 -0500 (Sun, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Tutorial tweaks. Issue 6849. ........ r74783 | michael.foord | 2009-09-13 12:28:35 -0500 (Sun, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromName honors the loader suiteClass attribute. Issue 6866. ........ r74784 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-13 13:15:07 -0500 (Sun, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Typo fix. ........ r74785 | michael.foord | 2009-09-13 14:07:03 -0500 (Sun, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Test discovery in unittest will only attempt to import modules that are importable; i.e. their names are valid Python identifiers. If an import fails during discovery this will be recorded as an error and test discovery will continue. Issue 6568. ........ r74786 | michael.foord | 2009-09-13 14:08:18 -0500 (Sun, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Remove an extraneous space in unittest documentation. ........ r74793 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-14 09:50:47 -0500 (Mon, 14 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6908: fix association of hashlib hash attributes. ........ r74795 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-09-14 22:36:26 -0500 (Mon, 14 Sep 2009) | 1 line Py_SetPythonHome uses static storage #6913 ........ r74811 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-15 15:26:59 -0500 (Tue, 15 Sep 2009) | 1 line Add Armin Ronacher. ........ r74860 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-09-16 21:46:54 -0500 (Wed, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line kill bare except ........ r74861 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-09-16 22:18:28 -0500 (Wed, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line pep 8 defaults ........ r74863 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-09-16 22:27:33 -0500 (Wed, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line rationalize a bit ........ r74876 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-17 11:15:53 -0500 (Thu, 17 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6932: remove paragraph that advises relying on __del__ being called. ........ r74886 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-09-17 16:33:46 -0500 (Thu, 17 Sep 2009) | 1 line use macros ........ r74896 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-18 02:22:41 -0500 (Fri, 18 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6936: for interactive use, quit() is just fine. ........ r74901 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-18 04:14:52 -0500 (Fri, 18 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6905: use better exception messages in inspect when the argument is of the wrong type. ........ r74903 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-18 04:18:27 -0500 (Fri, 18 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6938: "ident" is always a string, so use a format code which works. ........ r74908 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-18 08:57:11 -0500 (Fri, 18 Sep 2009) | 1 line Use str.format() to fix beginner's mistake with %-style string formatting. ........ r74912 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-18 11:19:56 -0500 (Fri, 18 Sep 2009) | 1 line Optimize optimization and fix method name in docstring. ........ r74930 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-18 16:21:41 -0500 (Fri, 18 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6925: rewrite docs for locals() and vars() a bit. ........ r74933 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-18 16:35:59 -0500 (Fri, 18 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6930: clarify description about byteorder handling in UTF decoder routines. ........ r74943 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-19 02:35:07 -0500 (Sat, 19 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6944: the argument to PyArg_ParseTuple should be a tuple, otherwise a SystemError is set. Also clean up another usage of PyArg_ParseTuple. ........ r74946 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-19 03:43:16 -0500 (Sat, 19 Sep 2009) | 1 line Update bug tracker reference. ........ r74952 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-19 05:42:34 -0500 (Sat, 19 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6946: fix duplicate index entries for datetime classes. ........ r74953 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-19 07:04:16 -0500 (Sat, 19 Sep 2009) | 1 line Fix references to threading.enumerate(). ........ r74954 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-19 08:13:56 -0500 (Sat, 19 Sep 2009) | 1 line Add Doug. ........ r74955 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-19 08:20:49 -0500 (Sat, 19 Sep 2009) | 1 line Add Mark Summerfield. ........ r75015 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-22 05:55:08 -0500 (Tue, 22 Sep 2009) | 1 line Fix encoding name. ........ r75019 | vinay.sajip | 2009-09-22 12:23:41 -0500 (Tue, 22 Sep 2009) | 1 line Fixed a typo, and added sections on optimization and using arbitrary objects as messages. ........ r75032 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-09-22 17:15:28 -0500 (Tue, 22 Sep 2009) | 1 line fix typos/rephrase ........ r75068 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-09-25 21:57:59 -0500 (Fri, 25 Sep 2009) | 1 line comment out ugly xxx ........ r75076 | vinay.sajip | 2009-09-26 09:53:32 -0500 (Sat, 26 Sep 2009) | 1 line Tidied up name of parameter in StreamHandler ........ r75095 | michael.foord | 2009-09-27 14:15:41 -0500 (Sun, 27 Sep 2009) | 1 line Test creation moved from TestProgram.parseArgs to TestProgram.createTests exclusively. Issue 6956. ........ r75098 | michael.foord | 2009-09-27 15:08:23 -0500 (Sun, 27 Sep 2009) | 1 line Documentation improvement for load_tests protocol in unittest. Issue 6515. ........ r75102 | skip.montanaro | 2009-09-27 21:12:27 -0500 (Sun, 27 Sep 2009) | 3 lines Patch from Thomas Barr so that csv.Sniffer will set doublequote property. Closes issue 6606. ........ r75129 | vinay.sajip | 2009-09-29 02:08:54 -0500 (Tue, 29 Sep 2009) | 1 line Issue #7014: logging: Improved IronPython 2.6 compatibility. ........ r75139 | raymond.hettinger | 2009-09-29 13:53:24 -0500 (Tue, 29 Sep 2009) | 3 lines Issue 7008: Better document str.title and show how to work around the apostrophe problem. ........ r75230 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-04 08:38:38 -0500 (Sun, 04 Oct 2009) | 1 line test logging ........
2009-10-04 11:49:41 -03:00
The argument should point to a zero-terminated character string in static
storage whose contents will not change for the duration of the program's
execution. No code in the Python interpreter will change the contents of
this storage.
Merged revisions 69129-69131,69139-69140,69143,69154-69159,69169,69288-69289,69293,69297-69301,69348 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r69129 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-30 19:42:55 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line check the errno in bad fd cases ........ r69130 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-01-30 20:50:09 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line Add a section ........ r69131 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-01-30 21:26:02 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line Text edits and markup fixes ........ r69139 | mark.dickinson | 2009-01-31 10:44:04 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Add an extra test for long <-> float hash equivalence. ........ r69140 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 10:52:03 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line PyErr_BadInternalCall() raises a SystemError, not TypeError #5112 ........ r69143 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 15:00:10 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line I believe the intention here was to avoid a global lookup ........ r69154 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 16:33:02 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line fix indentation in comment ........ r69155 | david.goodger | 2009-01-31 16:53:46 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line markup fix ........ r69156 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-31 16:57:30 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 4 lines - Issue #5104: The socket module now raises OverflowError when 16-bit port and protocol numbers are supplied outside the allowed 0-65536 range on bind() and getservbyport(). ........ r69157 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 17:43:25 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line add explanatory comment ........ r69158 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 17:54:38 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line more flags which only work for function blocks ........ r69159 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-31 18:16:01 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Update doc wording as suggested in issue4903. ........ r69169 | guilherme.polo | 2009-01-31 20:56:16 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 3 lines Restore Tkinter.Tk._loadtk so this test doesn't fail for problems related to ttk. ........ r69288 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:30:57 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5153: fix typo in example. ........ r69289 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:37:07 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5144: document that PySys_SetArgv prepends the script directory (or the empty string) to sys.path. ........ r69293 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:59:28 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5059: fix example. ........ r69297 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:32:18 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5015: document PythonHome API functions. ........ r69298 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:33:21 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4827: fix callback example. ........ r69299 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:35:28 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4820: use correct module for ctypes.util. ........ r69300 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:38:23 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4563: disable alpha and roman lists, fixes wrong formatting of contributor list. ........ r69301 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:40:35 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5031: fix Thread.daemon property docs. ........ r69348 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-02-05 19:47:31 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line fix download link ........
2009-02-05 22:40:07 -04:00
Use :c:func:`Py_DecodeLocale` to decode a bytes string to get a
:c:type:`wchar_*` string.
Merged revisions 69129-69131,69139-69140,69143,69154-69159,69169,69288-69289,69293,69297-69301,69348 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r69129 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-30 19:42:55 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line check the errno in bad fd cases ........ r69130 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-01-30 20:50:09 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line Add a section ........ r69131 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-01-30 21:26:02 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line Text edits and markup fixes ........ r69139 | mark.dickinson | 2009-01-31 10:44:04 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Add an extra test for long <-> float hash equivalence. ........ r69140 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 10:52:03 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line PyErr_BadInternalCall() raises a SystemError, not TypeError #5112 ........ r69143 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 15:00:10 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line I believe the intention here was to avoid a global lookup ........ r69154 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 16:33:02 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line fix indentation in comment ........ r69155 | david.goodger | 2009-01-31 16:53:46 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line markup fix ........ r69156 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-31 16:57:30 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 4 lines - Issue #5104: The socket module now raises OverflowError when 16-bit port and protocol numbers are supplied outside the allowed 0-65536 range on bind() and getservbyport(). ........ r69157 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 17:43:25 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line add explanatory comment ........ r69158 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 17:54:38 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line more flags which only work for function blocks ........ r69159 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-31 18:16:01 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Update doc wording as suggested in issue4903. ........ r69169 | guilherme.polo | 2009-01-31 20:56:16 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 3 lines Restore Tkinter.Tk._loadtk so this test doesn't fail for problems related to ttk. ........ r69288 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:30:57 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5153: fix typo in example. ........ r69289 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:37:07 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5144: document that PySys_SetArgv prepends the script directory (or the empty string) to sys.path. ........ r69293 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:59:28 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5059: fix example. ........ r69297 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:32:18 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5015: document PythonHome API functions. ........ r69298 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:33:21 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4827: fix callback example. ........ r69299 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:35:28 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4820: use correct module for ctypes.util. ........ r69300 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:38:23 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4563: disable alpha and roman lists, fixes wrong formatting of contributor list. ........ r69301 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:40:35 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5031: fix Thread.daemon property docs. ........ r69348 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-02-05 19:47:31 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line fix download link ........
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.. c:function:: w_char* Py_GetPythonHome()
Merged revisions 69129-69131,69139-69140,69143,69154-69159,69169,69288-69289,69293,69297-69301,69348 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r69129 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-30 19:42:55 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line check the errno in bad fd cases ........ r69130 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-01-30 20:50:09 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line Add a section ........ r69131 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-01-30 21:26:02 -0600 (Fri, 30 Jan 2009) | 1 line Text edits and markup fixes ........ r69139 | mark.dickinson | 2009-01-31 10:44:04 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Add an extra test for long <-> float hash equivalence. ........ r69140 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 10:52:03 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line PyErr_BadInternalCall() raises a SystemError, not TypeError #5112 ........ r69143 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 15:00:10 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line I believe the intention here was to avoid a global lookup ........ r69154 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 16:33:02 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line fix indentation in comment ........ r69155 | david.goodger | 2009-01-31 16:53:46 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line markup fix ........ r69156 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-31 16:57:30 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 4 lines - Issue #5104: The socket module now raises OverflowError when 16-bit port and protocol numbers are supplied outside the allowed 0-65536 range on bind() and getservbyport(). ........ r69157 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 17:43:25 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line add explanatory comment ........ r69158 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-31 17:54:38 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 1 line more flags which only work for function blocks ........ r69159 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-01-31 18:16:01 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Update doc wording as suggested in issue4903. ........ r69169 | guilherme.polo | 2009-01-31 20:56:16 -0600 (Sat, 31 Jan 2009) | 3 lines Restore Tkinter.Tk._loadtk so this test doesn't fail for problems related to ttk. ........ r69288 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:30:57 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5153: fix typo in example. ........ r69289 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:37:07 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5144: document that PySys_SetArgv prepends the script directory (or the empty string) to sys.path. ........ r69293 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 04:59:28 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5059: fix example. ........ r69297 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:32:18 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5015: document PythonHome API functions. ........ r69298 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:33:21 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4827: fix callback example. ........ r69299 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:35:28 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4820: use correct module for ctypes.util. ........ r69300 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:38:23 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #4563: disable alpha and roman lists, fixes wrong formatting of contributor list. ........ r69301 | georg.brandl | 2009-02-05 05:40:35 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line #5031: fix Thread.daemon property docs. ........ r69348 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-02-05 19:47:31 -0600 (Thu, 05 Feb 2009) | 1 line fix download link ........
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Return the default "home", that is, the value set by a previous call to
:c:func:`Py_SetPythonHome`, or the value of the :envvar:`PYTHONHOME`
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environment variable if it is set.
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.. _threads:
Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
============================================
.. index::
single: global interpreter lock
single: interpreter lock
single: lock, interpreter
The Python interpreter is not fully thread-safe. In order to support
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multi-threaded Python programs, there's a global lock, called the :term:`global
interpreter lock` or :term:`GIL`, that must be held by the current thread before
Merged revisions 70980,71059,71225,71234,71241,71243,71249,71251,71255,71266,71299,71329,71397-71398,71486 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70980 | jack.diederich | 2009-04-01 15:26:13 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines bounds check arguments to mmap.move(). All of them. Really. fixes crasher on OS X 10.5 ........ r71059 | mark.dickinson | 2009-04-02 13:39:37 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 2 lines sys.long_info attributes should be ints, not longs ........ r71225 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 06:54:07 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5580: no need to use parentheses when converterr() argument is actually a type description. ........ r71234 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 08:16:35 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Whitespace normalization. ........ r71241 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 09:48:49 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5471: fix expanduser() for $HOME set to "/". ........ r71243 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 10:14:29 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5432: make plistlib docstring a raw string, since it contains examples with backslash escapes. ........ r71249 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 11:30:43 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5444: adapt make.bat to new htmlhelp output file name. ........ r71251 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 12:17:42 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5298: clarify docs about GIL by using more consistent wording. ........ r71255 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 13:34:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #602893: add indicator for current line in cgitb that doesnt rely on styling alone. ........ r71266 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 15:23:13 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Normalize issue referencing style. ........ r71299 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-04-05 18:43:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Fixes issue5705: os.setuid() and friends did not accept the same range of values that pwd.getpwnam() returns. ........ r71329 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-06 16:53:33 -0500 (Mon, 06 Apr 2009) | 1 line add create_connection to __all__ #5711 ........ r71397 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:36:39 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Remove redundant backtick. ........ r71398 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:39:04 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Update ignore file for suspicious builder. ........ r71486 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-11 11:18:14 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line Re-word ........
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it can safely access Python objects. Without the lock, even the simplest
operations could cause problems in a multi-threaded program: for example, when
two threads simultaneously increment the reference count of the same object, the
reference count could end up being incremented only once instead of twice.
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.. index:: single: setswitchinterval() (in module sys)
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Therefore, the rule exists that only the thread that has acquired the
:term:`GIL` may operate on Python objects or call Python/C API functions.
In order to emulate concurrency of execution, the interpreter regularly
tries to switch threads (see :func:`sys.setswitchinterval`). The lock is also
released around potentially blocking I/O operations like reading or writing
a file, so that other Python threads can run in the meantime.
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.. index::
single: PyThreadState
single: PyThreadState
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The Python interpreter keeps some thread-specific bookkeeping information
inside a data structure called :c:type:`PyThreadState`. There's also one
global variable pointing to the current :c:type:`PyThreadState`: it can
be retrieved using :c:func:`PyThreadState_Get`.
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Releasing the GIL from extension code
-------------------------------------
Most extension code manipulating the :term:`GIL` has the following simple
structure::
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Save the thread state in a local variable.
Merged revisions 70980,71059,71225,71234,71241,71243,71249,71251,71255,71266,71299,71329,71397-71398,71486 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70980 | jack.diederich | 2009-04-01 15:26:13 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines bounds check arguments to mmap.move(). All of them. Really. fixes crasher on OS X 10.5 ........ r71059 | mark.dickinson | 2009-04-02 13:39:37 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 2 lines sys.long_info attributes should be ints, not longs ........ r71225 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 06:54:07 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5580: no need to use parentheses when converterr() argument is actually a type description. ........ r71234 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 08:16:35 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Whitespace normalization. ........ r71241 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 09:48:49 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5471: fix expanduser() for $HOME set to "/". ........ r71243 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 10:14:29 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5432: make plistlib docstring a raw string, since it contains examples with backslash escapes. ........ r71249 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 11:30:43 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5444: adapt make.bat to new htmlhelp output file name. ........ r71251 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 12:17:42 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5298: clarify docs about GIL by using more consistent wording. ........ r71255 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 13:34:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #602893: add indicator for current line in cgitb that doesnt rely on styling alone. ........ r71266 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 15:23:13 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Normalize issue referencing style. ........ r71299 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-04-05 18:43:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Fixes issue5705: os.setuid() and friends did not accept the same range of values that pwd.getpwnam() returns. ........ r71329 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-06 16:53:33 -0500 (Mon, 06 Apr 2009) | 1 line add create_connection to __all__ #5711 ........ r71397 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:36:39 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Remove redundant backtick. ........ r71398 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:39:04 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Update ignore file for suspicious builder. ........ r71486 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-11 11:18:14 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line Re-word ........
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Release the global interpreter lock.
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... Do some blocking I/O operation ...
Merged revisions 70980,71059,71225,71234,71241,71243,71249,71251,71255,71266,71299,71329,71397-71398,71486 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70980 | jack.diederich | 2009-04-01 15:26:13 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines bounds check arguments to mmap.move(). All of them. Really. fixes crasher on OS X 10.5 ........ r71059 | mark.dickinson | 2009-04-02 13:39:37 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 2 lines sys.long_info attributes should be ints, not longs ........ r71225 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 06:54:07 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5580: no need to use parentheses when converterr() argument is actually a type description. ........ r71234 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 08:16:35 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Whitespace normalization. ........ r71241 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 09:48:49 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5471: fix expanduser() for $HOME set to "/". ........ r71243 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 10:14:29 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5432: make plistlib docstring a raw string, since it contains examples with backslash escapes. ........ r71249 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 11:30:43 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5444: adapt make.bat to new htmlhelp output file name. ........ r71251 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 12:17:42 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5298: clarify docs about GIL by using more consistent wording. ........ r71255 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 13:34:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #602893: add indicator for current line in cgitb that doesnt rely on styling alone. ........ r71266 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 15:23:13 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Normalize issue referencing style. ........ r71299 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-04-05 18:43:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Fixes issue5705: os.setuid() and friends did not accept the same range of values that pwd.getpwnam() returns. ........ r71329 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-06 16:53:33 -0500 (Mon, 06 Apr 2009) | 1 line add create_connection to __all__ #5711 ........ r71397 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:36:39 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Remove redundant backtick. ........ r71398 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:39:04 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Update ignore file for suspicious builder. ........ r71486 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-11 11:18:14 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line Re-word ........
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Reacquire the global interpreter lock.
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Restore the thread state from the local variable.
This is so common that a pair of macros exists to simplify it::
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
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... Do some blocking I/O operation ...
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Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
.. index::
single: Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
single: Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
The :c:macro:`Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS` macro opens a new block and declares a
hidden local variable; the :c:macro:`Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS` macro closes the
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block. These two macros are still available when Python is compiled without
thread support (they simply have an empty expansion).
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When thread support is enabled, the block above expands to the following code::
PyThreadState *_save;
_save = PyEval_SaveThread();
...Do some blocking I/O operation...
PyEval_RestoreThread(_save);
.. index::
single: PyEval_RestoreThread()
single: PyEval_SaveThread()
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Here is how these functions work: the global interpreter lock is used to protect the pointer to the
current thread state. When releasing the lock and saving the thread state,
the current thread state pointer must be retrieved before the lock is released
(since another thread could immediately acquire the lock and store its own thread
state in the global variable). Conversely, when acquiring the lock and restoring
the thread state, the lock must be acquired before storing the thread state
pointer.
.. note::
Calling system I/O functions is the most common use case for releasing
the GIL, but it can also be useful before calling long-running computations
which don't need access to Python objects, such as compression or
cryptographic functions operating over memory buffers. For example, the
standard :mod:`zlib` and :mod:`hashlib` modules release the GIL when
compressing or hashing data.
.. _gilstate:
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Non-Python created threads
--------------------------
When threads are created using the dedicated Python APIs (such as the
:mod:`threading` module), a thread state is automatically associated to them
and the code showed above is therefore correct. However, when threads are
created from C (for example by a third-party library with its own thread
management), they don't hold the GIL, nor is there a thread state structure
for them.
If you need to call Python code from these threads (often this will be part
of a callback API provided by the aforementioned third-party library),
you must first register these threads with the interpreter by
creating a thread state data structure, then acquiring the GIL, and finally
storing their thread state pointer, before you can start using the Python/C
API. When you are done, you should reset the thread state pointer, release
the GIL, and finally free the thread state data structure.
The :c:func:`PyGILState_Ensure` and :c:func:`PyGILState_Release` functions do
all of the above automatically. The typical idiom for calling into Python
from a C thread is::
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PyGILState_STATE gstate;
gstate = PyGILState_Ensure();
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/* Perform Python actions here. */
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result = CallSomeFunction();
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/* evaluate result or handle exception */
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/* Release the thread. No Python API allowed beyond this point. */
PyGILState_Release(gstate);
Note that the :c:func:`PyGILState_\*` functions assume there is only one global
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interpreter (created automatically by :c:func:`Py_Initialize`). Python
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supports the creation of additional interpreters (using
:c:func:`Py_NewInterpreter`), but mixing multiple interpreters and the
:c:func:`PyGILState_\*` API is unsupported.
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Another important thing to note about threads is their behaviour in the face
of the C :c:func:`fork` call. On most systems with :c:func:`fork`, after a
process forks only the thread that issued the fork will exist. That also
means any locks held by other threads will never be released. Python solves
this for :func:`os.fork` by acquiring the locks it uses internally before
the fork, and releasing them afterwards. In addition, it resets any
:ref:`lock-objects` in the child. When extending or embedding Python, there
is no way to inform Python of additional (non-Python) locks that need to be
acquired before or reset after a fork. OS facilities such as
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:c:func:`pthread_atfork` would need to be used to accomplish the same thing.
Additionally, when extending or embedding Python, calling :c:func:`fork`
directly rather than through :func:`os.fork` (and returning to or calling
into Python) may result in a deadlock by one of Python's internal locks
being held by a thread that is defunct after the fork.
:c:func:`PyOS_AfterFork_Child` tries to reset the necessary locks, but is not
always able to.
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High-level API
--------------
These are the most commonly used types and functions when writing C extension
code, or when embedding the Python interpreter:
.. c:type:: PyInterpreterState
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This data structure represents the state shared by a number of cooperating
threads. Threads belonging to the same interpreter share their module
administration and a few other internal items. There are no public members in
this structure.
Threads belonging to different interpreters initially share nothing, except
process state like available memory, open file descriptors and such. The global
interpreter lock is also shared by all threads, regardless of to which
interpreter they belong.
.. c:type:: PyThreadState
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This data structure represents the state of a single thread. The only public
data member is :c:type:`PyInterpreterState \*`:attr:`interp`, which points to
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this thread's interpreter state.
.. c:function:: void PyEval_InitThreads()
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.. index::
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single: PyEval_AcquireThread()
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single: PyEval_ReleaseThread()
single: PyEval_SaveThread()
single: PyEval_RestoreThread()
Initialize and acquire the global interpreter lock. It should be called in the
main thread before creating a second thread or engaging in any other thread
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operations such as ``PyEval_ReleaseThread(tstate)``. It is not needed before
calling :c:func:`PyEval_SaveThread` or :c:func:`PyEval_RestoreThread`.
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This is a no-op when called for a second time.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
This function cannot be called before :c:func:`Py_Initialize()` anymore.
.. index:: module: _thread
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.. note::
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When only the main thread exists, no GIL operations are needed. This is a
common situation (most Python programs do not use threads), and the lock
operations slow the interpreter down a bit. Therefore, the lock is not
created initially. This situation is equivalent to having acquired the lock:
when there is only a single thread, all object accesses are safe. Therefore,
when this function initializes the global interpreter lock, it also acquires
it. Before the Python :mod:`_thread` module creates a new thread, knowing
that either it has the lock or the lock hasn't been created yet, it calls
:c:func:`PyEval_InitThreads`. When this call returns, it is guaranteed that
the lock has been created and that the calling thread has acquired it.
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It is **not** safe to call this function when it is unknown which thread (if
any) currently has the global interpreter lock.
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This function is not available when thread support is disabled at compile time.
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.. c:function:: int PyEval_ThreadsInitialized()
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Returns a non-zero value if :c:func:`PyEval_InitThreads` has been called. This
Merged revisions 70980,71059,71225,71234,71241,71243,71249,71251,71255,71266,71299,71329,71397-71398,71486 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70980 | jack.diederich | 2009-04-01 15:26:13 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines bounds check arguments to mmap.move(). All of them. Really. fixes crasher on OS X 10.5 ........ r71059 | mark.dickinson | 2009-04-02 13:39:37 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 2 lines sys.long_info attributes should be ints, not longs ........ r71225 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 06:54:07 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5580: no need to use parentheses when converterr() argument is actually a type description. ........ r71234 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 08:16:35 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Whitespace normalization. ........ r71241 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 09:48:49 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5471: fix expanduser() for $HOME set to "/". ........ r71243 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 10:14:29 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5432: make plistlib docstring a raw string, since it contains examples with backslash escapes. ........ r71249 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 11:30:43 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5444: adapt make.bat to new htmlhelp output file name. ........ r71251 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 12:17:42 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5298: clarify docs about GIL by using more consistent wording. ........ r71255 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 13:34:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #602893: add indicator for current line in cgitb that doesnt rely on styling alone. ........ r71266 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 15:23:13 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Normalize issue referencing style. ........ r71299 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-04-05 18:43:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Fixes issue5705: os.setuid() and friends did not accept the same range of values that pwd.getpwnam() returns. ........ r71329 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-06 16:53:33 -0500 (Mon, 06 Apr 2009) | 1 line add create_connection to __all__ #5711 ........ r71397 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:36:39 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Remove redundant backtick. ........ r71398 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:39:04 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Update ignore file for suspicious builder. ........ r71486 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-11 11:18:14 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line Re-word ........
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function can be called without holding the GIL, and therefore can be used to
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avoid calls to the locking API when running single-threaded. This function is
not available when thread support is disabled at compile time.
.. c:function:: PyThreadState* PyEval_SaveThread()
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Merged revisions 70980,71059,71225,71234,71241,71243,71249,71251,71255,71266,71299,71329,71397-71398,71486 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70980 | jack.diederich | 2009-04-01 15:26:13 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines bounds check arguments to mmap.move(). All of them. Really. fixes crasher on OS X 10.5 ........ r71059 | mark.dickinson | 2009-04-02 13:39:37 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 2 lines sys.long_info attributes should be ints, not longs ........ r71225 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 06:54:07 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5580: no need to use parentheses when converterr() argument is actually a type description. ........ r71234 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 08:16:35 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Whitespace normalization. ........ r71241 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 09:48:49 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5471: fix expanduser() for $HOME set to "/". ........ r71243 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 10:14:29 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5432: make plistlib docstring a raw string, since it contains examples with backslash escapes. ........ r71249 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 11:30:43 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5444: adapt make.bat to new htmlhelp output file name. ........ r71251 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 12:17:42 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5298: clarify docs about GIL by using more consistent wording. ........ r71255 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 13:34:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #602893: add indicator for current line in cgitb that doesnt rely on styling alone. ........ r71266 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 15:23:13 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Normalize issue referencing style. ........ r71299 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-04-05 18:43:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Fixes issue5705: os.setuid() and friends did not accept the same range of values that pwd.getpwnam() returns. ........ r71329 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-06 16:53:33 -0500 (Mon, 06 Apr 2009) | 1 line add create_connection to __all__ #5711 ........ r71397 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:36:39 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Remove redundant backtick. ........ r71398 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:39:04 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Update ignore file for suspicious builder. ........ r71486 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-11 11:18:14 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line Re-word ........
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Release the global interpreter lock (if it has been created and thread
support is enabled) and reset the thread state to *NULL*, returning the
previous thread state (which is not *NULL*). If the lock has been created,
the current thread must have acquired it. (This function is available even
when thread support is disabled at compile time.)
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.. c:function:: void PyEval_RestoreThread(PyThreadState *tstate)
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Merged revisions 70980,71059,71225,71234,71241,71243,71249,71251,71255,71266,71299,71329,71397-71398,71486 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70980 | jack.diederich | 2009-04-01 15:26:13 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines bounds check arguments to mmap.move(). All of them. Really. fixes crasher on OS X 10.5 ........ r71059 | mark.dickinson | 2009-04-02 13:39:37 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 2 lines sys.long_info attributes should be ints, not longs ........ r71225 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 06:54:07 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5580: no need to use parentheses when converterr() argument is actually a type description. ........ r71234 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 08:16:35 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Whitespace normalization. ........ r71241 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 09:48:49 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5471: fix expanduser() for $HOME set to "/". ........ r71243 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 10:14:29 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5432: make plistlib docstring a raw string, since it contains examples with backslash escapes. ........ r71249 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 11:30:43 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5444: adapt make.bat to new htmlhelp output file name. ........ r71251 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 12:17:42 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5298: clarify docs about GIL by using more consistent wording. ........ r71255 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 13:34:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #602893: add indicator for current line in cgitb that doesnt rely on styling alone. ........ r71266 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 15:23:13 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Normalize issue referencing style. ........ r71299 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-04-05 18:43:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Fixes issue5705: os.setuid() and friends did not accept the same range of values that pwd.getpwnam() returns. ........ r71329 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-06 16:53:33 -0500 (Mon, 06 Apr 2009) | 1 line add create_connection to __all__ #5711 ........ r71397 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:36:39 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Remove redundant backtick. ........ r71398 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:39:04 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Update ignore file for suspicious builder. ........ r71486 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-11 11:18:14 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line Re-word ........
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Acquire the global interpreter lock (if it has been created and thread
support is enabled) and set the thread state to *tstate*, which must not be
*NULL*. If the lock has been created, the current thread must not have
acquired it, otherwise deadlock ensues. (This function is available even
when thread support is disabled at compile time.)
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Merged revisions 59259-59274 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59260 | lars.gustaebel | 2007-12-01 22:02:12 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 5 lines Issue #1531: Read fileobj from the current offset, do not seek to the start. (will backport to 2.5) ........ r59262 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:24:47 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Document PyEval_* functions from ceval.c. Credits to Michael Sloan from GHOP. ........ r59263 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:27:56 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Add a few refcount data entries. ........ r59264 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:38:48 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add test suite for cmd module. Written by Michael Schneider for GHOP. ........ r59265 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:42:46 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add examples to the ElementTree documentation. Written by h4wk.cz for GHOP. ........ r59266 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 00:12:45 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add "Using Python on Windows" document, by Robert Lehmann. Written for GHOP. ........ r59271 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:34:34 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add example to mmap docs. Written for GHOP by Rafal Rawicki. ........ r59272 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:37:29 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Convert bdb.rst line endings to Unix style. ........ r59274 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:58:50 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add more entries to the glossary. Written by Jeff Wheeler for GHOP. ........
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.. c:function:: PyThreadState* PyThreadState_Get()
Return the current thread state. The global interpreter lock must be held.
When the current thread state is *NULL*, this issues a fatal error (so that
the caller needn't check for *NULL*).
.. c:function:: PyThreadState* PyThreadState_Swap(PyThreadState *tstate)
Swap the current thread state with the thread state given by the argument
*tstate*, which may be *NULL*. The global interpreter lock must be held
and is not released.
.. c:function:: void PyEval_ReInitThreads()
Merged revisions 59259-59274 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59260 | lars.gustaebel | 2007-12-01 22:02:12 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 5 lines Issue #1531: Read fileobj from the current offset, do not seek to the start. (will backport to 2.5) ........ r59262 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:24:47 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Document PyEval_* functions from ceval.c. Credits to Michael Sloan from GHOP. ........ r59263 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:27:56 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Add a few refcount data entries. ........ r59264 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:38:48 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add test suite for cmd module. Written by Michael Schneider for GHOP. ........ r59265 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:42:46 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add examples to the ElementTree documentation. Written by h4wk.cz for GHOP. ........ r59266 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 00:12:45 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add "Using Python on Windows" document, by Robert Lehmann. Written for GHOP. ........ r59271 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:34:34 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add example to mmap docs. Written for GHOP by Rafal Rawicki. ........ r59272 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:37:29 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Convert bdb.rst line endings to Unix style. ........ r59274 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:58:50 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add more entries to the glossary. Written by Jeff Wheeler for GHOP. ........
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This function is called from :c:func:`PyOS_AfterFork_Child` to ensure
that newly created child processes don't hold locks referring to threads
which are not running in the child process.
Merged revisions 59259-59274 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59260 | lars.gustaebel | 2007-12-01 22:02:12 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 5 lines Issue #1531: Read fileobj from the current offset, do not seek to the start. (will backport to 2.5) ........ r59262 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:24:47 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Document PyEval_* functions from ceval.c. Credits to Michael Sloan from GHOP. ........ r59263 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:27:56 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Add a few refcount data entries. ........ r59264 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:38:48 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add test suite for cmd module. Written by Michael Schneider for GHOP. ........ r59265 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-01 23:42:46 +0100 (Sat, 01 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add examples to the ElementTree documentation. Written by h4wk.cz for GHOP. ........ r59266 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 00:12:45 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add "Using Python on Windows" document, by Robert Lehmann. Written for GHOP. ........ r59271 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:34:34 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add example to mmap docs. Written for GHOP by Rafal Rawicki. ........ r59272 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:37:29 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Convert bdb.rst line endings to Unix style. ........ r59274 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-02 15:58:50 +0100 (Sun, 02 Dec 2007) | 4 lines Add more entries to the glossary. Written by Jeff Wheeler for GHOP. ........
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The following functions use thread-local storage, and are not compatible
with sub-interpreters:
.. c:function:: PyGILState_STATE PyGILState_Ensure()
Ensure that the current thread is ready to call the Python C API regardless
of the current state of Python, or of the global interpreter lock. This may
be called as many times as desired by a thread as long as each call is
matched with a call to :c:func:`PyGILState_Release`. In general, other
thread-related APIs may be used between :c:func:`PyGILState_Ensure` and
:c:func:`PyGILState_Release` calls as long as the thread state is restored to
its previous state before the Release(). For example, normal usage of the
:c:macro:`Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS` and :c:macro:`Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS` macros is
acceptable.
The return value is an opaque "handle" to the thread state when
:c:func:`PyGILState_Ensure` was called, and must be passed to
:c:func:`PyGILState_Release` to ensure Python is left in the same state. Even
though recursive calls are allowed, these handles *cannot* be shared - each
unique call to :c:func:`PyGILState_Ensure` must save the handle for its call
to :c:func:`PyGILState_Release`.
When the function returns, the current thread will hold the GIL and be able
to call arbitrary Python code. Failure is a fatal error.
.. c:function:: void PyGILState_Release(PyGILState_STATE)
Release any resources previously acquired. After this call, Python's state will
be the same as it was prior to the corresponding :c:func:`PyGILState_Ensure` call
(but generally this state will be unknown to the caller, hence the use of the
GILState API).
Every call to :c:func:`PyGILState_Ensure` must be matched by a call to
:c:func:`PyGILState_Release` on the same thread.
.. c:function:: PyThreadState* PyGILState_GetThisThreadState()
Get the current thread state for this thread. May return ``NULL`` if no
GILState API has been used on the current thread. Note that the main thread
always has such a thread-state, even if no auto-thread-state call has been
made on the main thread. This is mainly a helper/diagnostic function.
.. c:function:: int PyGILState_Check()
Return ``1`` if the current thread is holding the GIL and ``0`` otherwise.
This function can be called from any thread at any time.
Only if it has had its Python thread state initialized and currently is
holding the GIL will it return ``1``.
This is mainly a helper/diagnostic function. It can be useful
for example in callback contexts or memory allocation functions when
knowing that the GIL is locked can allow the caller to perform sensitive
actions or otherwise behave differently.
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.. versionadded:: 3.4
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The following macros are normally used without a trailing semicolon; look for
example usage in the Python source distribution.
.. c:macro:: Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
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This macro expands to ``{ PyThreadState *_save; _save = PyEval_SaveThread();``.
Note that it contains an opening brace; it must be matched with a following
:c:macro:`Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS` macro. See above for further discussion of this
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macro. It is a no-op when thread support is disabled at compile time.
.. c:macro:: Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
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This macro expands to ``PyEval_RestoreThread(_save); }``. Note that it contains
a closing brace; it must be matched with an earlier
:c:macro:`Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS` macro. See above for further discussion of
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this macro. It is a no-op when thread support is disabled at compile time.
.. c:macro:: Py_BLOCK_THREADS
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This macro expands to ``PyEval_RestoreThread(_save);``: it is equivalent to
:c:macro:`Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS` without the closing brace. It is a no-op when
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thread support is disabled at compile time.
.. c:macro:: Py_UNBLOCK_THREADS
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This macro expands to ``_save = PyEval_SaveThread();``: it is equivalent to
:c:macro:`Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS` without the opening brace and variable
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declaration. It is a no-op when thread support is disabled at compile time.
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Low-level API
-------------
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All of the following functions are only available when thread support is enabled
Merged revisions 70980,71059,71225,71234,71241,71243,71249,71251,71255,71266,71299,71329,71397-71398,71486 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70980 | jack.diederich | 2009-04-01 15:26:13 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines bounds check arguments to mmap.move(). All of them. Really. fixes crasher on OS X 10.5 ........ r71059 | mark.dickinson | 2009-04-02 13:39:37 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 2 lines sys.long_info attributes should be ints, not longs ........ r71225 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 06:54:07 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5580: no need to use parentheses when converterr() argument is actually a type description. ........ r71234 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 08:16:35 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Whitespace normalization. ........ r71241 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 09:48:49 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5471: fix expanduser() for $HOME set to "/". ........ r71243 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 10:14:29 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5432: make plistlib docstring a raw string, since it contains examples with backslash escapes. ........ r71249 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 11:30:43 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5444: adapt make.bat to new htmlhelp output file name. ........ r71251 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 12:17:42 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5298: clarify docs about GIL by using more consistent wording. ........ r71255 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 13:34:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #602893: add indicator for current line in cgitb that doesnt rely on styling alone. ........ r71266 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 15:23:13 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Normalize issue referencing style. ........ r71299 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-04-05 18:43:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Fixes issue5705: os.setuid() and friends did not accept the same range of values that pwd.getpwnam() returns. ........ r71329 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-06 16:53:33 -0500 (Mon, 06 Apr 2009) | 1 line add create_connection to __all__ #5711 ........ r71397 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:36:39 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Remove redundant backtick. ........ r71398 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:39:04 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Update ignore file for suspicious builder. ........ r71486 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-11 11:18:14 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line Re-word ........
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at compile time, and must be called only when the global interpreter lock has
been created.
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.. c:function:: PyInterpreterState* PyInterpreterState_New()
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Merged revisions 70980,71059,71225,71234,71241,71243,71249,71251,71255,71266,71299,71329,71397-71398,71486 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70980 | jack.diederich | 2009-04-01 15:26:13 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines bounds check arguments to mmap.move(). All of them. Really. fixes crasher on OS X 10.5 ........ r71059 | mark.dickinson | 2009-04-02 13:39:37 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 2 lines sys.long_info attributes should be ints, not longs ........ r71225 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 06:54:07 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5580: no need to use parentheses when converterr() argument is actually a type description. ........ r71234 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 08:16:35 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Whitespace normalization. ........ r71241 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 09:48:49 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5471: fix expanduser() for $HOME set to "/". ........ r71243 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 10:14:29 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5432: make plistlib docstring a raw string, since it contains examples with backslash escapes. ........ r71249 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 11:30:43 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5444: adapt make.bat to new htmlhelp output file name. ........ r71251 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 12:17:42 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5298: clarify docs about GIL by using more consistent wording. ........ r71255 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 13:34:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #602893: add indicator for current line in cgitb that doesnt rely on styling alone. ........ r71266 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 15:23:13 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Normalize issue referencing style. ........ r71299 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-04-05 18:43:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Fixes issue5705: os.setuid() and friends did not accept the same range of values that pwd.getpwnam() returns. ........ r71329 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-06 16:53:33 -0500 (Mon, 06 Apr 2009) | 1 line add create_connection to __all__ #5711 ........ r71397 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:36:39 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Remove redundant backtick. ........ r71398 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:39:04 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Update ignore file for suspicious builder. ........ r71486 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-11 11:18:14 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line Re-word ........
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Create a new interpreter state object. The global interpreter lock need not
be held, but may be held if it is necessary to serialize calls to this
function.
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.. c:function:: void PyInterpreterState_Clear(PyInterpreterState *interp)
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Merged revisions 70980,71059,71225,71234,71241,71243,71249,71251,71255,71266,71299,71329,71397-71398,71486 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70980 | jack.diederich | 2009-04-01 15:26:13 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines bounds check arguments to mmap.move(). All of them. Really. fixes crasher on OS X 10.5 ........ r71059 | mark.dickinson | 2009-04-02 13:39:37 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 2 lines sys.long_info attributes should be ints, not longs ........ r71225 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 06:54:07 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5580: no need to use parentheses when converterr() argument is actually a type description. ........ r71234 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 08:16:35 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Whitespace normalization. ........ r71241 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 09:48:49 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5471: fix expanduser() for $HOME set to "/". ........ r71243 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 10:14:29 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5432: make plistlib docstring a raw string, since it contains examples with backslash escapes. ........ r71249 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 11:30:43 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5444: adapt make.bat to new htmlhelp output file name. ........ r71251 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 12:17:42 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5298: clarify docs about GIL by using more consistent wording. ........ r71255 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 13:34:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #602893: add indicator for current line in cgitb that doesnt rely on styling alone. ........ r71266 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 15:23:13 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Normalize issue referencing style. ........ r71299 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-04-05 18:43:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Fixes issue5705: os.setuid() and friends did not accept the same range of values that pwd.getpwnam() returns. ........ r71329 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-06 16:53:33 -0500 (Mon, 06 Apr 2009) | 1 line add create_connection to __all__ #5711 ........ r71397 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:36:39 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Remove redundant backtick. ........ r71398 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:39:04 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Update ignore file for suspicious builder. ........ r71486 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-11 11:18:14 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line Re-word ........
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Reset all information in an interpreter state object. The global interpreter
lock must be held.
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.. c:function:: void PyInterpreterState_Delete(PyInterpreterState *interp)
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Merged revisions 70980,71059,71225,71234,71241,71243,71249,71251,71255,71266,71299,71329,71397-71398,71486 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70980 | jack.diederich | 2009-04-01 15:26:13 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines bounds check arguments to mmap.move(). All of them. Really. fixes crasher on OS X 10.5 ........ r71059 | mark.dickinson | 2009-04-02 13:39:37 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 2 lines sys.long_info attributes should be ints, not longs ........ r71225 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 06:54:07 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5580: no need to use parentheses when converterr() argument is actually a type description. ........ r71234 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 08:16:35 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Whitespace normalization. ........ r71241 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 09:48:49 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5471: fix expanduser() for $HOME set to "/". ........ r71243 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 10:14:29 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5432: make plistlib docstring a raw string, since it contains examples with backslash escapes. ........ r71249 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 11:30:43 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5444: adapt make.bat to new htmlhelp output file name. ........ r71251 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 12:17:42 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5298: clarify docs about GIL by using more consistent wording. ........ r71255 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 13:34:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #602893: add indicator for current line in cgitb that doesnt rely on styling alone. ........ r71266 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 15:23:13 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Normalize issue referencing style. ........ r71299 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-04-05 18:43:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Fixes issue5705: os.setuid() and friends did not accept the same range of values that pwd.getpwnam() returns. ........ r71329 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-06 16:53:33 -0500 (Mon, 06 Apr 2009) | 1 line add create_connection to __all__ #5711 ........ r71397 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:36:39 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Remove redundant backtick. ........ r71398 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:39:04 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Update ignore file for suspicious builder. ........ r71486 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-11 11:18:14 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line Re-word ........
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Destroy an interpreter state object. The global interpreter lock need not be
held. The interpreter state must have been reset with a previous call to
:c:func:`PyInterpreterState_Clear`.
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.. c:function:: PyThreadState* PyThreadState_New(PyInterpreterState *interp)
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Merged revisions 70980,71059,71225,71234,71241,71243,71249,71251,71255,71266,71299,71329,71397-71398,71486 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70980 | jack.diederich | 2009-04-01 15:26:13 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines bounds check arguments to mmap.move(). All of them. Really. fixes crasher on OS X 10.5 ........ r71059 | mark.dickinson | 2009-04-02 13:39:37 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 2 lines sys.long_info attributes should be ints, not longs ........ r71225 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 06:54:07 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5580: no need to use parentheses when converterr() argument is actually a type description. ........ r71234 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 08:16:35 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Whitespace normalization. ........ r71241 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 09:48:49 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5471: fix expanduser() for $HOME set to "/". ........ r71243 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 10:14:29 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5432: make plistlib docstring a raw string, since it contains examples with backslash escapes. ........ r71249 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 11:30:43 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5444: adapt make.bat to new htmlhelp output file name. ........ r71251 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 12:17:42 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5298: clarify docs about GIL by using more consistent wording. ........ r71255 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 13:34:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #602893: add indicator for current line in cgitb that doesnt rely on styling alone. ........ r71266 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 15:23:13 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Normalize issue referencing style. ........ r71299 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-04-05 18:43:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Fixes issue5705: os.setuid() and friends did not accept the same range of values that pwd.getpwnam() returns. ........ r71329 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-06 16:53:33 -0500 (Mon, 06 Apr 2009) | 1 line add create_connection to __all__ #5711 ........ r71397 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:36:39 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Remove redundant backtick. ........ r71398 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:39:04 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Update ignore file for suspicious builder. ........ r71486 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-11 11:18:14 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line Re-word ........
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Create a new thread state object belonging to the given interpreter object.
The global interpreter lock need not be held, but may be held if it is
necessary to serialize calls to this function.
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.. c:function:: void PyThreadState_Clear(PyThreadState *tstate)
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Merged revisions 70980,71059,71225,71234,71241,71243,71249,71251,71255,71266,71299,71329,71397-71398,71486 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70980 | jack.diederich | 2009-04-01 15:26:13 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines bounds check arguments to mmap.move(). All of them. Really. fixes crasher on OS X 10.5 ........ r71059 | mark.dickinson | 2009-04-02 13:39:37 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 2 lines sys.long_info attributes should be ints, not longs ........ r71225 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 06:54:07 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5580: no need to use parentheses when converterr() argument is actually a type description. ........ r71234 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 08:16:35 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Whitespace normalization. ........ r71241 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 09:48:49 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5471: fix expanduser() for $HOME set to "/". ........ r71243 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 10:14:29 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5432: make plistlib docstring a raw string, since it contains examples with backslash escapes. ........ r71249 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 11:30:43 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5444: adapt make.bat to new htmlhelp output file name. ........ r71251 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 12:17:42 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5298: clarify docs about GIL by using more consistent wording. ........ r71255 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 13:34:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #602893: add indicator for current line in cgitb that doesnt rely on styling alone. ........ r71266 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 15:23:13 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Normalize issue referencing style. ........ r71299 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-04-05 18:43:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Fixes issue5705: os.setuid() and friends did not accept the same range of values that pwd.getpwnam() returns. ........ r71329 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-06 16:53:33 -0500 (Mon, 06 Apr 2009) | 1 line add create_connection to __all__ #5711 ........ r71397 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:36:39 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Remove redundant backtick. ........ r71398 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:39:04 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Update ignore file for suspicious builder. ........ r71486 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-11 11:18:14 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line Re-word ........
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Reset all information in a thread state object. The global interpreter lock
must be held.
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.. c:function:: void PyThreadState_Delete(PyThreadState *tstate)
2007-08-15 11:28:22 -03:00
Merged revisions 70980,71059,71225,71234,71241,71243,71249,71251,71255,71266,71299,71329,71397-71398,71486 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70980 | jack.diederich | 2009-04-01 15:26:13 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines bounds check arguments to mmap.move(). All of them. Really. fixes crasher on OS X 10.5 ........ r71059 | mark.dickinson | 2009-04-02 13:39:37 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 2 lines sys.long_info attributes should be ints, not longs ........ r71225 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 06:54:07 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5580: no need to use parentheses when converterr() argument is actually a type description. ........ r71234 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 08:16:35 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Whitespace normalization. ........ r71241 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 09:48:49 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5471: fix expanduser() for $HOME set to "/". ........ r71243 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 10:14:29 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5432: make plistlib docstring a raw string, since it contains examples with backslash escapes. ........ r71249 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 11:30:43 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5444: adapt make.bat to new htmlhelp output file name. ........ r71251 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 12:17:42 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5298: clarify docs about GIL by using more consistent wording. ........ r71255 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 13:34:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #602893: add indicator for current line in cgitb that doesnt rely on styling alone. ........ r71266 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 15:23:13 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Normalize issue referencing style. ........ r71299 | gregory.p.smith | 2009-04-05 18:43:58 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Fixes issue5705: os.setuid() and friends did not accept the same range of values that pwd.getpwnam() returns. ........ r71329 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-06 16:53:33 -0500 (Mon, 06 Apr 2009) | 1 line add create_connection to __all__ #5711 ........ r71397 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:36:39 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Remove redundant backtick. ........ r71398 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-08 11:39:04 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line Update ignore file for suspicious builder. ........ r71486 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-11 11:18:14 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line Re-word ........
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Destroy a thread state object. The global interpreter lock need not be held.
The thread state must have been reset with a previous call to
:c:func:`PyThreadState_Clear`.
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.. c:function:: PY_INT64_T PyInterpreterState_GetID(PyInterpreterState *interp)
Return the interpreter's unique ID. If there was any error in doing
so then -1 is returned and an error is set.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyThreadState_GetDict()
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Return a dictionary in which extensions can store thread-specific state
information. Each extension should use a unique key to use to store state in
the dictionary. It is okay to call this function when no current thread state
is available. If this function returns *NULL*, no exception has been raised and
the caller should assume no current thread state is available.
.. c:function:: int PyThreadState_SetAsyncExc(unsigned long id, PyObject *exc)
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Asynchronously raise an exception in a thread. The *id* argument is the thread
id of the target thread; *exc* is the exception object to be raised. This
function does not steal any references to *exc*. To prevent naive misuse, you
must write your own C extension to call this. Must be called with the GIL held.
Returns the number of thread states modified; this is normally one, but will be
zero if the thread id isn't found. If *exc* is :const:`NULL`, the pending
exception (if any) for the thread is cleared. This raises no exceptions.
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
The type of the *id* parameter changed from :c:type:`long` to
:c:type:`unsigned long`.
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.. c:function:: void PyEval_AcquireThread(PyThreadState *tstate)
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Acquire the global interpreter lock and set the current thread state to
*tstate*, which should not be *NULL*. The lock must have been created earlier.
If this thread already has the lock, deadlock ensues.
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:c:func:`PyEval_RestoreThread` is a higher-level function which is always
available (even when thread support isn't enabled or when threads have
not been initialized).
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.. c:function:: void PyEval_ReleaseThread(PyThreadState *tstate)
Reset the current thread state to *NULL* and release the global interpreter
lock. The lock must have been created earlier and must be held by the current
thread. The *tstate* argument, which must not be *NULL*, is only used to check
that it represents the current thread state --- if it isn't, a fatal error is
reported.
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:c:func:`PyEval_SaveThread` is a higher-level function which is always
available (even when thread support isn't enabled or when threads have
not been initialized).
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.. c:function:: void PyEval_AcquireLock()
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Acquire the global interpreter lock. The lock must have been created earlier.
If this thread already has the lock, a deadlock ensues.
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.. deprecated:: 3.2
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This function does not update the current thread state. Please use
:c:func:`PyEval_RestoreThread` or :c:func:`PyEval_AcquireThread`
instead.
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.. c:function:: void PyEval_ReleaseLock()
Release the global interpreter lock. The lock must have been created earlier.
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.. deprecated:: 3.2
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This function does not update the current thread state. Please use
:c:func:`PyEval_SaveThread` or :c:func:`PyEval_ReleaseThread`
instead.
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.. _sub-interpreter-support:
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Sub-interpreter support
=======================
While in most uses, you will only embed a single Python interpreter, there
are cases where you need to create several independent interpreters in the
same process and perhaps even in the same thread. Sub-interpreters allow
you to do that. You can switch between sub-interpreters using the
:c:func:`PyThreadState_Swap` function. You can create and destroy them
using the following functions:
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.. c:function:: PyThreadState* Py_NewInterpreter()
.. index::
module: builtins
module: __main__
module: sys
single: stdout (in module sys)
single: stderr (in module sys)
single: stdin (in module sys)
Create a new sub-interpreter. This is an (almost) totally separate environment
for the execution of Python code. In particular, the new interpreter has
separate, independent versions of all imported modules, including the
fundamental modules :mod:`builtins`, :mod:`__main__` and :mod:`sys`. The
table of loaded modules (``sys.modules``) and the module search path
(``sys.path``) are also separate. The new environment has no ``sys.argv``
variable. It has new standard I/O stream file objects ``sys.stdin``,
``sys.stdout`` and ``sys.stderr`` (however these refer to the same underlying
file descriptors).
The return value points to the first thread state created in the new
sub-interpreter. This thread state is made in the current thread state.
Note that no actual thread is created; see the discussion of thread states
below. If creation of the new interpreter is unsuccessful, *NULL* is
returned; no exception is set since the exception state is stored in the
current thread state and there may not be a current thread state. (Like all
other Python/C API functions, the global interpreter lock must be held before
calling this function and is still held when it returns; however, unlike most
other Python/C API functions, there needn't be a current thread state on
entry.)
.. index::
single: Py_FinalizeEx()
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single: Py_Initialize()
Extension modules are shared between (sub-)interpreters as follows: the first
time a particular extension is imported, it is initialized normally, and a
(shallow) copy of its module's dictionary is squirreled away. When the same
extension is imported by another (sub-)interpreter, a new module is initialized
and filled with the contents of this copy; the extension's ``init`` function is
not called. Note that this is different from what happens when an extension is
imported after the interpreter has been completely re-initialized by calling
:c:func:`Py_FinalizeEx` and :c:func:`Py_Initialize`; in that case, the extension's
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``initmodule`` function *is* called again.
.. index:: single: close() (in module os)
.. c:function:: void Py_EndInterpreter(PyThreadState *tstate)
.. index:: single: Py_FinalizeEx()
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Destroy the (sub-)interpreter represented by the given thread state. The given
thread state must be the current thread state. See the discussion of thread
states below. When the call returns, the current thread state is *NULL*. All
thread states associated with this interpreter are destroyed. (The global
interpreter lock must be held before calling this function and is still held
when it returns.) :c:func:`Py_FinalizeEx` will destroy all sub-interpreters that
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haven't been explicitly destroyed at that point.
Bugs and caveats
----------------
Because sub-interpreters (and the main interpreter) are part of the same
process, the insulation between them isn't perfect --- for example, using
low-level file operations like :func:`os.close` they can
(accidentally or maliciously) affect each other's open files. Because of the
way extensions are shared between (sub-)interpreters, some extensions may not
work properly; this is especially likely when the extension makes use of
(static) global variables, or when the extension manipulates its module's
dictionary after its initialization. It is possible to insert objects created
in one sub-interpreter into a namespace of another sub-interpreter; this should
be done with great care to avoid sharing user-defined functions, methods,
instances or classes between sub-interpreters, since import operations executed
by such objects may affect the wrong (sub-)interpreter's dictionary of loaded
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modules.
Also note that combining this functionality with :c:func:`PyGILState_\*` APIs
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is delicate, because these APIs assume a bijection between Python thread states
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and OS-level threads, an assumption broken by the presence of sub-interpreters.
It is highly recommended that you don't switch sub-interpreters between a pair
of matching :c:func:`PyGILState_Ensure` and :c:func:`PyGILState_Release` calls.
Furthermore, extensions (such as :mod:`ctypes`) using these APIs to allow calling
of Python code from non-Python created threads will probably be broken when using
sub-interpreters.
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Asynchronous Notifications
==========================
Merged revisions 70712,70714,70764-70765,70769-70771,70773,70776-70777,70788-70789,70824,70828,70832,70836,70842,70851,70855,70857,70866-70872,70883,70885,70893-70894,70896-70897,70903,70905-70907,70915,70927,70933,70951,70960,70962-70964,70998,71001,71006,71008,71010-71011,71019,71037,71056,71094,71101-71103,71106,71119,71123,71149-71150,71203,71212,71214-71217,71221,71240 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70712 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-03-30 10:15:38 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line don't rely on the order dict repr #5605 ........ r70714 | brett.cannon | 2009-03-30 10:20:53 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Add an entry to developers.txt. ........ r70764 | martin.v.loewis | 2009-03-30 17:06:33 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 2 lines Add several VM developers. ........ r70765 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-30 17:09:34 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5199: make warning about vars() assignment more visible. ........ r70769 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 17:29:53 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Remove comment ........ r70770 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 17:30:20 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Add several items and placeholders ........ r70771 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 17:31:11 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Many edits ........ r70773 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-30 17:43:00 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5039: make it clear that the impl. note refers to CPython. ........ r70776 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 18:08:24 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line typo fix ........ r70777 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 18:09:46 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Add more items ........ r70788 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 20:21:01 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Add various items ........ r70789 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-30 20:25:15 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Fix a wrong struct field assignment (docstring as closure). ........ r70824 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 10:43:20 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5519: remove reference to Kodos, which seems dead. ........ r70828 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 10:50:16 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5581: fget argument of abstractproperty is optional as well. ........ r70832 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 11:31:11 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1386675: specify WindowsError as the exception, because it has a winerror attribute that EnvironmentError doesnt have. ........ r70836 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 11:50:25 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5417: replace references to undocumented functions by ones to documented functions. ........ r70842 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 12:13:06 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #970783: document PyObject_Generic[GS]etAttr. ........ r70851 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 13:26:55 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #837577: note cryptic return value of spawn*e on invalid env dicts. ........ r70855 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 13:30:37 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5245: note that PyRun_SimpleString doesnt return on SystemExit. ........ r70857 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 13:33:10 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5227: note that Py_Main doesnt return on SystemExit. ........ r70866 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:06:57 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #4882: document named group behavior a bit better. ........ r70867 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:10:35 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1096310: document usage of sys.__std*__ a bit better. ........ r70868 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:12:17 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5190: export make_option in __all__. ........ r70869 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:14:42 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line Fix-up unwanted change. ........ r70870 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:26:24 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #4411: document mro() and __mro__. (I hope I got it right.) ........ r70871 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:30:56 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5618: fix typo. ........ r70872 | r.david.murray | 2009-03-31 14:31:17 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 3 lines Delete out-of-date and little-known README from the test directory by consensus of devs at pycon sprint. ........ r70883 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 15:41:08 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1674032: return value of flag from Event.wait(). OKed by Guido. ........ r70885 | tarek.ziade | 2009-03-31 15:48:31 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line using log.warn for sys.stderr ........ r70893 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 15:56:32 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1530012: move TQS section before raw strings. ........ r70894 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-03-31 16:06:30 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line take the usual lock precautions around _active_limbo_lock ........ r70896 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 16:15:33 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5598: document DocFileSuite *args argument. ........ r70897 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-03-31 16:34:42 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line fix Thread.ident when it is the main thread or a dummy thread #5632 ........ r70903 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 16:45:18 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1676135: remove trailing slashes from --prefix argument. ........ r70905 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 17:03:40 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5563: more documentation for bdist_msi. ........ r70906 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 17:11:53 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1651995: fix _convert_ref for non-ASCII characters. ........ r70907 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 17:18:19 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #3427: document correct return type for urlopen().info(). ........ r70915 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 17:40:16 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5018: remove confusing paragraph. ........ r70927 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 18:01:27 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line Dont shout to users. ........ r70933 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 19:04:33 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 2 lines Issue #5635: Fix running test_sys with tracing enabled. ........ r70951 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-01 09:02:27 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line Add Maksim, who worked on several issues at the sprint. ........ r70960 | jesse.noller | 2009-04-01 11:42:19 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line Issue 3270: document Listener address restrictions on windows ........ r70962 | brett.cannon | 2009-04-01 12:07:16 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 2 lines Ron DuPlain was given commit privileges at PyCon 2009 to work on 3to2. ........ r70963 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-01 12:46:01 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5655: fix docstring oversight. ........ r70964 | brett.cannon | 2009-04-01 12:52:13 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 2 lines Paul Kippes was given commit privileges to work on 3to2. ........ r70998 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-01 16:54:21 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line In Pdb, stop assigning values to __builtin__._ which interferes with the one commonly installed by gettext. ........ r71001 | brett.cannon | 2009-04-01 18:01:12 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Add my initials to Misc/developers.txt. Names are now sorted by number of characters in the person's name. ........ r71006 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-01 18:32:17 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line Cache the f_locals dict of the current frame, since every access to frame.f_locals overrides its contents with the real locals which undoes modifications made by the debugging user. ........ r71008 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-01 19:02:14 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r71010 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-01 19:11:52 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line fix markup ........ r71011 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-01 19:12:47 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line this should be :noindex: ........ r71019 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-01 21:00:01 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line Fix test_doctest, missed two assignments to curframe. ........ r71037 | r.david.murray | 2009-04-01 23:34:04 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 6 lines Clarify that datetime strftime does not produce leap seconds and datetime strptime does not accept it in the strftime behavior section of the datetime docs. Closes issue 2568. ........ r71056 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-02 12:43:07 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 2 lines Actually the displayhook should print the repr. ........ r71094 | vinay.sajip | 2009-04-03 05:23:18 -0500 (Fri, 03 Apr 2009) | 1 line Added warning about logging use from asynchronous signal handlers. ........ r71101 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-03 16:43:00 -0500 (Fri, 03 Apr 2009) | 1 line Add some items ........ r71102 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-03 16:44:49 -0500 (Fri, 03 Apr 2009) | 1 line Fix 'the the'; grammar fix ........ r71103 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-03 16:45:29 -0500 (Fri, 03 Apr 2009) | 1 line Fix 'the the' duplication ........ r71106 | vinay.sajip | 2009-04-03 16:58:16 -0500 (Fri, 03 Apr 2009) | 1 line Clarified warning about logging use from asynchronous signal handlers. ........ r71119 | raymond.hettinger | 2009-04-04 00:37:47 -0500 (Sat, 04 Apr 2009) | 1 line Add helpful link. ........ r71123 | r.david.murray | 2009-04-04 01:39:56 -0500 (Sat, 04 Apr 2009) | 2 lines Fix error in description of 'oct' (issue 5678). ........ r71149 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-04 08:42:39 -0500 (Sat, 04 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5642: clarify map() compatibility to the builtin. ........ r71150 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-04 08:45:49 -0500 (Sat, 04 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5601: clarify that webbrowser is not meant for file names. ........ r71203 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-04 18:46:34 -0500 (Sat, 04 Apr 2009) | 1 line note how using iter* are unsafe while mutating and document iter(dict) ........ r71212 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 05:24:20 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #1742837: expand HTTP server docs, and fix SocketServer ones to document methods as methods, not functions. ........ r71214 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 05:29:57 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Normalize spelling of Mac OS X. ........ r71215 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 05:32:26 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Avoid sure signs of a diseased mind. ........ r71216 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 05:41:02 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #1718017: document the relation of os.path and the posixpath, ntpath etc. modules better. ........ r71217 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 05:48:47 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #1726172: dont raise an unexpected IndexError if a voidresp() call has an empty response. ........ r71221 | vinay.sajip | 2009-04-05 06:06:24 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Issue #5695: Moved logging.captureWarnings() call inside with statement in WarningsTest.test_warnings. ........ r71240 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 09:40:06 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5370: doc update about unpickling objects with custom __getattr__ etc. methods. ........
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A mechanism is provided to make asynchronous notifications to the main
interpreter thread. These notifications take the form of a function
pointer and a void pointer argument.
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.. c:function:: int Py_AddPendingCall(int (*func)(void *), void *arg)
.. index:: single: Py_AddPendingCall()
Schedule a function to be called from the main interpreter thread. On
success, ``0`` is returned and *func* is queued for being called in the
main thread. On failure, ``-1`` is returned without setting any exception.
When successfully queued, *func* will be *eventually* called from the
main interpreter thread with the argument *arg*. It will be called
asynchronously with respect to normally running Python code, but with
both these conditions met:
* on a :term:`bytecode` boundary;
* with the main thread holding the :term:`global interpreter lock`
(*func* can therefore use the full C API).
*func* must return ``0`` on success, or ``-1`` on failure with an exception
set. *func* won't be interrupted to perform another asynchronous
notification recursively, but it can still be interrupted to switch
threads if the global interpreter lock is released.
This function doesn't need a current thread state to run, and it doesn't
need the global interpreter lock.
.. warning::
This is a low-level function, only useful for very special cases.
There is no guarantee that *func* will be called as quick as
possible. If the main thread is busy executing a system call,
*func* won't be called before the system call returns. This
function is generally **not** suitable for calling Python code from
arbitrary C threads. Instead, use the :ref:`PyGILState API<gilstate>`.
.. versionadded:: 3.1
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.. _profiling:
Profiling and Tracing
=====================
.. sectionauthor:: Fred L. Drake, Jr. <fdrake@acm.org>
The Python interpreter provides some low-level support for attaching profiling
and execution tracing facilities. These are used for profiling, debugging, and
coverage analysis tools.
This C interface allows the profiling or tracing code to avoid the overhead of
calling through Python-level callable objects, making a direct C function call
instead. The essential attributes of the facility have not changed; the
interface allows trace functions to be installed per-thread, and the basic
events reported to the trace function are the same as had been reported to the
Python-level trace functions in previous versions.
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.. c:type:: int (*Py_tracefunc)(PyObject *obj, PyFrameObject *frame, int what, PyObject *arg)
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The type of the trace function registered using :c:func:`PyEval_SetProfile` and
:c:func:`PyEval_SetTrace`. The first parameter is the object passed to the
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registration function as *obj*, *frame* is the frame object to which the event
pertains, *what* is one of the constants :const:`PyTrace_CALL`,
:const:`PyTrace_EXCEPTION`, :const:`PyTrace_LINE`, :const:`PyTrace_RETURN`,
:const:`PyTrace_C_CALL`, :const:`PyTrace_C_EXCEPTION`, or
:const:`PyTrace_C_RETURN`, and *arg* depends on the value of *what*:
+------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Value of *what* | Meaning of *arg* |
+==============================+======================================+
| :const:`PyTrace_CALL` | Always *NULL*. |
+------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| :const:`PyTrace_EXCEPTION` | Exception information as returned by |
| | :func:`sys.exc_info`. |
+------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| :const:`PyTrace_LINE` | Always *NULL*. |
+------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| :const:`PyTrace_RETURN` | Value being returned to the caller, |
| | or *NULL* if caused by an exception. |
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+------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| :const:`PyTrace_C_CALL` | Function object being called. |
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+------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| :const:`PyTrace_C_EXCEPTION` | Function object being called. |
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+------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| :const:`PyTrace_C_RETURN` | Function object being called. |
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+------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
.. c:var:: int PyTrace_CALL
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The value of the *what* parameter to a :c:type:`Py_tracefunc` function when a new
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call to a function or method is being reported, or a new entry into a generator.
Note that the creation of the iterator for a generator function is not reported
as there is no control transfer to the Python bytecode in the corresponding
frame.
.. c:var:: int PyTrace_EXCEPTION
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The value of the *what* parameter to a :c:type:`Py_tracefunc` function when an
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exception has been raised. The callback function is called with this value for
*what* when after any bytecode is processed after which the exception becomes
set within the frame being executed. The effect of this is that as exception
propagation causes the Python stack to unwind, the callback is called upon
return to each frame as the exception propagates. Only trace functions receives
these events; they are not needed by the profiler.
.. c:var:: int PyTrace_LINE
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The value passed as the *what* parameter to a trace function (but not a
profiling function) when a line-number event is being reported.
.. c:var:: int PyTrace_RETURN
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The value for the *what* parameter to :c:type:`Py_tracefunc` functions when a
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call is returning without propagating an exception.
.. c:var:: int PyTrace_C_CALL
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The value for the *what* parameter to :c:type:`Py_tracefunc` functions when a C
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function is about to be called.
.. c:var:: int PyTrace_C_EXCEPTION
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The value for the *what* parameter to :c:type:`Py_tracefunc` functions when a C
function has raised an exception.
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.. c:var:: int PyTrace_C_RETURN
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The value for the *what* parameter to :c:type:`Py_tracefunc` functions when a C
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function has returned.
.. c:function:: void PyEval_SetProfile(Py_tracefunc func, PyObject *obj)
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Set the profiler function to *func*. The *obj* parameter is passed to the
function as its first parameter, and may be any Python object, or *NULL*. If
the profile function needs to maintain state, using a different value for *obj*
for each thread provides a convenient and thread-safe place to store it. The
profile function is called for all monitored events except the line-number
events.
.. c:function:: void PyEval_SetTrace(Py_tracefunc func, PyObject *obj)
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Set the tracing function to *func*. This is similar to
:c:func:`PyEval_SetProfile`, except the tracing function does receive line-number
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events.
.. _advanced-debugging:
Advanced Debugger Support
=========================
.. sectionauthor:: Fred L. Drake, Jr. <fdrake@acm.org>
These functions are only intended to be used by advanced debugging tools.
.. c:function:: PyInterpreterState* PyInterpreterState_Head()
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Return the interpreter state object at the head of the list of all such objects.
.. c:function:: PyInterpreterState* PyInterpreterState_Next(PyInterpreterState *interp)
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Return the next interpreter state object after *interp* from the list of all
such objects.
.. c:function:: PyThreadState * PyInterpreterState_ThreadHead(PyInterpreterState *interp)
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Return the pointer to the first :c:type:`PyThreadState` object in the list of
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threads associated with the interpreter *interp*.
.. c:function:: PyThreadState* PyThreadState_Next(PyThreadState *tstate)
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Return the next thread state object after *tstate* from the list of all such
objects belonging to the same :c:type:`PyInterpreterState` object.
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.. _thread-local-storage:
Thread Local Storage Support
============================
.. sectionauthor:: Masayuki Yamamoto <ma3yuki.8mamo10@gmail.com>
The Python interpreter provides low-level support for thread-local storage
(TLS) which wraps the underlying native TLS implementation to support the
Python-level thread local storage API (:class:`threading.local`). The
CPython C level APIs are similar to those offered by pthreads and Windows:
use a thread key and functions to associate a :c:type:`void\*` value per
thread.
The GIL does *not* need to be held when calling these functions; they supply
their own locking.
Note that :file:`Python.h` does not include the declaration of the TLS APIs,
you need to include :file:`pythread.h` to use thread-local storage.
.. note::
None of these API functions handle memory management on behalf of the
:c:type:`void\*` values. You need to allocate and deallocate them yourself.
If the :c:type:`void\*` values happen to be :c:type:`PyObject\*`, these
functions don't do refcount operations on them either.
.. _thread-specific-storage-api:
Thread Specific Storage (TSS) API
---------------------------------
TSS API is introduced to supersede the use of the existing TLS API within the
CPython interpreter. This API uses a new type :c:type:`Py_tss_t` instead of
:c:type:`int` to represent thread keys.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. seealso:: "A New C-API for Thread-Local Storage in CPython" (:pep:`539`)
.. c:type:: Py_tss_t
This data structure represents the state of a thread key, the definition of
which may depend on the underlying TLS implementation, and it has an
internal field representing the key's initialization state. There are no
public members in this structure.
When :ref:`Py_LIMITED_API <stable>` is not defined, static allocation of
this type by :c:macro:`Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT` is allowed.
.. c:macro:: Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT
This macro expands to the initializer for :c:type:`Py_tss_t` variables.
Note that this macro won't be defined with :ref:`Py_LIMITED_API <stable>`.
Dynamic Allocation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Dynamic allocation of the :c:type:`Py_tss_t`, required in extension modules
built with :ref:`Py_LIMITED_API <stable>`, where static allocation of this type
is not possible due to its implementation being opaque at build time.
.. c:function:: Py_tss_t* PyThread_tss_alloc()
Return a value which is the same state as a value initialized with
:c:macro:`Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT`, or *NULL* in the case of dynamic allocation
failure.
.. c:function:: void PyThread_tss_free(Py_tss_t *key)
Free the given *key* allocated by :c:func:`PyThread_tss_alloc`, after
first calling :c:func:`PyThread_tss_delete` to ensure any associated
thread locals have been unassigned. This is a no-op if the *key*
argument is `NULL`.
.. note::
A freed key becomes a dangling pointer, you should reset the key to
`NULL`.
Methods
~~~~~~~
The parameter *key* of these functions must not be *NULL*. Moreover, the
behaviors of :c:func:`PyThread_tss_set` and :c:func:`PyThread_tss_get` are
undefined if the given :c:type:`Py_tss_t` has not been initialized by
:c:func:`PyThread_tss_create`.
.. c:function:: int PyThread_tss_is_created(Py_tss_t *key)
Return a non-zero value if the given :c:type:`Py_tss_t` has been initialized
by :c:func:`PyThread_tss_create`.
.. c:function:: int PyThread_tss_create(Py_tss_t *key)
Return a zero value on successful initialization of a TSS key. The behavior
is undefined if the value pointed to by the *key* argument is not
initialized by :c:macro:`Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT`. This function can be called
repeatedly on the same key -- calling it on an already initialized key is a
no-op and immediately returns success.
.. c:function:: void PyThread_tss_delete(Py_tss_t *key)
Destroy a TSS key to forget the values associated with the key across all
threads, and change the key's initialization state to uninitialized. A
destroyed key is able to be initialized again by
:c:func:`PyThread_tss_create`. This function can be called repeatedly on
the same key -- calling it on an already destroyed key is a no-op.
.. c:function:: int PyThread_tss_set(Py_tss_t *key, void *value)
Return a zero value to indicate successfully associating a :c:type:`void\*`
value with a TSS key in the current thread. Each thread has a distinct
mapping of the key to a :c:type:`void\*` value.
.. c:function:: void* PyThread_tss_get(Py_tss_t *key)
Return the :c:type:`void\*` value associated with a TSS key in the current
thread. This returns *NULL* if no value is associated with the key in the
current thread.
.. _thread-local-storage-api:
Thread Local Storage (TLS) API
------------------------------
.. deprecated:: 3.7
This API is superseded by
:ref:`Thread Specific Storage (TSS) API <thread-specific-storage-api>`.
.. note::
This version of the API does not support platforms where the native TLS key
is defined in a way that cannot be safely cast to ``int``. On such platforms,
:c:func:`PyThread_create_key` will return immediately with a failure status,
and the other TLS functions will all be no-ops on such platforms.
Due to the compatibility problem noted above, this version of the API should not
be used in new code.
.. c:function:: int PyThread_create_key()
.. c:function:: void PyThread_delete_key(int key)
.. c:function:: int PyThread_set_key_value(int key, void *value)
.. c:function:: void* PyThread_get_key_value(int key)
.. c:function:: void PyThread_delete_key_value(int key)
.. c:function:: void PyThread_ReInitTLS()