cpython/Doc/library/subprocess.rst

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:mod:`subprocess` --- Subprocess management
===========================================
.. module:: subprocess
:synopsis: Subprocess management.
.. moduleauthor:: Peter Åstrand <astrand@lysator.liu.se>
.. sectionauthor:: Peter Åstrand <astrand@lysator.liu.se>
.. versionadded:: 2.4
The :mod:`subprocess` module allows you to spawn new processes, connect to their
input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return codes. This module intends to
replace several other, older modules and functions, such as::
os.system
os.spawn*
os.popen*
popen2.*
commands.*
Information about how the :mod:`subprocess` module can be used to replace these
modules and functions can be found in the following sections.
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.. seealso::
:pep:`324` -- PEP proposing the subprocess module
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Using the subprocess Module
---------------------------
This module defines one class called :class:`Popen`:
.. class:: Popen(args, bufsize=0, executable=None, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, preexec_fn=None, close_fds=False, shell=False, cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=False, startupinfo=None, creationflags=0)
Arguments are:
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*args* should be a string, or a sequence of program arguments. The program
to execute is normally the first item in the args sequence or the string if
a string is given, but can be explicitly set by using the *executable*
argument. When *executable* is given, the first item in the args sequence
is still treated by most programs as the command name, which can then be
different from the actual executable name. On Unix, it becomes the display
name for the executing program in utilities such as :program:`ps`.
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On Unix, with *shell=False* (default): In this case, the Popen class uses
:meth:`os.execvp` to execute the child program. *args* should normally be a
sequence. If a string is specified for *args*, it will be used as the name
or path of the program to execute; this will only work if the program is
being given no arguments.
.. note::
:meth:`shlex.split` can be useful when determining the correct
tokenization for *args*, especially in complex cases::
>>> import shlex, subprocess
>>> command_line = raw_input()
/bin/vikings -input eggs.txt -output "spam spam.txt" -cmd "echo '$MONEY'"
>>> args = shlex.split(command_line)
>>> print args
['/bin/vikings', '-input', 'eggs.txt', '-output', 'spam spam.txt', '-cmd', "echo '$MONEY'"]
>>> p = subprocess.Popen(args) # Success!
Note in particular that options (such as *-input*) and arguments (such
as *eggs.txt*) that are separated by whitespace in the shell go in separate
list elements, while arguments that need quoting or backslash escaping when
used in the shell (such as filenames containing spaces or the *echo* command
shown above) are single list elements.
On Unix, with *shell=True*: If args is a string, it specifies the command
string to execute through the shell. This means that the string must be
formatted exactly as it would be when typed at the shell prompt. This
includes, for example, quoting or backslash escaping filenames with spaces in
them. If *args* is a sequence, the first item specifies the command string, and
any additional items will be treated as additional arguments to the shell
itself. That is to say, *Popen* does the equivalent of::
Popen(['/bin/sh', '-c', args[0], args[1], ...])
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On Windows: the :class:`Popen` class uses CreateProcess() to execute the child
program, which operates on strings. If *args* is a sequence, it will be
converted to a string using the :meth:`list2cmdline` method. Please note that
not all MS Windows applications interpret the command line the same way:
:meth:`list2cmdline` is designed for applications using the same rules as the MS
C runtime.
*bufsize*, if given, has the same meaning as the corresponding argument to the
built-in open() function: :const:`0` means unbuffered, :const:`1` means line
buffered, any other positive value means use a buffer of (approximately) that
size. A negative *bufsize* means to use the system default, which usually means
fully buffered. The default value for *bufsize* is :const:`0` (unbuffered).
The *executable* argument specifies the program to execute. It is very seldom
needed: Usually, the program to execute is defined by the *args* argument. If
``shell=True``, the *executable* argument specifies which shell to use. On Unix,
the default shell is :file:`/bin/sh`. On Windows, the default shell is
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specified by the :envvar:`COMSPEC` environment variable. The only reason you
would need to specify ``shell=True`` on Windows is where the command you
wish to execute is actually built in to the shell, eg ``dir``, ``copy``.
You don't need ``shell=True`` to run a batch file, nor to run a console-based
executable.
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*stdin*, *stdout* and *stderr* specify the executed programs' standard input,
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standard output and standard error file handles, respectively. Valid values
are :data:`PIPE`, an existing file descriptor (a positive integer), an
existing file object, and ``None``. :data:`PIPE` indicates that a new pipe
to the child should be created. With ``None``, no redirection will occur;
the child's file handles will be inherited from the parent. Additionally,
*stderr* can be :data:`STDOUT`, which indicates that the stderr data from the
applications should be captured into the same file handle as for stdout.
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If *preexec_fn* is set to a callable object, this object will be called in the
child process just before the child is executed. (Unix only)
If *close_fds* is true, all file descriptors except :const:`0`, :const:`1` and
:const:`2` will be closed before the child process is executed. (Unix only).
Or, on Windows, if *close_fds* is true then no handles will be inherited by the
child process. Note that on Windows, you cannot set *close_fds* to true and
also redirect the standard handles by setting *stdin*, *stdout* or *stderr*.
If *shell* is :const:`True`, the specified command will be executed through the
shell.
If *cwd* is not ``None``, the child's current directory will be changed to *cwd*
before it is executed. Note that this directory is not considered when
searching the executable, so you can't specify the program's path relative to
*cwd*.
If *env* is not ``None``, it must be a mapping that defines the environment
variables for the new process; these are used instead of inheriting the current
process' environment, which is the default behavior.
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.. note::
If specified, *env* must provide any variables required
for the program to execute. On Windows, in order to run a
`side-by-side assembly`_ the specified *env* **must** include a valid
:envvar:`SystemRoot`.
.. _side-by-side assembly: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-by-Side_Assembly
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If *universal_newlines* is :const:`True`, the file objects stdout and stderr are
opened as text files, but lines may be terminated by any of ``'\n'``, the Unix
end-of-line convention, ``'\r'``, the old Macintosh convention or ``'\r\n'``, the
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Windows convention. All of these external representations are seen as ``'\n'``
by the Python program.
.. note::
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This feature is only available if Python is built with universal newline
support (the default). Also, the newlines attribute of the file objects
:attr:`stdout`, :attr:`stdin` and :attr:`stderr` are not updated by the
communicate() method.
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The *startupinfo* and *creationflags*, if given, will be passed to the
underlying CreateProcess() function. They can specify things such as appearance
of the main window and priority for the new process. (Windows only)
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.. data:: PIPE
Special value that can be used as the *stdin*, *stdout* or *stderr* argument
to :class:`Popen` and indicates that a pipe to the standard stream should be
opened.
.. data:: STDOUT
Special value that can be used as the *stderr* argument to :class:`Popen` and
indicates that standard error should go into the same handle as standard
output.
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Convenience Functions
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
This module also defines two shortcut functions:
.. function:: call(*popenargs, **kwargs)
Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete, then return the
:attr:`returncode` attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example::
Merged revisions 76538,76559,76882-76883,76886,76891-76892,76920,76924-76925,77081,77084,77086,77092 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r76538 | georg.brandl | 2009-11-26 21:48:25 +0100 (Do, 26 Nov 2009) | 1 line #7400: typo. ........ r76559 | georg.brandl | 2009-11-28 12:11:50 +0100 (Sa, 28 Nov 2009) | 1 line Fix versions and spacing. ........ r76882 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-19 18:30:28 +0100 (Sa, 19 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7527: use standard versionadded tags. ........ r76883 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-19 18:34:32 +0100 (Sa, 19 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7521: remove Py_GetBuildNumber(), which was removed in favor of Py_GetBuildInfo(). ........ r76886 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-19 18:43:33 +0100 (Sa, 19 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7493: review of Design FAQ by Florent Xicluna. ........ r76891 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-19 19:16:31 +0100 (Sa, 19 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7479: add note about function availability on Unices. ........ r76892 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-19 19:20:18 +0100 (Sa, 19 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7480: remove tautology. ........ r76920 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-20 15:20:16 +0100 (So, 20 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7495: backport Programming FAQ review to trunk. ........ r76924 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-20 15:28:05 +0100 (So, 20 Dez 2009) | 1 line Small indentation fix. ........ r76925 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-20 15:33:20 +0100 (So, 20 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7381: subprocess documentation and library docstring consistency fixes. ........ r77081 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-28 08:59:05 +0100 (Mo, 28 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7577: fix signature of PyBuffer_FillInfo(). ........ r77084 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-28 09:01:59 +0100 (Mo, 28 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7586: fix typo. ........ r77086 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-28 09:09:32 +0100 (Mo, 28 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7381: consistency update, and backport avoiding ``None >= 0`` check from py3k. ........ r77092 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-28 09:48:24 +0100 (Mo, 28 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7404: remove reference to non-existing example files. ........
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>>> retcode = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"])
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.. function:: check_call(*popenargs, **kwargs)
Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete. If the exit code was
zero then return, otherwise raise :exc:`CalledProcessError`. The
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:exc:`CalledProcessError` object will have the return code in the
:attr:`returncode` attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example::
Merged revisions 76538,76559,76882-76883,76886,76891-76892,76920,76924-76925,77081,77084,77086,77092 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r76538 | georg.brandl | 2009-11-26 21:48:25 +0100 (Do, 26 Nov 2009) | 1 line #7400: typo. ........ r76559 | georg.brandl | 2009-11-28 12:11:50 +0100 (Sa, 28 Nov 2009) | 1 line Fix versions and spacing. ........ r76882 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-19 18:30:28 +0100 (Sa, 19 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7527: use standard versionadded tags. ........ r76883 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-19 18:34:32 +0100 (Sa, 19 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7521: remove Py_GetBuildNumber(), which was removed in favor of Py_GetBuildInfo(). ........ r76886 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-19 18:43:33 +0100 (Sa, 19 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7493: review of Design FAQ by Florent Xicluna. ........ r76891 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-19 19:16:31 +0100 (Sa, 19 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7479: add note about function availability on Unices. ........ r76892 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-19 19:20:18 +0100 (Sa, 19 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7480: remove tautology. ........ r76920 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-20 15:20:16 +0100 (So, 20 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7495: backport Programming FAQ review to trunk. ........ r76924 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-20 15:28:05 +0100 (So, 20 Dez 2009) | 1 line Small indentation fix. ........ r76925 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-20 15:33:20 +0100 (So, 20 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7381: subprocess documentation and library docstring consistency fixes. ........ r77081 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-28 08:59:05 +0100 (Mo, 28 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7577: fix signature of PyBuffer_FillInfo(). ........ r77084 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-28 09:01:59 +0100 (Mo, 28 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7586: fix typo. ........ r77086 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-28 09:09:32 +0100 (Mo, 28 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7381: consistency update, and backport avoiding ``None >= 0`` check from py3k. ........ r77092 | georg.brandl | 2009-12-28 09:48:24 +0100 (Mo, 28 Dez 2009) | 1 line #7404: remove reference to non-existing example files. ........
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>>> subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"])
0
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.. versionadded:: 2.5
Exceptions
^^^^^^^^^^
Exceptions raised in the child process, before the new program has started to
execute, will be re-raised in the parent. Additionally, the exception object
will have one extra attribute called :attr:`child_traceback`, which is a string
containing traceback information from the childs point of view.
The most common exception raised is :exc:`OSError`. This occurs, for example,
when trying to execute a non-existent file. Applications should prepare for
:exc:`OSError` exceptions.
A :exc:`ValueError` will be raised if :class:`Popen` is called with invalid
arguments.
check_call() will raise :exc:`CalledProcessError`, if the called process returns
a non-zero return code.
Security
^^^^^^^^
Unlike some other popen functions, this implementation will never call /bin/sh
implicitly. This means that all characters, including shell metacharacters, can
safely be passed to child processes.
Popen Objects
-------------
Instances of the :class:`Popen` class have the following methods:
.. method:: Popen.poll()
Check if child process has terminated. Set and return :attr:`returncode`
attribute.
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.. method:: Popen.wait()
Wait for child process to terminate. Set and return :attr:`returncode`
attribute.
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.. warning::
This will deadlock if the child process generates enough output to a
stdout or stderr pipe such that it blocks waiting for the OS pipe buffer
to accept more data. Use :meth:`communicate` to avoid that.
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.. method:: Popen.communicate(input=None)
Interact with process: Send data to stdin. Read data from stdout and stderr,
until end-of-file is reached. Wait for process to terminate. The optional
*input* argument should be a string to be sent to the child process, or
``None``, if no data should be sent to the child.
:meth:`communicate` returns a tuple ``(stdoutdata, stderrdata)``.
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Note that if you want to send data to the process's stdin, you need to create
the Popen object with ``stdin=PIPE``. Similarly, to get anything other than
``None`` in the result tuple, you need to give ``stdout=PIPE`` and/or
``stderr=PIPE`` too.
.. note::
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The data read is buffered in memory, so do not use this method if the data
size is large or unlimited.
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.. method:: Popen.send_signal(signal)
Sends the signal *signal* to the child.
.. note::
On Windows only SIGTERM is supported so far. It's an alias for
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:meth:`terminate`.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Popen.terminate()
Stop the child. On Posix OSs the method sends SIGTERM to the
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child. On Windows the Win32 API function :cfunc:`TerminateProcess` is called
to stop the child.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Popen.kill()
Kills the child. On Posix OSs the function sends SIGKILL to the child.
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On Windows :meth:`kill` is an alias for :meth:`terminate`.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
The following attributes are also available:
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.. warning::
Use :meth:`communicate` rather than :attr:`.stdin.write <stdin>`,
:attr:`.stdout.read <stdout>` or :attr:`.stderr.read <stderr>` to avoid
deadlocks due to any of the other OS pipe buffers filling up and blocking the
child process.
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.. attribute:: Popen.stdin
Merged revisions 67571,67574-67576,67579-67581,67583,67591,67597,67608,67631 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67571 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 10:13:45 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Use markup. ........ r67574 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 10:25:32 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4441 followup: Add link to open() docs for Windows. ........ r67575 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 12:34:51 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4544: add `dedent` to textwrap.__all__. ........ r67576 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 13:09:41 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4529: fix parser's validation for try-except-finally statements. ........ r67579 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:29:39 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4517: add "special method" glossary entry and clarify when __getattribute__ is bypassed. ........ r67580 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:32:29 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4478: document that copyfile() can raise Error. ........ r67581 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:42:03 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #3171: document that *slice are removed in 3k. ........ r67583 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:52:20 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 4 lines Move __import__ to the bottom of the functions list. It doesn't make sense for such a fundamental document to have the most obscure function listed at the top. ........ r67591 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 19:00:06 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Followup to #4511: add link from decorator glossary entry to definition. ........ r67597 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 20:03:19 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Remove confusing sentence part. ........ r67608 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-06 12:57:12 +0100 (Sat, 06 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Follow-up to #4488: document PIPE and STDOUT properly. ........ r67631 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-07 12:54:07 +0100 (Sun, 07 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add link to the favicon to the docs. ........
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If the *stdin* argument was :data:`PIPE`, this attribute is a file object
that provides input to the child process. Otherwise, it is ``None``.
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.. attribute:: Popen.stdout
Merged revisions 67571,67574-67576,67579-67581,67583,67591,67597,67608,67631 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67571 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 10:13:45 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Use markup. ........ r67574 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 10:25:32 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4441 followup: Add link to open() docs for Windows. ........ r67575 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 12:34:51 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4544: add `dedent` to textwrap.__all__. ........ r67576 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 13:09:41 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4529: fix parser's validation for try-except-finally statements. ........ r67579 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:29:39 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4517: add "special method" glossary entry and clarify when __getattribute__ is bypassed. ........ r67580 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:32:29 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4478: document that copyfile() can raise Error. ........ r67581 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:42:03 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #3171: document that *slice are removed in 3k. ........ r67583 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:52:20 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 4 lines Move __import__ to the bottom of the functions list. It doesn't make sense for such a fundamental document to have the most obscure function listed at the top. ........ r67591 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 19:00:06 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Followup to #4511: add link from decorator glossary entry to definition. ........ r67597 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 20:03:19 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Remove confusing sentence part. ........ r67608 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-06 12:57:12 +0100 (Sat, 06 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Follow-up to #4488: document PIPE and STDOUT properly. ........ r67631 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-07 12:54:07 +0100 (Sun, 07 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add link to the favicon to the docs. ........
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If the *stdout* argument was :data:`PIPE`, this attribute is a file object
that provides output from the child process. Otherwise, it is ``None``.
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.. attribute:: Popen.stderr
Merged revisions 67571,67574-67576,67579-67581,67583,67591,67597,67608,67631 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67571 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 10:13:45 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Use markup. ........ r67574 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 10:25:32 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4441 followup: Add link to open() docs for Windows. ........ r67575 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 12:34:51 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4544: add `dedent` to textwrap.__all__. ........ r67576 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 13:09:41 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4529: fix parser's validation for try-except-finally statements. ........ r67579 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:29:39 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4517: add "special method" glossary entry and clarify when __getattribute__ is bypassed. ........ r67580 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:32:29 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4478: document that copyfile() can raise Error. ........ r67581 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:42:03 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #3171: document that *slice are removed in 3k. ........ r67583 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:52:20 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 4 lines Move __import__ to the bottom of the functions list. It doesn't make sense for such a fundamental document to have the most obscure function listed at the top. ........ r67591 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 19:00:06 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Followup to #4511: add link from decorator glossary entry to definition. ........ r67597 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 20:03:19 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Remove confusing sentence part. ........ r67608 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-06 12:57:12 +0100 (Sat, 06 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Follow-up to #4488: document PIPE and STDOUT properly. ........ r67631 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-07 12:54:07 +0100 (Sun, 07 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add link to the favicon to the docs. ........
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If the *stderr* argument was :data:`PIPE`, this attribute is a file object
that provides error output from the child process. Otherwise, it is
``None``.
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.. attribute:: Popen.pid
The process ID of the child process.
.. attribute:: Popen.returncode
The child return code, set by :meth:`poll` and :meth:`wait` (and indirectly
by :meth:`communicate`). A ``None`` value indicates that the process
hasn't terminated yet.
Merged revisions 68133-68134,68141-68142,68145-68146,68148-68149,68159-68162,68166,68171-68174,68179,68195-68196,68210,68214-68215,68217-68222 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r68133 | antoine.pitrou | 2009-01-01 16:38:03 +0100 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 1 line fill in actual issue number in tests ........ r68134 | hirokazu.yamamoto | 2009-01-01 16:45:39 +0100 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Issue #4797: IOError.filename was not set when _fileio.FileIO failed to open file with `str' filename on Windows. ........ r68141 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-01 17:43:12 +0100 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 1 line fix highlighting ........ r68142 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-01 18:29:49 +0100 (Thu, 01 Jan 2009) | 2 lines welcome to 2009, Python! ........ r68145 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2009-01-02 01:03:54 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 5 lines #4801 _collections module fails to build on cygwin. _PyObject_GC_TRACK is the macro version of PyObject_GC_Track, and according to documentation it should not be used for extension modules. ........ r68146 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 11:44:46 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix for issue4472: "configure --enable-shared doesn't work on OSX" ........ r68148 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 11:48:31 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Forgot to add a NEWS item in my previous checkin ........ r68149 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 11:50:48 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix for issue4780 ........ r68159 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 15:48:17 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix for issue 1627952 ........ r68160 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 15:52:09 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix for issue r1737832 ........ r68161 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 16:00:05 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 3 lines Fix for issue 1149804 ........ r68162 | ronald.oussoren | 2009-01-02 16:06:00 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 3 lines Fix for issue 4472 is incompatible with Cygwin, this patch should fix that. ........ r68166 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-02 19:26:23 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 1 line document PyMemberDef ........ r68171 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-02 21:25:14 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 3 lines #4811: fix markup glitches (mostly remains of the conversion), found by Gabriel Genellina. ........ r68172 | martin.v.loewis | 2009-01-02 21:32:55 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Issue #4075: Use OutputDebugStringW in Py_FatalError. ........ r68173 | martin.v.loewis | 2009-01-02 21:40:14 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Issue #4051: Prevent conflict of UNICODE macros in cPickle. ........ r68174 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-02 21:47:27 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 1 line fix compilation on non-Windows platforms ........ r68179 | raymond.hettinger | 2009-01-02 22:26:45 +0100 (Fri, 02 Jan 2009) | 1 line Issue #4615. Document how to use itertools for de-duping. ........ r68195 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 14:45:15 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Remove useless string literal. ........ r68196 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 15:29:53 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix indentation. ........ r68210 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 20:10:12 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Set eol-style correctly for mp_distributing.py. ........ r68214 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 20:44:48 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Make indentation consistent. ........ r68215 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 21:15:14 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix role name. ........ r68217 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 21:30:15 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Add rstlint, a little tool to find subtle markup problems and inconsistencies in the Doc sources. ........ r68218 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 21:38:59 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Recognize usage of the default role. ........ r68219 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 21:47:01 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix uses of the default role. ........ r68220 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 21:55:06 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Remove trailing whitespace. ........ r68221 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 22:04:55 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Remove tabs from the documentation. ........ r68222 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-03 22:11:58 +0100 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Disable the line length checker by default. ........
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A negative value ``-N`` indicates that the child was terminated by signal
``N`` (Unix only).
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.. _subprocess-replacements:
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Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module
----------------------------------------------------
In this section, "a ==> b" means that b can be used as a replacement for a.
.. note::
All functions in this section fail (more or less) silently if the executed
program cannot be found; this module raises an :exc:`OSError` exception.
In the following examples, we assume that the subprocess module is imported with
"from subprocess import \*".
Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
::
output=`mycmd myarg`
==>
output = Popen(["mycmd", "myarg"], stdout=PIPE).communicate()[0]
Merged revisions 66801,66803-66804,66813,66854-66856,66866,66870-66872,66874,66887,66903,66905,66911,66913,66927,66932,66938,66942,66962,66964,66973-66974,66977,66992,66998-66999,67002,67005,67007,67028,67040-67041,67044,67070,67089,67091,67101,67117-67119,67123-67124 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ................ r66801 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-10-04 23:51:59 +0200 (Sat, 04 Oct 2008) | 1 line Punctuation fix; expand dict.update docstring to be clearer ................ r66803 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-05 00:15:31 +0200 (Sun, 05 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix typo ................ r66804 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-10-05 02:11:56 +0200 (Sun, 05 Oct 2008) | 1 line #1415508 from Rocky Bernstein: add docstrings for enable_interspersed_args(), disable_interspersed_args() ................ r66813 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-10-06 14:07:04 +0200 (Mon, 06 Oct 2008) | 3 lines Per Greg Ward, optparse is no longer being externally maintained. I'll look at the bugs in the Optik bug tracker and copy them to the Python bug tracker if they're still relevant. ................ r66854 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-08 19:20:20 +0200 (Wed, 08 Oct 2008) | 2 lines #4059: patch up some sqlite docs. ................ r66855 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-08 19:30:55 +0200 (Wed, 08 Oct 2008) | 2 lines #4058: fix some whatsnew markup. ................ r66856 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-08 20:47:17 +0200 (Wed, 08 Oct 2008) | 3 lines #3935: properly support list subclasses in the C impl. of bisect. Patch reviewed by Raymond. ................ r66866 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-09 22:54:43 +0200 (Thu, 09 Oct 2008) | 1 line update paragraph about __future__ for 2.6 ................ r66870 | armin.rigo | 2008-10-10 10:40:44 +0200 (Fri, 10 Oct 2008) | 2 lines Typo: "ThreadError" is the name in the C source. ................ r66871 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-10 22:38:49 +0200 (Fri, 10 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix a small typo ................ r66872 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-10 22:51:37 +0200 (Fri, 10 Oct 2008) | 1 line talk about how you can unzip with zip ................ r66874 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-11 00:23:41 +0200 (Sat, 11 Oct 2008) | 1 line PyGILState_Acquire -> PyGILState_Ensure ................ r66887 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 23:51:40 +0200 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line document how to disable fixers ................ r66903 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 22:34:09 +0200 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't recurse into directories that start with '.' ................ r66905 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 23:05:55 +0200 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line support the optional line argument for idle ................ r66911 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 01:10:28 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 41 lines Merged revisions 66805,66841,66860,66884-66886,66893,66907,66910 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/sandbox/trunk/2to3/lib2to3 ........ r66805 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-04 20:11:02 -0500 (Sat, 04 Oct 2008) | 1 line mention what the fixes directory is for ........ r66841 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-07 17:48:12 -0500 (Tue, 07 Oct 2008) | 1 line use assertFalse and assertTrue ........ r66860 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-08 16:05:07 -0500 (Wed, 08 Oct 2008) | 1 line instead of abusing the pattern matcher, use start_tree to find a next binding ........ r66884 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 15:50:30 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't print tokens to stdout when -v is given ........ r66885 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 16:28:57 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line add the -x option to disable fixers ........ r66886 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 16:33:53 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line cut down on some crud ........ r66893 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-14 17:16:54 -0500 (Tue, 14 Oct 2008) | 1 line add an optional set literal fixer ........ r66907 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 16:59:41 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't write backup files by default ........ r66910 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 17:43:10 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line add the -n option; it stops backupfiles from being written ........ ................ r66913 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 20:52:14 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line document that deque indexing is O(n) #4123 ................ r66927 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-10-16 22:15:47 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line Fix wording (2.6.1 backport candidate) ................ r66932 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 23:09:28 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line check for error conditions in _json #3623 ................ r66938 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 23:27:54 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix possible ref leak ................ r66942 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 23:48:06 +0200 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix more possible ref leaks in _json and use Py_CLEAR ................ r66962 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-17 22:01:01 +0200 (Fri, 17 Oct 2008) | 1 line clarify CALL_FUNCTION #4141 ................ r66964 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-17 23:41:49 +0200 (Fri, 17 Oct 2008) | 2 lines Fix duplicate word. ................ r66973 | armin.ronacher | 2008-10-19 10:27:43 +0200 (Sun, 19 Oct 2008) | 3 lines Fixed #4067 by implementing _attributes and _fields for the AST root node. ................ r66974 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-19 15:59:01 +0200 (Sun, 19 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix compiler warning ................ r66977 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-19 21:39:16 +0200 (Sun, 19 Oct 2008) | 1 line mention -n ................ r66992 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-21 22:51:13 +0200 (Tue, 21 Oct 2008) | 1 line make sure to call iteritems() ................ r66998 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-22 22:57:43 +0200 (Wed, 22 Oct 2008) | 1 line fix a few typos ................ r66999 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-22 23:05:30 +0200 (Wed, 22 Oct 2008) | 1 line and another typo... ................ r67002 | hirokazu.yamamoto | 2008-10-23 02:37:33 +0200 (Thu, 23 Oct 2008) | 1 line Issue #4183: Some tests didn't run with pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL. ................ r67005 | walter.doerwald | 2008-10-23 15:11:39 +0200 (Thu, 23 Oct 2008) | 2 lines Use the correct names of the stateless codec functions (Fixes issue 4178). ................ r67007 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-23 23:43:48 +0200 (Thu, 23 Oct 2008) | 1 line only nonempty __slots__ don't work ................ r67028 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-26 01:27:07 +0200 (Sun, 26 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't use a catch-all ................ r67040 | armin.rigo | 2008-10-28 18:01:21 +0100 (Tue, 28 Oct 2008) | 5 lines Fix one of the tests: it relied on being present in an "output test" in order to actually test what it was supposed to test, i.e. that the code in the __del__ method did not crash. Use instead the new helper test_support.captured_output(). ................ r67041 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-29 21:33:00 +0100 (Wed, 29 Oct 2008) | 1 line mention the version gettempdir() was added ................ r67044 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-10-30 00:15:57 +0100 (Thu, 30 Oct 2008) | 3 lines Correct error message in io.open(): closefd=True is the only accepted value with a file name. ................ r67070 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-31 21:41:44 +0100 (Fri, 31 Oct 2008) | 1 line rephrase has_key doc ................ r67089 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-11-03 21:43:20 +0100 (Mon, 03 Nov 2008) | 1 line clarify by splitting into multiple paragraphs ................ r67091 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-11-03 23:34:57 +0100 (Mon, 03 Nov 2008) | 1 line move a FileIO test to test_fileio ................ r67101 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-04 21:49:35 +0100 (Tue, 04 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4167: fix markup glitches. ................ r67117 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-06 11:17:58 +0100 (Thu, 06 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4268: Use correct module for two toplevel functions. ................ r67118 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-06 11:19:11 +0100 (Thu, 06 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4267: small fixes in sqlite3 docs. ................ r67119 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-06 11:20:49 +0100 (Thu, 06 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4245: move Thread section to the top. ................ r67123 | georg.brandl | 2008-11-06 19:49:15 +0100 (Thu, 06 Nov 2008) | 2 lines #4247: add "pass" examples to tutorial. ................ r67124 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-11-06 20:23:02 +0100 (Thu, 06 Nov 2008) | 1 line Fix grammar error; reword two paragraphs ................
2008-11-07 04:56:27 -04:00
Replacing shell pipeline
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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::
output=`dmesg | grep hda`
==>
p1 = Popen(["dmesg"], stdout=PIPE)
p2 = Popen(["grep", "hda"], stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=PIPE)
output = p2.communicate()[0]
Replacing :func:`os.system`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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::
sts = os.system("mycmd" + " myarg")
==>
p = Popen("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True)
Merged revisions 74008,74021-74022,74074-74075,74077,74148,74179,74188,74192-74194,74200,74205 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r74008 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-07-15 02:46:42 +0200 (Mi, 15 Jul 2009) | 1 line update year ........ r74021 | georg.brandl | 2009-07-16 09:33:04 +0200 (Do, 16 Jul 2009) | 1 line #6486: start with built in functions rather than "built in objects". ........ r74022 | georg.brandl | 2009-07-16 09:38:35 +0200 (Do, 16 Jul 2009) | 1 line #6481: fix typo in os.system() replacement. ........ r74074 | georg.brandl | 2009-07-18 11:03:10 +0200 (Sa, 18 Jul 2009) | 1 line #6513: fix example code: warning categories are classes, not instances. ........ r74075 | georg.brandl | 2009-07-18 11:06:31 +0200 (Sa, 18 Jul 2009) | 1 line #6505: fix typos. ........ r74077 | georg.brandl | 2009-07-18 11:43:40 +0200 (Sa, 18 Jul 2009) | 1 line #6489: fix an ambiguity in getiterator() documentation. ........ r74148 | ezio.melotti | 2009-07-21 22:18:27 +0200 (Di, 21 Jul 2009) | 1 line #6536 fixed typo ........ r74179 | ezio.melotti | 2009-07-22 23:08:49 +0200 (Mi, 22 Jul 2009) | 1 line #6423 has_key -> in ........ r74188 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-07-23 16:25:31 +0200 (Do, 23 Jul 2009) | 1 line use bools ........ r74192 | georg.brandl | 2009-07-24 18:28:38 +0200 (Fr, 24 Jul 2009) | 1 line Fix arg types of et#. ........ r74193 | georg.brandl | 2009-07-24 18:46:38 +0200 (Fr, 24 Jul 2009) | 1 line Dont put "void" in signature for nullary functions. ........ r74194 | georg.brandl | 2009-07-24 22:09:46 +0200 (Fr, 24 Jul 2009) | 1 line #6564: fix section about the two raise syntaxes. ........ r74200 | georg.brandl | 2009-07-25 15:02:15 +0200 (Sa, 25 Jul 2009) | 1 line #6571: add index entries for more operators. ........ r74205 | georg.brandl | 2009-07-26 15:36:39 +0200 (So, 26 Jul 2009) | 1 line #6576: fix cross-refs in re docs. ........
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sts = os.waitpid(p.pid, 0)[1]
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Notes:
* Calling the program through the shell is usually not required.
* It's easier to look at the :attr:`returncode` attribute than the exit status.
A more realistic example would look like this::
try:
retcode = call("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True)
if retcode < 0:
print >>sys.stderr, "Child was terminated by signal", -retcode
else:
print >>sys.stderr, "Child returned", retcode
except OSError, e:
print >>sys.stderr, "Execution failed:", e
Replacing the :func:`os.spawn <os.spawnl>` family
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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P_NOWAIT example::
pid = os.spawnlp(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg")
==>
pid = Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"]).pid
P_WAIT example::
retcode = os.spawnlp(os.P_WAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg")
==>
retcode = call(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"])
Vector example::
os.spawnvp(os.P_NOWAIT, path, args)
==>
Popen([path] + args[1:])
Environment example::
os.spawnlpe(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg", env)
==>
Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"], env={"PATH": "/usr/bin"})
Replacing :func:`os.popen`, :func:`os.popen2`, :func:`os.popen3`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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::
pipe = os.popen("cmd", 'r', bufsize)
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==>
pipe = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdout=PIPE).stdout
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::
pipe = os.popen("cmd", 'w', bufsize)
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==>
pipe = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE).stdin
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::
(child_stdin, child_stdout) = os.popen2("cmd", mode, bufsize)
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==>
p = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize,
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stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True)
(child_stdin, child_stdout) = (p.stdin, p.stdout)
::
(child_stdin,
child_stdout,
child_stderr) = os.popen3("cmd", mode, bufsize)
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==>
p = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize,
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stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, close_fds=True)
(child_stdin,
child_stdout,
child_stderr) = (p.stdin, p.stdout, p.stderr)
::
(child_stdin, child_stdout_and_stderr) = os.popen4("cmd", mode,
bufsize)
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==>
p = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize,
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stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT, close_fds=True)
(child_stdin, child_stdout_and_stderr) = (p.stdin, p.stdout)
On Unix, os.popen2, os.popen3 and os.popen4 also accept a sequence as
the command to execute, in which case arguments will be passed
directly to the program without shell intervention. This usage can be
replaced as follows::
(child_stdin, child_stdout) = os.popen2(["/bin/ls", "-l"], mode,
bufsize)
==>
p = Popen(["/bin/ls", "-l"], bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)
(child_stdin, child_stdout) = (p.stdin, p.stdout)
Return code handling translates as follows::
pipe = os.popen("cmd", 'w')
...
rc = pipe.close()
if rc != None and rc % 256:
print "There were some errors"
==>
process = Popen("cmd", 'w', shell=True, stdin=PIPE)
...
process.stdin.close()
if process.wait() != 0:
print "There were some errors"
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Replacing functions from the :mod:`popen2` module
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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::
(child_stdout, child_stdin) = popen2.popen2("somestring", bufsize, mode)
==>
p = Popen(["somestring"], shell=True, bufsize=bufsize,
stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True)
(child_stdout, child_stdin) = (p.stdout, p.stdin)
On Unix, popen2 also accepts a sequence as the command to execute, in
which case arguments will be passed directly to the program without
shell intervention. This usage can be replaced as follows::
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(child_stdout, child_stdin) = popen2.popen2(["mycmd", "myarg"], bufsize,
mode)
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==>
p = Popen(["mycmd", "myarg"], bufsize=bufsize,
stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True)
(child_stdout, child_stdin) = (p.stdout, p.stdin)
Merged revisions 67571,67574-67576,67579-67581,67583,67591,67597,67608,67631 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67571 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 10:13:45 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Use markup. ........ r67574 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 10:25:32 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4441 followup: Add link to open() docs for Windows. ........ r67575 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 12:34:51 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4544: add `dedent` to textwrap.__all__. ........ r67576 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 13:09:41 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4529: fix parser's validation for try-except-finally statements. ........ r67579 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:29:39 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4517: add "special method" glossary entry and clarify when __getattribute__ is bypassed. ........ r67580 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:32:29 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4478: document that copyfile() can raise Error. ........ r67581 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:42:03 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #3171: document that *slice are removed in 3k. ........ r67583 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:52:20 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 4 lines Move __import__ to the bottom of the functions list. It doesn't make sense for such a fundamental document to have the most obscure function listed at the top. ........ r67591 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 19:00:06 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Followup to #4511: add link from decorator glossary entry to definition. ........ r67597 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 20:03:19 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Remove confusing sentence part. ........ r67608 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-06 12:57:12 +0100 (Sat, 06 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Follow-up to #4488: document PIPE and STDOUT properly. ........ r67631 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-07 12:54:07 +0100 (Sun, 07 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add link to the favicon to the docs. ........
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:class:`popen2.Popen3` and :class:`popen2.Popen4` basically work as
:class:`subprocess.Popen`, except that:
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
Merged revisions 67571,67574-67576,67579-67581,67583,67591,67597,67608,67631 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67571 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 10:13:45 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Use markup. ........ r67574 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 10:25:32 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4441 followup: Add link to open() docs for Windows. ........ r67575 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 12:34:51 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4544: add `dedent` to textwrap.__all__. ........ r67576 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 13:09:41 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4529: fix parser's validation for try-except-finally statements. ........ r67579 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:29:39 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4517: add "special method" glossary entry and clarify when __getattribute__ is bypassed. ........ r67580 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:32:29 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4478: document that copyfile() can raise Error. ........ r67581 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:42:03 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #3171: document that *slice are removed in 3k. ........ r67583 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:52:20 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 4 lines Move __import__ to the bottom of the functions list. It doesn't make sense for such a fundamental document to have the most obscure function listed at the top. ........ r67591 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 19:00:06 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Followup to #4511: add link from decorator glossary entry to definition. ........ r67597 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 20:03:19 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Remove confusing sentence part. ........ r67608 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-06 12:57:12 +0100 (Sat, 06 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Follow-up to #4488: document PIPE and STDOUT properly. ........ r67631 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-07 12:54:07 +0100 (Sun, 07 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add link to the favicon to the docs. ........
2008-12-07 10:47:12 -04:00
* :class:`Popen` raises an exception if the execution fails.
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* the *capturestderr* argument is replaced with the *stderr* argument.
Merged revisions 67571,67574-67576,67579-67581,67583,67591,67597,67608,67631 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67571 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 10:13:45 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Use markup. ........ r67574 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 10:25:32 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4441 followup: Add link to open() docs for Windows. ........ r67575 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 12:34:51 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4544: add `dedent` to textwrap.__all__. ........ r67576 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 13:09:41 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4529: fix parser's validation for try-except-finally statements. ........ r67579 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:29:39 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4517: add "special method" glossary entry and clarify when __getattribute__ is bypassed. ........ r67580 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:32:29 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4478: document that copyfile() can raise Error. ........ r67581 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:42:03 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #3171: document that *slice are removed in 3k. ........ r67583 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:52:20 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 4 lines Move __import__ to the bottom of the functions list. It doesn't make sense for such a fundamental document to have the most obscure function listed at the top. ........ r67591 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 19:00:06 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Followup to #4511: add link from decorator glossary entry to definition. ........ r67597 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 20:03:19 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Remove confusing sentence part. ........ r67608 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-06 12:57:12 +0100 (Sat, 06 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Follow-up to #4488: document PIPE and STDOUT properly. ........ r67631 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-07 12:54:07 +0100 (Sun, 07 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add link to the favicon to the docs. ........
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* ``stdin=PIPE`` and ``stdout=PIPE`` must be specified.
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
* popen2 closes all file descriptors by default, but you have to specify
Merged revisions 67571,67574-67576,67579-67581,67583,67591,67597,67608,67631 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67571 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 10:13:45 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Use markup. ........ r67574 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 10:25:32 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4441 followup: Add link to open() docs for Windows. ........ r67575 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 12:34:51 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4544: add `dedent` to textwrap.__all__. ........ r67576 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 13:09:41 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4529: fix parser's validation for try-except-finally statements. ........ r67579 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:29:39 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4517: add "special method" glossary entry and clarify when __getattribute__ is bypassed. ........ r67580 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:32:29 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4478: document that copyfile() can raise Error. ........ r67581 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:42:03 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #3171: document that *slice are removed in 3k. ........ r67583 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:52:20 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 4 lines Move __import__ to the bottom of the functions list. It doesn't make sense for such a fundamental document to have the most obscure function listed at the top. ........ r67591 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 19:00:06 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Followup to #4511: add link from decorator glossary entry to definition. ........ r67597 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 20:03:19 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Remove confusing sentence part. ........ r67608 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-06 12:57:12 +0100 (Sat, 06 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Follow-up to #4488: document PIPE and STDOUT properly. ........ r67631 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-07 12:54:07 +0100 (Sun, 07 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add link to the favicon to the docs. ........
2008-12-07 10:47:12 -04:00
``close_fds=True`` with :class:`Popen`.
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00