cpython/Doc/library/multiprocessing.rst

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:mod:`multiprocessing` --- Process-based parallelism
====================================================
.. module:: multiprocessing
:synopsis: Process-based parallelism.
**Source code:** :source:`Lib/multiprocessing/`
--------------
Introduction
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------------
:mod:`multiprocessing` is a package that supports spawning processes using an
API similar to the :mod:`threading` module. The :mod:`multiprocessing` package
offers both local and remote concurrency, effectively side-stepping the
:term:`Global Interpreter Lock` by using subprocesses instead of threads. Due
to this, the :mod:`multiprocessing` module allows the programmer to fully
leverage multiple processors on a given machine. It runs on both Unix and
Windows.
The :mod:`multiprocessing` module also introduces APIs which do not have
analogs in the :mod:`threading` module. A prime example of this is the
:class:`~multiprocessing.pool.Pool` object which offers a convenient means of
parallelizing the execution of a function across multiple input values,
distributing the input data across processes (data parallelism). The following
example demonstrates the common practice of defining such functions in a module
so that child processes can successfully import that module. This basic example
of data parallelism using :class:`~multiprocessing.pool.Pool`, ::
from multiprocessing import Pool
def f(x):
return x*x
if __name__ == '__main__':
with Pool(5) as p:
print(p.map(f, [1, 2, 3]))
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will print to standard output ::
[1, 4, 9]
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The :class:`Process` class
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In :mod:`multiprocessing`, processes are spawned by creating a :class:`Process`
object and then calling its :meth:`~Process.start` method. :class:`Process`
follows the API of :class:`threading.Thread`. A trivial example of a
multiprocess program is ::
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from multiprocessing import Process
def f(name):
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print('hello', name)
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if __name__ == '__main__':
p = Process(target=f, args=('bob',))
p.start()
p.join()
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To show the individual process IDs involved, here is an expanded example::
from multiprocessing import Process
import os
def info(title):
print(title)
print('module name:', __name__)
print('parent process:', os.getppid())
print('process id:', os.getpid())
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def f(name):
info('function f')
print('hello', name)
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if __name__ == '__main__':
info('main line')
p = Process(target=f, args=('bob',))
p.start()
p.join()
For an explanation of why the ``if __name__ == '__main__'`` part is
necessary, see :ref:`multiprocessing-programming`.
Contexts and start methods
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. _multiprocessing-start-methods:
Depending on the platform, :mod:`multiprocessing` supports three ways
to start a process. These *start methods* are
*spawn*
The parent process starts a fresh python interpreter process. The
child process will only inherit those resources necessary to run
the process objects :meth:`~Process.run` method. In particular,
unnecessary file descriptors and handles from the parent process
will not be inherited. Starting a process using this method is
rather slow compared to using *fork* or *forkserver*.
Available on Unix and Windows. The default on Windows.
*fork*
The parent process uses :func:`os.fork` to fork the Python
interpreter. The child process, when it begins, is effectively
identical to the parent process. All resources of the parent are
inherited by the child process. Note that safely forking a
multithreaded process is problematic.
Available on Unix only. The default on Unix.
*forkserver*
When the program starts and selects the *forkserver* start method,
a server process is started. From then on, whenever a new process
is needed, the parent process connects to the server and requests
that it fork a new process. The fork server process is single
threaded so it is safe for it to use :func:`os.fork`. No
unnecessary resources are inherited.
Available on Unix platforms which support passing file descriptors
over Unix pipes.
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
*spawn* added on all unix platforms, and *forkserver* added for
some unix platforms.
Child processes no longer inherit all of the parents inheritable
handles on Windows.
On Unix using the *spawn* or *forkserver* start methods will also
start a *semaphore tracker* process which tracks the unlinked named
semaphores created by processes of the program. When all processes
have exited the semaphore tracker unlinks any remaining semaphores.
Usually there should be none, but if a process was killed by a signal
there may some "leaked" semaphores. (Unlinking the named semaphores
is a serious matter since the system allows only a limited number, and
they will not be automatically unlinked until the next reboot.)
To select a start method you use the :func:`set_start_method` in
the ``if __name__ == '__main__'`` clause of the main module. For
example::
import multiprocessing as mp
def foo(q):
q.put('hello')
if __name__ == '__main__':
mp.set_start_method('spawn')
q = mp.Queue()
p = mp.Process(target=foo, args=(q,))
p.start()
print(q.get())
p.join()
:func:`set_start_method` should not be used more than once in the
program.
Alternatively, you can use :func:`get_context` to obtain a context
object. Context objects have the same API as the multiprocessing
module, and allow one to use multiple start methods in the same
program. ::
import multiprocessing as mp
def foo(q):
q.put('hello')
if __name__ == '__main__':
ctx = mp.get_context('spawn')
q = ctx.Queue()
p = ctx.Process(target=foo, args=(q,))
p.start()
print(q.get())
p.join()
Note that objects related to one context may not be compatible with
processes for a different context. In particular, locks created using
the *fork* context cannot be passed to a processes started using the
*spawn* or *forkserver* start methods.
A library which wants to use a particular start method should probably
use :func:`get_context` to avoid interfering with the choice of the
library user.
Exchanging objects between processes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
:mod:`multiprocessing` supports two types of communication channel between
processes:
**Queues**
The :class:`Queue` class is a near clone of :class:`queue.Queue`. For
example::
from multiprocessing import Process, Queue
def f(q):
q.put([42, None, 'hello'])
if __name__ == '__main__':
q = Queue()
p = Process(target=f, args=(q,))
p.start()
print(q.get()) # prints "[42, None, 'hello']"
p.join()
Queues are thread and process safe.
**Pipes**
The :func:`Pipe` function returns a pair of connection objects connected by a
pipe which by default is duplex (two-way). For example::
from multiprocessing import Process, Pipe
def f(conn):
conn.send([42, None, 'hello'])
conn.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
parent_conn, child_conn = Pipe()
p = Process(target=f, args=(child_conn,))
p.start()
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print(parent_conn.recv()) # prints "[42, None, 'hello']"
p.join()
The two connection objects returned by :func:`Pipe` represent the two ends of
the pipe. Each connection object has :meth:`~Connection.send` and
:meth:`~Connection.recv` methods (among others). Note that data in a pipe
may become corrupted if two processes (or threads) try to read from or write
to the *same* end of the pipe at the same time. Of course there is no risk
of corruption from processes using different ends of the pipe at the same
time.
Synchronization between processes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
:mod:`multiprocessing` contains equivalents of all the synchronization
primitives from :mod:`threading`. For instance one can use a lock to ensure
that only one process prints to standard output at a time::
from multiprocessing import Process, Lock
def f(l, i):
l.acquire()
try:
print('hello world', i)
finally:
l.release()
if __name__ == '__main__':
lock = Lock()
for num in range(10):
Process(target=f, args=(lock, num)).start()
Without using the lock output from the different processes is liable to get all
mixed up.
Sharing state between processes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
As mentioned above, when doing concurrent programming it is usually best to
avoid using shared state as far as possible. This is particularly true when
using multiple processes.
However, if you really do need to use some shared data then
:mod:`multiprocessing` provides a couple of ways of doing so.
**Shared memory**
Data can be stored in a shared memory map using :class:`Value` or
:class:`Array`. For example, the following code ::
from multiprocessing import Process, Value, Array
def f(n, a):
n.value = 3.1415927
for i in range(len(a)):
a[i] = -a[i]
if __name__ == '__main__':
num = Value('d', 0.0)
arr = Array('i', range(10))
p = Process(target=f, args=(num, arr))
p.start()
p.join()
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print(num.value)
print(arr[:])
will print ::
3.1415927
[0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
The ``'d'`` and ``'i'`` arguments used when creating ``num`` and ``arr`` are
typecodes of the kind used by the :mod:`array` module: ``'d'`` indicates a
Merged revisions 64722,64729,64753,64845-64846,64849,64871,64880-64882,64885,64888,64897,64900-64901,64915,64926-64929,64938-64941,64944,64961,64966,64973 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r64722 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-05 12:13:36 +0200 (Sat, 05 Jul 2008) | 4 lines #2663: support an *ignore* argument to shutil.copytree(). Patch by Tarek Ziade. This is a new feature, but Barry authorized adding it in the beta period. ........ r64729 | mark.dickinson | 2008-07-05 13:33:52 +0200 (Sat, 05 Jul 2008) | 5 lines Issue 3188: accept float('infinity') as well as float('inf'). This makes the float constructor behave in the same way as specified by various other language standards, including C99, IEEE 754r, and the IBM Decimal standard. ........ r64753 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-07-06 05:35:58 +0200 (Sun, 06 Jul 2008) | 4 lines - Issue #2862: Make int and float freelist management consistent with other freelists. Changes their CompactFreeList apis into ClearFreeList apis and calls them via gc.collect(). ........ r64845 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-10 16:03:19 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Issue 3301: Bisect functions behaved badly when lo was negative. ........ r64846 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-10 16:34:57 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Issue 3285: Fractions from_float() and from_decimal() accept Integral arguments. ........ r64849 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-10 16:43:31 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Wording changes ........ r64871 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-11 14:00:21 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add cautionary note on the use of PySequence_Fast_ITEMS. ........ r64880 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-07-11 23:28:25 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 5 lines #3317 in zipfile module, restore the previous names of global variables: some applications relied on them. Also remove duplicated lines. ........ r64881 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-07-11 23:45:06 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 3 lines #3342: In tracebacks, printed source lines were not indented since r62555. #3343: Py_DisplaySourceLine should be a private function. Rename it to _Py_DisplaySourceLine. ........ r64882 | josiah.carlson | 2008-07-12 00:17:14 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fix for the AttributeError in test_asynchat. ........ r64885 | josiah.carlson | 2008-07-12 01:26:59 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fixed test for asyncore. ........ r64888 | matthias.klose | 2008-07-12 09:51:48 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines - Fix bashisms in Tools/faqwiz/move-faqwiz.sh ........ r64897 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-07-12 22:16:19 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 1 line fix various doc typos #3320 ........ r64900 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-07-13 00:06:53 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fixed typo. ........ r64901 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-07-13 01:41:19 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line #1778443 robotparser fixes from Aristotelis Mikropoulos ........ r64915 | nick.coghlan | 2008-07-13 16:52:36 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Fix issue 3221 by emitting a RuntimeWarning instead of raising SystemError when the parent module can't be found during an absolute import (likely due to non-PEP 361 aware code which sets a module level __package__ attribute) ........ r64926 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-07-13 22:31:49 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Add turtle into the module index. ........ r64927 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-07-13 22:42:44 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 3 lines Issue #3274: Use a less common identifier for the temporary variable in Py_CLEAR(). ........ r64928 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-13 23:43:25 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Re-word ........ r64929 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-13 23:43:52 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add various items; move ctypes items into a subsection of their own ........ r64938 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 02:35:32 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fixes ........ r64939 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 02:40:55 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r64940 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 03:18:16 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r64941 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 03:18:31 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Expand the multiprocessing section ........ r64944 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-07-14 08:06:48 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 7 lines Fix posix.fork1() / os.fork1() to only call PyOS_AfterFork() in the child process rather than both parent and child. Does anyone actually use fork1()? It appears to be a Solaris thing but if Python is built with pthreads on Solaris, fork1() and fork() should be the same. ........ r64961 | jesse.noller | 2008-07-15 15:47:33 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line multiprocessing/connection.py patch to remove fqdn oddness for issue 3270 ........ r64966 | nick.coghlan | 2008-07-15 17:40:22 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add missing NEWS entry for r64962 ........ r64973 | jesse.noller | 2008-07-15 20:29:18 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line Revert 3270 patch: self._address is in pretty widespread use, need to revisit ........
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double precision float and ``'i'`` indicates a signed integer. These shared
objects will be process and thread-safe.
For more flexibility in using shared memory one can use the
:mod:`multiprocessing.sharedctypes` module which supports the creation of
arbitrary ctypes objects allocated from shared memory.
**Server process**
A manager object returned by :func:`Manager` controls a server process which
Merged revisions 64722,64729,64753,64845-64846,64849,64871,64880-64882,64885,64888,64897,64900-64901,64915,64926-64929,64938-64941,64944,64961,64966,64973 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r64722 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-05 12:13:36 +0200 (Sat, 05 Jul 2008) | 4 lines #2663: support an *ignore* argument to shutil.copytree(). Patch by Tarek Ziade. This is a new feature, but Barry authorized adding it in the beta period. ........ r64729 | mark.dickinson | 2008-07-05 13:33:52 +0200 (Sat, 05 Jul 2008) | 5 lines Issue 3188: accept float('infinity') as well as float('inf'). This makes the float constructor behave in the same way as specified by various other language standards, including C99, IEEE 754r, and the IBM Decimal standard. ........ r64753 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-07-06 05:35:58 +0200 (Sun, 06 Jul 2008) | 4 lines - Issue #2862: Make int and float freelist management consistent with other freelists. Changes their CompactFreeList apis into ClearFreeList apis and calls them via gc.collect(). ........ r64845 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-10 16:03:19 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Issue 3301: Bisect functions behaved badly when lo was negative. ........ r64846 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-10 16:34:57 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Issue 3285: Fractions from_float() and from_decimal() accept Integral arguments. ........ r64849 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-10 16:43:31 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Wording changes ........ r64871 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-11 14:00:21 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add cautionary note on the use of PySequence_Fast_ITEMS. ........ r64880 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-07-11 23:28:25 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 5 lines #3317 in zipfile module, restore the previous names of global variables: some applications relied on them. Also remove duplicated lines. ........ r64881 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-07-11 23:45:06 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 3 lines #3342: In tracebacks, printed source lines were not indented since r62555. #3343: Py_DisplaySourceLine should be a private function. Rename it to _Py_DisplaySourceLine. ........ r64882 | josiah.carlson | 2008-07-12 00:17:14 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fix for the AttributeError in test_asynchat. ........ r64885 | josiah.carlson | 2008-07-12 01:26:59 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fixed test for asyncore. ........ r64888 | matthias.klose | 2008-07-12 09:51:48 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines - Fix bashisms in Tools/faqwiz/move-faqwiz.sh ........ r64897 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-07-12 22:16:19 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 1 line fix various doc typos #3320 ........ r64900 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-07-13 00:06:53 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fixed typo. ........ r64901 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-07-13 01:41:19 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line #1778443 robotparser fixes from Aristotelis Mikropoulos ........ r64915 | nick.coghlan | 2008-07-13 16:52:36 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Fix issue 3221 by emitting a RuntimeWarning instead of raising SystemError when the parent module can't be found during an absolute import (likely due to non-PEP 361 aware code which sets a module level __package__ attribute) ........ r64926 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-07-13 22:31:49 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Add turtle into the module index. ........ r64927 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-07-13 22:42:44 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 3 lines Issue #3274: Use a less common identifier for the temporary variable in Py_CLEAR(). ........ r64928 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-13 23:43:25 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Re-word ........ r64929 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-13 23:43:52 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add various items; move ctypes items into a subsection of their own ........ r64938 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 02:35:32 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fixes ........ r64939 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 02:40:55 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r64940 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 03:18:16 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r64941 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 03:18:31 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Expand the multiprocessing section ........ r64944 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-07-14 08:06:48 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 7 lines Fix posix.fork1() / os.fork1() to only call PyOS_AfterFork() in the child process rather than both parent and child. Does anyone actually use fork1()? It appears to be a Solaris thing but if Python is built with pthreads on Solaris, fork1() and fork() should be the same. ........ r64961 | jesse.noller | 2008-07-15 15:47:33 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line multiprocessing/connection.py patch to remove fqdn oddness for issue 3270 ........ r64966 | nick.coghlan | 2008-07-15 17:40:22 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add missing NEWS entry for r64962 ........ r64973 | jesse.noller | 2008-07-15 20:29:18 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line Revert 3270 patch: self._address is in pretty widespread use, need to revisit ........
2008-07-16 09:55:28 -03:00
holds Python objects and allows other processes to manipulate them using
proxies.
A manager returned by :func:`Manager` will support types
:class:`list`, :class:`dict`, :class:`~managers.Namespace`, :class:`Lock`,
:class:`RLock`, :class:`Semaphore`, :class:`BoundedSemaphore`,
:class:`Condition`, :class:`Event`, :class:`Barrier`,
:class:`Queue`, :class:`Value` and :class:`Array`. For example, ::
from multiprocessing import Process, Manager
def f(d, l):
d[1] = '1'
d['2'] = 2
d[0.25] = None
l.reverse()
if __name__ == '__main__':
with Manager() as manager:
d = manager.dict()
l = manager.list(range(10))
p = Process(target=f, args=(d, l))
p.start()
p.join()
print(d)
print(l)
will print ::
{0.25: None, 1: '1', '2': 2}
[9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
Server process managers are more flexible than using shared memory objects
because they can be made to support arbitrary object types. Also, a single
manager can be shared by processes on different computers over a network.
They are, however, slower than using shared memory.
Using a pool of workers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The :class:`~multiprocessing.pool.Pool` class represents a pool of worker
processes. It has methods which allows tasks to be offloaded to the worker
processes in a few different ways.
For example::
from multiprocessing import Pool, TimeoutError
import time
import os
def f(x):
return x*x
if __name__ == '__main__':
# start 4 worker processes
with Pool(processes=4) as pool:
# print "[0, 1, 4,..., 81]"
print(pool.map(f, range(10)))
# print same numbers in arbitrary order
for i in pool.imap_unordered(f, range(10)):
print(i)
# evaluate "f(20)" asynchronously
res = pool.apply_async(f, (20,)) # runs in *only* one process
print(res.get(timeout=1)) # prints "400"
# evaluate "os.getpid()" asynchronously
res = pool.apply_async(os.getpid, ()) # runs in *only* one process
print(res.get(timeout=1)) # prints the PID of that process
# launching multiple evaluations asynchronously *may* use more processes
multiple_results = [pool.apply_async(os.getpid, ()) for i in range(4)]
print([res.get(timeout=1) for res in multiple_results])
# make a single worker sleep for 10 secs
res = pool.apply_async(time.sleep, (10,))
try:
print(res.get(timeout=1))
except TimeoutError:
print("We lacked patience and got a multiprocessing.TimeoutError")
print("For the moment, the pool remains available for more work")
# exiting the 'with'-block has stopped the pool
print("Now the pool is closed and no longer available")
Note that the methods of a pool should only ever be used by the
process which created it.
.. note::
Functionality within this package requires that the ``__main__`` module be
importable by the children. This is covered in :ref:`multiprocessing-programming`
however it is worth pointing out here. This means that some examples, such
as the :class:`multiprocessing.pool.Pool` examples will not work in the
interactive interpreter. For example::
>>> from multiprocessing import Pool
>>> p = Pool(5)
>>> def f(x):
... return x*x
...
>>> p.map(f, [1,2,3])
Process PoolWorker-1:
Process PoolWorker-2:
Process PoolWorker-3:
Traceback (most recent call last):
Traceback (most recent call last):
Traceback (most recent call last):
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'f'
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'f'
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'f'
(If you try this it will actually output three full tracebacks
interleaved in a semi-random fashion, and then you may have to
stop the master process somehow.)
Reference
---------
The :mod:`multiprocessing` package mostly replicates the API of the
:mod:`threading` module.
:class:`Process` and exceptions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2012-09-14 00:35:09 -03:00
.. class:: Process(group=None, target=None, name=None, args=(), kwargs={}, \
*, daemon=None)
Process objects represent activity that is run in a separate process. The
:class:`Process` class has equivalents of all the methods of
:class:`threading.Thread`.
The constructor should always be called with keyword arguments. *group*
should always be ``None``; it exists solely for compatibility with
Merged revisions 65910,65977,65980,65984,65986,66000,66011-66012,66014,66017,66020 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r65910 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-20 09:07:59 -0500 (Wed, 20 Aug 2008) | 1 line fix up the multiprocessing docs a little ........ r65977 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 14:47:25 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Silenced compiler warning Objects/stringlib/find.h:97: warning: 'stringlib_contains_obj' defined but not used Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65980 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 15:10:27 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Fixed two format strings in the _collections module. For example Modules/_collectionsmodule.c:674: warning: format '%i' expects type 'int', but argument 2 has type 'Py_ssize_t' Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65984 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 16:23:47 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 1 line d is the correct format string ........ r65986 | mark.hammond | 2008-08-22 19:59:14 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 2 lines Fix bug 3625: test issues on 64bit windows. r=pitrou ........ r66000 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-23 15:27:43 -0500 (Sat, 23 Aug 2008) | 5 lines #3643 add a few more checks to _testcapi to prevent segfaults Author: Victor Stinner Reviewer: Benjamin Peterson ........ r66011 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:27:43 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Ignore a couple more tests that report leaks inconsistently. ........ r66012 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:29:53 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Use the actual blacklist of leaky tests ........ r66014 | georg.brandl | 2008-08-24 13:11:07 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 2 lines #3654: fix duplicate test method name. Review by Benjamin P. ........ r66017 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-24 16:55:03 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line remove note about unimplemented feature ........ r66020 | brett.cannon | 2008-08-24 18:15:19 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Clarify that some attributes/methods are listed somewhat separately because they are not part of the threading API. ........
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:class:`threading.Thread`. *target* is the callable object to be invoked by
the :meth:`run()` method. It defaults to ``None``, meaning nothing is
called. *name* is the process name (see :attr:`name` for more details).
*args* is the argument tuple for the target invocation. *kwargs* is a
dictionary of keyword arguments for the target invocation. If provided,
the keyword-only *daemon* argument sets the process :attr:`daemon` flag
to ``True`` or ``False``. If ``None`` (the default), this flag will be
inherited from the creating process.
By default, no arguments are passed to *target*.
If a subclass overrides the constructor, it must make sure it invokes the
base class constructor (:meth:`Process.__init__`) before doing anything else
to the process.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
Added the *daemon* argument.
.. method:: run()
Method representing the process's activity.
You may override this method in a subclass. The standard :meth:`run`
method invokes the callable object passed to the object's constructor as
the target argument, if any, with sequential and keyword arguments taken
from the *args* and *kwargs* arguments, respectively.
.. method:: start()
Start the process's activity.
This must be called at most once per process object. It arranges for the
object's :meth:`run` method to be invoked in a separate process.
.. method:: join([timeout])
If the optional argument *timeout* is ``None`` (the default), the method
blocks until the process whose :meth:`join` method is called terminates.
If *timeout* is a positive number, it blocks at most *timeout* seconds.
Note that the method returns ``None`` if its process terminates or if the
method times out. Check the process's :attr:`exitcode` to determine if
it terminated.
A process can be joined many times.
A process cannot join itself because this would cause a deadlock. It is
an error to attempt to join a process before it has been started.
Merged revisions 65910,65977,65980,65984,65986,66000,66011-66012,66014,66017,66020 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r65910 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-20 09:07:59 -0500 (Wed, 20 Aug 2008) | 1 line fix up the multiprocessing docs a little ........ r65977 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 14:47:25 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Silenced compiler warning Objects/stringlib/find.h:97: warning: 'stringlib_contains_obj' defined but not used Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65980 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 15:10:27 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Fixed two format strings in the _collections module. For example Modules/_collectionsmodule.c:674: warning: format '%i' expects type 'int', but argument 2 has type 'Py_ssize_t' Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65984 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 16:23:47 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 1 line d is the correct format string ........ r65986 | mark.hammond | 2008-08-22 19:59:14 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 2 lines Fix bug 3625: test issues on 64bit windows. r=pitrou ........ r66000 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-23 15:27:43 -0500 (Sat, 23 Aug 2008) | 5 lines #3643 add a few more checks to _testcapi to prevent segfaults Author: Victor Stinner Reviewer: Benjamin Peterson ........ r66011 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:27:43 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Ignore a couple more tests that report leaks inconsistently. ........ r66012 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:29:53 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Use the actual blacklist of leaky tests ........ r66014 | georg.brandl | 2008-08-24 13:11:07 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 2 lines #3654: fix duplicate test method name. Review by Benjamin P. ........ r66017 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-24 16:55:03 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line remove note about unimplemented feature ........ r66020 | brett.cannon | 2008-08-24 18:15:19 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Clarify that some attributes/methods are listed somewhat separately because they are not part of the threading API. ........
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.. attribute:: name
The process's name. The name is a string used for identification purposes
only. It has no semantics. Multiple processes may be given the same
name.
The initial name is set by the constructor. If no explicit name is
provided to the constructor, a name of the form
'Process-N\ :sub:`1`:N\ :sub:`2`:...:N\ :sub:`k`' is constructed, where
each N\ :sub:`k` is the N-th child of its parent.
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.. method:: is_alive
Return whether the process is alive.
Roughly, a process object is alive from the moment the :meth:`start`
method returns until the child process terminates.
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.. attribute:: daemon
Merged revisions 67952,67957-67958,67960-67961,67963,67973,67978,67995,68030,68057,68061 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67952 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 11:42:40 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4752: actually use custom handler in example. ........ r67957 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 12:49:19 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4754: improve winsound documentation. ........ r67958 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 13:02:59 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4682: 'b' is actually unsigned char. ........ r67960 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 13:04:44 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4695: fix backslashery. ........ r67961 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 13:06:04 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Use :samp: role. ........ r67963 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 13:11:15 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4671: document that pydoc imports modules. ........ r67973 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-12-27 20:58:22 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Document Py_VaBuildValue. ........ r67978 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-28 05:58:49 -0600 (Sun, 28 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4731: clarify message about missing module prerequisites. ........ r67995 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-28 15:16:07 -0600 (Sun, 28 Dec 2008) | 1 line #4763 PyErr_ExceptionMatches won't blow up with NULL arguments ........ r68030 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-29 15:38:14 -0600 (Mon, 29 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix French ........ r68057 | vinay.sajip | 2008-12-30 01:01:25 -0600 (Tue, 30 Dec 2008) | 1 line Minor documentation change relating to NullHandler. ........ r68061 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-30 04:15:49 -0600 (Tue, 30 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4778: attributes can't be called. ........
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The process's daemon flag, a Boolean value. This must be set before
Merged revisions 65910,65977,65980,65984,65986,66000,66011-66012,66014,66017,66020 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r65910 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-20 09:07:59 -0500 (Wed, 20 Aug 2008) | 1 line fix up the multiprocessing docs a little ........ r65977 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 14:47:25 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Silenced compiler warning Objects/stringlib/find.h:97: warning: 'stringlib_contains_obj' defined but not used Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65980 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 15:10:27 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Fixed two format strings in the _collections module. For example Modules/_collectionsmodule.c:674: warning: format '%i' expects type 'int', but argument 2 has type 'Py_ssize_t' Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65984 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 16:23:47 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 1 line d is the correct format string ........ r65986 | mark.hammond | 2008-08-22 19:59:14 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 2 lines Fix bug 3625: test issues on 64bit windows. r=pitrou ........ r66000 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-23 15:27:43 -0500 (Sat, 23 Aug 2008) | 5 lines #3643 add a few more checks to _testcapi to prevent segfaults Author: Victor Stinner Reviewer: Benjamin Peterson ........ r66011 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:27:43 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Ignore a couple more tests that report leaks inconsistently. ........ r66012 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:29:53 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Use the actual blacklist of leaky tests ........ r66014 | georg.brandl | 2008-08-24 13:11:07 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 2 lines #3654: fix duplicate test method name. Review by Benjamin P. ........ r66017 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-24 16:55:03 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line remove note about unimplemented feature ........ r66020 | brett.cannon | 2008-08-24 18:15:19 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Clarify that some attributes/methods are listed somewhat separately because they are not part of the threading API. ........
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:meth:`start` is called.
The initial value is inherited from the creating process.
When a process exits, it attempts to terminate all of its daemonic child
processes.
Note that a daemonic process is not allowed to create child processes.
Otherwise a daemonic process would leave its children orphaned if it gets
terminated when its parent process exits. Additionally, these are **not**
Unix daemons or services, they are normal processes that will be
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terminated (and not joined) if non-daemonic processes have exited.
In addition to the :class:`threading.Thread` API, :class:`Process` objects
Merged revisions 65910,65977,65980,65984,65986,66000,66011-66012,66014,66017,66020 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r65910 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-20 09:07:59 -0500 (Wed, 20 Aug 2008) | 1 line fix up the multiprocessing docs a little ........ r65977 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 14:47:25 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Silenced compiler warning Objects/stringlib/find.h:97: warning: 'stringlib_contains_obj' defined but not used Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65980 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 15:10:27 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Fixed two format strings in the _collections module. For example Modules/_collectionsmodule.c:674: warning: format '%i' expects type 'int', but argument 2 has type 'Py_ssize_t' Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65984 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 16:23:47 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 1 line d is the correct format string ........ r65986 | mark.hammond | 2008-08-22 19:59:14 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 2 lines Fix bug 3625: test issues on 64bit windows. r=pitrou ........ r66000 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-23 15:27:43 -0500 (Sat, 23 Aug 2008) | 5 lines #3643 add a few more checks to _testcapi to prevent segfaults Author: Victor Stinner Reviewer: Benjamin Peterson ........ r66011 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:27:43 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Ignore a couple more tests that report leaks inconsistently. ........ r66012 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:29:53 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Use the actual blacklist of leaky tests ........ r66014 | georg.brandl | 2008-08-24 13:11:07 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 2 lines #3654: fix duplicate test method name. Review by Benjamin P. ........ r66017 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-24 16:55:03 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line remove note about unimplemented feature ........ r66020 | brett.cannon | 2008-08-24 18:15:19 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Clarify that some attributes/methods are listed somewhat separately because they are not part of the threading API. ........
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also support the following attributes and methods:
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.. attribute:: pid
Return the process ID. Before the process is spawned, this will be
``None``.
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.. attribute:: exitcode
Merged revisions 65910,65977,65980,65984,65986,66000,66011-66012,66014,66017,66020 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r65910 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-20 09:07:59 -0500 (Wed, 20 Aug 2008) | 1 line fix up the multiprocessing docs a little ........ r65977 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 14:47:25 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Silenced compiler warning Objects/stringlib/find.h:97: warning: 'stringlib_contains_obj' defined but not used Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65980 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 15:10:27 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Fixed two format strings in the _collections module. For example Modules/_collectionsmodule.c:674: warning: format '%i' expects type 'int', but argument 2 has type 'Py_ssize_t' Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65984 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 16:23:47 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 1 line d is the correct format string ........ r65986 | mark.hammond | 2008-08-22 19:59:14 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 2 lines Fix bug 3625: test issues on 64bit windows. r=pitrou ........ r66000 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-23 15:27:43 -0500 (Sat, 23 Aug 2008) | 5 lines #3643 add a few more checks to _testcapi to prevent segfaults Author: Victor Stinner Reviewer: Benjamin Peterson ........ r66011 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:27:43 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Ignore a couple more tests that report leaks inconsistently. ........ r66012 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:29:53 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Use the actual blacklist of leaky tests ........ r66014 | georg.brandl | 2008-08-24 13:11:07 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 2 lines #3654: fix duplicate test method name. Review by Benjamin P. ........ r66017 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-24 16:55:03 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line remove note about unimplemented feature ........ r66020 | brett.cannon | 2008-08-24 18:15:19 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Clarify that some attributes/methods are listed somewhat separately because they are not part of the threading API. ........
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The child's exit code. This will be ``None`` if the process has not yet
terminated. A negative value *-N* indicates that the child was terminated
by signal *N*.
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.. attribute:: authkey
Merged revisions 65910,65977,65980,65984,65986,66000,66011-66012,66014,66017,66020 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r65910 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-20 09:07:59 -0500 (Wed, 20 Aug 2008) | 1 line fix up the multiprocessing docs a little ........ r65977 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 14:47:25 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Silenced compiler warning Objects/stringlib/find.h:97: warning: 'stringlib_contains_obj' defined but not used Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65980 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 15:10:27 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Fixed two format strings in the _collections module. For example Modules/_collectionsmodule.c:674: warning: format '%i' expects type 'int', but argument 2 has type 'Py_ssize_t' Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65984 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 16:23:47 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 1 line d is the correct format string ........ r65986 | mark.hammond | 2008-08-22 19:59:14 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 2 lines Fix bug 3625: test issues on 64bit windows. r=pitrou ........ r66000 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-23 15:27:43 -0500 (Sat, 23 Aug 2008) | 5 lines #3643 add a few more checks to _testcapi to prevent segfaults Author: Victor Stinner Reviewer: Benjamin Peterson ........ r66011 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:27:43 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Ignore a couple more tests that report leaks inconsistently. ........ r66012 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:29:53 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Use the actual blacklist of leaky tests ........ r66014 | georg.brandl | 2008-08-24 13:11:07 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 2 lines #3654: fix duplicate test method name. Review by Benjamin P. ........ r66017 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-24 16:55:03 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line remove note about unimplemented feature ........ r66020 | brett.cannon | 2008-08-24 18:15:19 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Clarify that some attributes/methods are listed somewhat separately because they are not part of the threading API. ........
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The process's authentication key (a byte string).
When :mod:`multiprocessing` is initialized the main process is assigned a
random string using :func:`os.urandom`.
When a :class:`Process` object is created, it will inherit the
Merged revisions 65910,65977,65980,65984,65986,66000,66011-66012,66014,66017,66020 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r65910 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-20 09:07:59 -0500 (Wed, 20 Aug 2008) | 1 line fix up the multiprocessing docs a little ........ r65977 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 14:47:25 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Silenced compiler warning Objects/stringlib/find.h:97: warning: 'stringlib_contains_obj' defined but not used Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65980 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 15:10:27 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Fixed two format strings in the _collections module. For example Modules/_collectionsmodule.c:674: warning: format '%i' expects type 'int', but argument 2 has type 'Py_ssize_t' Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65984 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 16:23:47 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 1 line d is the correct format string ........ r65986 | mark.hammond | 2008-08-22 19:59:14 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 2 lines Fix bug 3625: test issues on 64bit windows. r=pitrou ........ r66000 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-23 15:27:43 -0500 (Sat, 23 Aug 2008) | 5 lines #3643 add a few more checks to _testcapi to prevent segfaults Author: Victor Stinner Reviewer: Benjamin Peterson ........ r66011 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:27:43 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Ignore a couple more tests that report leaks inconsistently. ........ r66012 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:29:53 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Use the actual blacklist of leaky tests ........ r66014 | georg.brandl | 2008-08-24 13:11:07 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 2 lines #3654: fix duplicate test method name. Review by Benjamin P. ........ r66017 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-24 16:55:03 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line remove note about unimplemented feature ........ r66020 | brett.cannon | 2008-08-24 18:15:19 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Clarify that some attributes/methods are listed somewhat separately because they are not part of the threading API. ........
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authentication key of its parent process, although this may be changed by
setting :attr:`authkey` to another byte string.
See :ref:`multiprocessing-auth-keys`.
.. attribute:: sentinel
A numeric handle of a system object which will become "ready" when
the process ends.
You can use this value if you want to wait on several events at
once using :func:`multiprocessing.connection.wait`. Otherwise
calling :meth:`join()` is simpler.
On Windows, this is an OS handle usable with the ``WaitForSingleObject``
and ``WaitForMultipleObjects`` family of API calls. On Unix, this is
a file descriptor usable with primitives from the :mod:`select` module.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. method:: terminate()
Terminate the process. On Unix this is done using the ``SIGTERM`` signal;
on Windows :c:func:`TerminateProcess` is used. Note that exit handlers and
finally clauses, etc., will not be executed.
Note that descendant processes of the process will *not* be terminated --
they will simply become orphaned.
.. warning::
If this method is used when the associated process is using a pipe or
queue then the pipe or queue is liable to become corrupted and may
become unusable by other process. Similarly, if the process has
acquired a lock or semaphore etc. then terminating it is liable to
cause other processes to deadlock.
Note that the :meth:`start`, :meth:`join`, :meth:`is_alive`,
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:meth:`terminate` and :attr:`exitcode` methods should only be called by
the process that created the process object.
Example usage of some of the methods of :class:`Process`:
.. doctest::
Merged revisions 66887,66891,66902-66903,66905-66906,66911-66913,66922,66927-66928,66936,66939-66940,66962,66964,66973 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ................ r66887 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 16:51:40 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line document how to disable fixers ................ r66891 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-10-14 16:47:22 -0500 (Tue, 14 Oct 2008) | 5 lines #4122: On Windows, Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE cannot be used in an extension module: compilation fails with "undefined reference to _Py_ascii_whitespace" Will backport to 2.6. ................ r66902 | skip.montanaro | 2008-10-15 06:49:10 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line easter egg ................ r66903 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 15:34:09 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't recurse into directories that start with '.' ................ r66905 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 16:05:55 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line support the optional line argument for idle ................ r66906 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 16:58:46 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line add a much requested newline ................ r66911 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 18:10:28 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 41 lines Merged revisions 66805,66841,66860,66884-66886,66893,66907,66910 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/sandbox/trunk/2to3/lib2to3 ........ r66805 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-04 20:11:02 -0500 (Sat, 04 Oct 2008) | 1 line mention what the fixes directory is for ........ r66841 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-07 17:48:12 -0500 (Tue, 07 Oct 2008) | 1 line use assertFalse and assertTrue ........ r66860 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-08 16:05:07 -0500 (Wed, 08 Oct 2008) | 1 line instead of abusing the pattern matcher, use start_tree to find a next binding ........ r66884 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 15:50:30 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't print tokens to stdout when -v is given ........ r66885 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 16:28:57 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line add the -x option to disable fixers ........ r66886 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 16:33:53 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line cut down on some crud ........ r66893 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-14 17:16:54 -0500 (Tue, 14 Oct 2008) | 1 line add an optional set literal fixer ........ r66907 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 16:59:41 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't write backup files by default ........ r66910 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 17:43:10 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line add the -n option; it stops backupfiles from being written ........ ................ r66912 | hirokazu.yamamoto | 2008-10-16 01:25:25 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 2 lines removed unused _PyUnicode_FromFileSystemEncodedObject. made win32_chdir, win32_wchdir static. ................ r66913 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 13:52:14 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line document that deque indexing is O(n) #4123 ................ r66922 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 14:40:14 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line use new showwarnings signature for idle #3391 ................ r66927 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-10-16 15:15:47 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line Fix wording (2.6.1 backport candidate) ................ r66928 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-16 15:20:56 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 2 lines Add more TOC to the whatsnew index page. ................ r66936 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-16 16:20:15 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 2 lines #4131: FF3 doesn't write cookies.txt files. ................ r66939 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-16 16:36:39 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 2 lines part of #4012: kill off old name "processing". ................ r66940 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-16 16:38:48 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 2 lines #4083: add "as" to except handler grammar as per PEP 3110. ................ r66962 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-17 15:01:01 -0500 (Fri, 17 Oct 2008) | 1 line clarify CALL_FUNCTION #4141 ................ r66964 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-17 16:41:49 -0500 (Fri, 17 Oct 2008) | 2 lines Fix duplicate word. ................ r66973 | armin.ronacher | 2008-10-19 03:27:43 -0500 (Sun, 19 Oct 2008) | 3 lines Fixed #4067 by implementing _attributes and _fields for the AST root node. ................
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>>> import multiprocessing, time, signal
>>> p = multiprocessing.Process(target=time.sleep, args=(1000,))
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>>> print(p, p.is_alive())
<Process(Process-1, initial)> False
>>> p.start()
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>>> print(p, p.is_alive())
<Process(Process-1, started)> True
>>> p.terminate()
>>> time.sleep(0.1)
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>>> print(p, p.is_alive())
<Process(Process-1, stopped[SIGTERM])> False
Merged revisions 65910,65977,65980,65984,65986,66000,66011-66012,66014,66017,66020 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r65910 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-20 09:07:59 -0500 (Wed, 20 Aug 2008) | 1 line fix up the multiprocessing docs a little ........ r65977 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 14:47:25 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Silenced compiler warning Objects/stringlib/find.h:97: warning: 'stringlib_contains_obj' defined but not used Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65980 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 15:10:27 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Fixed two format strings in the _collections module. For example Modules/_collectionsmodule.c:674: warning: format '%i' expects type 'int', but argument 2 has type 'Py_ssize_t' Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65984 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 16:23:47 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 1 line d is the correct format string ........ r65986 | mark.hammond | 2008-08-22 19:59:14 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 2 lines Fix bug 3625: test issues on 64bit windows. r=pitrou ........ r66000 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-23 15:27:43 -0500 (Sat, 23 Aug 2008) | 5 lines #3643 add a few more checks to _testcapi to prevent segfaults Author: Victor Stinner Reviewer: Benjamin Peterson ........ r66011 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:27:43 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Ignore a couple more tests that report leaks inconsistently. ........ r66012 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:29:53 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Use the actual blacklist of leaky tests ........ r66014 | georg.brandl | 2008-08-24 13:11:07 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 2 lines #3654: fix duplicate test method name. Review by Benjamin P. ........ r66017 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-24 16:55:03 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line remove note about unimplemented feature ........ r66020 | brett.cannon | 2008-08-24 18:15:19 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Clarify that some attributes/methods are listed somewhat separately because they are not part of the threading API. ........
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>>> p.exitcode == -signal.SIGTERM
True
.. exception:: ProcessError
The base class of all :mod:`multiprocessing` exceptions.
.. exception:: BufferTooShort
Exception raised by :meth:`Connection.recv_bytes_into()` when the supplied
buffer object is too small for the message read.
If ``e`` is an instance of :exc:`BufferTooShort` then ``e.args[0]`` will give
the message as a byte string.
.. exception:: AuthenticationError
Raised when there is an authentication error.
.. exception:: TimeoutError
Raised by methods with a timeout when the timeout expires.
Pipes and Queues
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When using multiple processes, one generally uses message passing for
communication between processes and avoids having to use any synchronization
primitives like locks.
For passing messages one can use :func:`Pipe` (for a connection between two
processes) or a queue (which allows multiple producers and consumers).
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The :class:`Queue`, :class:`SimpleQueue` and :class:`JoinableQueue` types
are multi-producer, multi-consumer :abbr:`FIFO (first-in, first-out)`
queues modelled on the :class:`queue.Queue` class in the
standard library. They differ in that :class:`Queue` lacks the
:meth:`~queue.Queue.task_done` and :meth:`~queue.Queue.join` methods introduced
into Python 2.5's :class:`queue.Queue` class.
If you use :class:`JoinableQueue` then you **must** call
:meth:`JoinableQueue.task_done` for each task removed from the queue or else the
semaphore used to count the number of unfinished tasks may eventually overflow,
raising an exception.
Note that one can also create a shared queue by using a manager object -- see
:ref:`multiprocessing-managers`.
.. note::
:mod:`multiprocessing` uses the usual :exc:`queue.Empty` and
:exc:`queue.Full` exceptions to signal a timeout. They are not available in
the :mod:`multiprocessing` namespace so you need to import them from
:mod:`queue`.
.. note::
When an object is put on a queue, the object is pickled and a
background thread later flushes the pickled data to an underlying
pipe. This has some consequences which are a little surprising,
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but should not cause any practical difficulties -- if they really
bother you then you can instead use a queue created with a
:ref:`manager <multiprocessing-managers>`.
(1) After putting an object on an empty queue there may be an
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infinitesimal delay before the queue's :meth:`~Queue.empty`
method returns :const:`False` and :meth:`~Queue.get_nowait` can
return without raising :exc:`queue.Empty`.
(2) If multiple processes are enqueuing objects, it is possible for
the objects to be received at the other end out-of-order.
However, objects enqueued by the same process will always be in
the expected order with respect to each other.
.. warning::
If a process is killed using :meth:`Process.terminate` or :func:`os.kill`
while it is trying to use a :class:`Queue`, then the data in the queue is
likely to become corrupted. This may cause any other process to get an
exception when it tries to use the queue later on.
.. warning::
As mentioned above, if a child process has put items on a queue (and it has
not used :meth:`JoinableQueue.cancel_join_thread
<multiprocessing.Queue.cancel_join_thread>`), then that process will
not terminate until all buffered items have been flushed to the pipe.
This means that if you try joining that process you may get a deadlock unless
you are sure that all items which have been put on the queue have been
consumed. Similarly, if the child process is non-daemonic then the parent
Merged revisions 64722,64729,64753,64845-64846,64849,64871,64880-64882,64885,64888,64897,64900-64901,64915,64926-64929,64938-64941,64944,64961,64966,64973 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r64722 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-05 12:13:36 +0200 (Sat, 05 Jul 2008) | 4 lines #2663: support an *ignore* argument to shutil.copytree(). Patch by Tarek Ziade. This is a new feature, but Barry authorized adding it in the beta period. ........ r64729 | mark.dickinson | 2008-07-05 13:33:52 +0200 (Sat, 05 Jul 2008) | 5 lines Issue 3188: accept float('infinity') as well as float('inf'). This makes the float constructor behave in the same way as specified by various other language standards, including C99, IEEE 754r, and the IBM Decimal standard. ........ r64753 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-07-06 05:35:58 +0200 (Sun, 06 Jul 2008) | 4 lines - Issue #2862: Make int and float freelist management consistent with other freelists. Changes their CompactFreeList apis into ClearFreeList apis and calls them via gc.collect(). ........ r64845 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-10 16:03:19 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Issue 3301: Bisect functions behaved badly when lo was negative. ........ r64846 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-10 16:34:57 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Issue 3285: Fractions from_float() and from_decimal() accept Integral arguments. ........ r64849 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-10 16:43:31 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Wording changes ........ r64871 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-11 14:00:21 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add cautionary note on the use of PySequence_Fast_ITEMS. ........ r64880 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-07-11 23:28:25 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 5 lines #3317 in zipfile module, restore the previous names of global variables: some applications relied on them. Also remove duplicated lines. ........ r64881 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-07-11 23:45:06 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 3 lines #3342: In tracebacks, printed source lines were not indented since r62555. #3343: Py_DisplaySourceLine should be a private function. Rename it to _Py_DisplaySourceLine. ........ r64882 | josiah.carlson | 2008-07-12 00:17:14 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fix for the AttributeError in test_asynchat. ........ r64885 | josiah.carlson | 2008-07-12 01:26:59 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fixed test for asyncore. ........ r64888 | matthias.klose | 2008-07-12 09:51:48 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines - Fix bashisms in Tools/faqwiz/move-faqwiz.sh ........ r64897 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-07-12 22:16:19 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 1 line fix various doc typos #3320 ........ r64900 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-07-13 00:06:53 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fixed typo. ........ r64901 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-07-13 01:41:19 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line #1778443 robotparser fixes from Aristotelis Mikropoulos ........ r64915 | nick.coghlan | 2008-07-13 16:52:36 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Fix issue 3221 by emitting a RuntimeWarning instead of raising SystemError when the parent module can't be found during an absolute import (likely due to non-PEP 361 aware code which sets a module level __package__ attribute) ........ r64926 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-07-13 22:31:49 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Add turtle into the module index. ........ r64927 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-07-13 22:42:44 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 3 lines Issue #3274: Use a less common identifier for the temporary variable in Py_CLEAR(). ........ r64928 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-13 23:43:25 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Re-word ........ r64929 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-13 23:43:52 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add various items; move ctypes items into a subsection of their own ........ r64938 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 02:35:32 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fixes ........ r64939 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 02:40:55 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r64940 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 03:18:16 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r64941 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 03:18:31 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Expand the multiprocessing section ........ r64944 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-07-14 08:06:48 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 7 lines Fix posix.fork1() / os.fork1() to only call PyOS_AfterFork() in the child process rather than both parent and child. Does anyone actually use fork1()? It appears to be a Solaris thing but if Python is built with pthreads on Solaris, fork1() and fork() should be the same. ........ r64961 | jesse.noller | 2008-07-15 15:47:33 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line multiprocessing/connection.py patch to remove fqdn oddness for issue 3270 ........ r64966 | nick.coghlan | 2008-07-15 17:40:22 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add missing NEWS entry for r64962 ........ r64973 | jesse.noller | 2008-07-15 20:29:18 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line Revert 3270 patch: self._address is in pretty widespread use, need to revisit ........
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process may hang on exit when it tries to join all its non-daemonic children.
Note that a queue created using a manager does not have this issue. See
:ref:`multiprocessing-programming`.
For an example of the usage of queues for interprocess communication see
:ref:`multiprocessing-examples`.
.. function:: Pipe([duplex])
Returns a pair ``(conn1, conn2)`` of :class:`Connection` objects representing
the ends of a pipe.
If *duplex* is ``True`` (the default) then the pipe is bidirectional. If
*duplex* is ``False`` then the pipe is unidirectional: ``conn1`` can only be
used for receiving messages and ``conn2`` can only be used for sending
messages.
.. class:: Queue([maxsize])
Returns a process shared queue implemented using a pipe and a few
locks/semaphores. When a process first puts an item on the queue a feeder
thread is started which transfers objects from a buffer into the pipe.
The usual :exc:`queue.Empty` and :exc:`queue.Full` exceptions from the
standard library's :mod:`queue` module are raised to signal timeouts.
:class:`Queue` implements all the methods of :class:`queue.Queue` except for
:meth:`~queue.Queue.task_done` and :meth:`~queue.Queue.join`.
.. method:: qsize()
Return the approximate size of the queue. Because of
multithreading/multiprocessing semantics, this number is not reliable.
Note that this may raise :exc:`NotImplementedError` on Unix platforms like
Mac OS X where ``sem_getvalue()`` is not implemented.
.. method:: empty()
Return ``True`` if the queue is empty, ``False`` otherwise. Because of
multithreading/multiprocessing semantics, this is not reliable.
.. method:: full()
Return ``True`` if the queue is full, ``False`` otherwise. Because of
multithreading/multiprocessing semantics, this is not reliable.
.. method:: put(obj[, block[, timeout]])
Put obj into the queue. If the optional argument *block* is ``True``
(the default) and *timeout* is ``None`` (the default), block if necessary until
a free slot is available. If *timeout* is a positive number, it blocks at
most *timeout* seconds and raises the :exc:`queue.Full` exception if no
free slot was available within that time. Otherwise (*block* is
``False``), put an item on the queue if a free slot is immediately
available, else raise the :exc:`queue.Full` exception (*timeout* is
ignored in that case).
.. method:: put_nowait(obj)
Equivalent to ``put(obj, False)``.
.. method:: get([block[, timeout]])
Remove and return an item from the queue. If optional args *block* is
``True`` (the default) and *timeout* is ``None`` (the default), block if
necessary until an item is available. If *timeout* is a positive number,
it blocks at most *timeout* seconds and raises the :exc:`queue.Empty`
exception if no item was available within that time. Otherwise (block is
``False``), return an item if one is immediately available, else raise the
:exc:`queue.Empty` exception (*timeout* is ignored in that case).
.. method:: get_nowait()
Equivalent to ``get(False)``.
:class:`multiprocessing.Queue` has a few additional methods not found in
Merged revisions 64722,64729,64753,64845-64846,64849,64871,64880-64882,64885,64888,64897,64900-64901,64915,64926-64929,64938-64941,64944,64961,64966,64973 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r64722 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-05 12:13:36 +0200 (Sat, 05 Jul 2008) | 4 lines #2663: support an *ignore* argument to shutil.copytree(). Patch by Tarek Ziade. This is a new feature, but Barry authorized adding it in the beta period. ........ r64729 | mark.dickinson | 2008-07-05 13:33:52 +0200 (Sat, 05 Jul 2008) | 5 lines Issue 3188: accept float('infinity') as well as float('inf'). This makes the float constructor behave in the same way as specified by various other language standards, including C99, IEEE 754r, and the IBM Decimal standard. ........ r64753 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-07-06 05:35:58 +0200 (Sun, 06 Jul 2008) | 4 lines - Issue #2862: Make int and float freelist management consistent with other freelists. Changes their CompactFreeList apis into ClearFreeList apis and calls them via gc.collect(). ........ r64845 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-10 16:03:19 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Issue 3301: Bisect functions behaved badly when lo was negative. ........ r64846 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-10 16:34:57 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Issue 3285: Fractions from_float() and from_decimal() accept Integral arguments. ........ r64849 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-10 16:43:31 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Wording changes ........ r64871 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-11 14:00:21 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add cautionary note on the use of PySequence_Fast_ITEMS. ........ r64880 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-07-11 23:28:25 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 5 lines #3317 in zipfile module, restore the previous names of global variables: some applications relied on them. Also remove duplicated lines. ........ r64881 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-07-11 23:45:06 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 3 lines #3342: In tracebacks, printed source lines were not indented since r62555. #3343: Py_DisplaySourceLine should be a private function. Rename it to _Py_DisplaySourceLine. ........ r64882 | josiah.carlson | 2008-07-12 00:17:14 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fix for the AttributeError in test_asynchat. ........ r64885 | josiah.carlson | 2008-07-12 01:26:59 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fixed test for asyncore. ........ r64888 | matthias.klose | 2008-07-12 09:51:48 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines - Fix bashisms in Tools/faqwiz/move-faqwiz.sh ........ r64897 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-07-12 22:16:19 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 1 line fix various doc typos #3320 ........ r64900 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-07-13 00:06:53 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fixed typo. ........ r64901 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-07-13 01:41:19 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line #1778443 robotparser fixes from Aristotelis Mikropoulos ........ r64915 | nick.coghlan | 2008-07-13 16:52:36 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Fix issue 3221 by emitting a RuntimeWarning instead of raising SystemError when the parent module can't be found during an absolute import (likely due to non-PEP 361 aware code which sets a module level __package__ attribute) ........ r64926 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-07-13 22:31:49 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Add turtle into the module index. ........ r64927 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-07-13 22:42:44 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 3 lines Issue #3274: Use a less common identifier for the temporary variable in Py_CLEAR(). ........ r64928 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-13 23:43:25 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Re-word ........ r64929 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-13 23:43:52 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add various items; move ctypes items into a subsection of their own ........ r64938 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 02:35:32 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fixes ........ r64939 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 02:40:55 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r64940 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 03:18:16 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r64941 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 03:18:31 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Expand the multiprocessing section ........ r64944 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-07-14 08:06:48 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 7 lines Fix posix.fork1() / os.fork1() to only call PyOS_AfterFork() in the child process rather than both parent and child. Does anyone actually use fork1()? It appears to be a Solaris thing but if Python is built with pthreads on Solaris, fork1() and fork() should be the same. ........ r64961 | jesse.noller | 2008-07-15 15:47:33 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line multiprocessing/connection.py patch to remove fqdn oddness for issue 3270 ........ r64966 | nick.coghlan | 2008-07-15 17:40:22 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add missing NEWS entry for r64962 ........ r64973 | jesse.noller | 2008-07-15 20:29:18 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line Revert 3270 patch: self._address is in pretty widespread use, need to revisit ........
2008-07-16 09:55:28 -03:00
:class:`queue.Queue`. These methods are usually unnecessary for most
code:
.. method:: close()
Indicate that no more data will be put on this queue by the current
process. The background thread will quit once it has flushed all buffered
data to the pipe. This is called automatically when the queue is garbage
collected.
.. method:: join_thread()
Join the background thread. This can only be used after :meth:`close` has
been called. It blocks until the background thread exits, ensuring that
all data in the buffer has been flushed to the pipe.
By default if a process is not the creator of the queue then on exit it
will attempt to join the queue's background thread. The process can call
:meth:`cancel_join_thread` to make :meth:`join_thread` do nothing.
.. method:: cancel_join_thread()
Prevent :meth:`join_thread` from blocking. In particular, this prevents
the background thread from being joined automatically when the process
exits -- see :meth:`join_thread`.
A better name for this method might be
``allow_exit_without_flush()``. It is likely to cause enqueued
data to lost, and you almost certainly will not need to use it.
It is really only there if you need the current process to exit
immediately without waiting to flush enqueued data to the
underlying pipe, and you don't care about lost data.
.. note::
This class's functionality requires a functioning shared semaphore
implementation on the host operating system. Without one, the
functionality in this class will be disabled, and attempts to
instantiate a :class:`Queue` will result in an :exc:`ImportError`. See
:issue:`3770` for additional information. The same holds true for any
of the specialized queue types listed below.
.. class:: SimpleQueue()
It is a simplified :class:`Queue` type, very close to a locked :class:`Pipe`.
.. method:: empty()
Return ``True`` if the queue is empty, ``False`` otherwise.
.. method:: get()
Remove and return an item from the queue.
.. method:: put(item)
Put *item* into the queue.
.. class:: JoinableQueue([maxsize])
:class:`JoinableQueue`, a :class:`Queue` subclass, is a queue which
additionally has :meth:`task_done` and :meth:`join` methods.
.. method:: task_done()
Indicate that a formerly enqueued task is complete. Used by queue
consumers. For each :meth:`~Queue.get` used to fetch a task, a subsequent
call to :meth:`task_done` tells the queue that the processing on the task
is complete.
If a :meth:`~queue.Queue.join` is currently blocking, it will resume when all
items have been processed (meaning that a :meth:`task_done` call was
received for every item that had been :meth:`~Queue.put` into the queue).
Raises a :exc:`ValueError` if called more times than there were items
placed in the queue.
.. method:: join()
Block until all items in the queue have been gotten and processed.
The count of unfinished tasks goes up whenever an item is added to the
queue. The count goes down whenever a consumer calls
:meth:`task_done` to indicate that the item was retrieved and all work on
it is complete. When the count of unfinished tasks drops to zero,
:meth:`~queue.Queue.join` unblocks.
Miscellaneous
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. function:: active_children()
Return list of all live children of the current process.
Calling this has the side effect of "joining" any processes which have
already finished.
.. function:: cpu_count()
Return the number of CPUs in the system.
This number is not equivalent to the number of CPUs the current process can
use. The number of usable CPUs can be obtained with
``len(os.sched_getaffinity(0))``
May raise :exc:`NotImplementedError`.
.. seealso::
:func:`os.cpu_count`
.. function:: current_process()
Return the :class:`Process` object corresponding to the current process.
An analogue of :func:`threading.current_thread`.
.. function:: freeze_support()
Add support for when a program which uses :mod:`multiprocessing` has been
frozen to produce a Windows executable. (Has been tested with **py2exe**,
**PyInstaller** and **cx_Freeze**.)
One needs to call this function straight after the ``if __name__ ==
'__main__'`` line of the main module. For example::
from multiprocessing import Process, freeze_support
def f():
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print('hello world!')
if __name__ == '__main__':
freeze_support()
Process(target=f).start()
If the ``freeze_support()`` line is omitted then trying to run the frozen
executable will raise :exc:`RuntimeError`.
Calling ``freeze_support()`` has no effect when invoked on any operating
system other than Windows. In addition, if the module is being run
normally by the Python interpreter on Windows (the program has not been
frozen), then ``freeze_support()`` has no effect.
.. function:: get_all_start_methods()
Returns a list of the supported start methods, the first of which
is the default. The possible start methods are ``'fork'``,
``'spawn'`` and ``'forkserver'``. On Windows only ``'spawn'`` is
available. On Unix ``'fork'`` and ``'spawn'`` are always
supported, with ``'fork'`` being the default.
.. versionadded:: 3.4
.. function:: get_context(method=None)
Return a context object which has the same attributes as the
:mod:`multiprocessing` module.
If *method* is ``None`` then the default context is returned.
Otherwise *method* should be ``'fork'``, ``'spawn'``,
``'forkserver'``. :exc:`ValueError` is raised if the specified
start method is not available.
.. versionadded:: 3.4
.. function:: get_start_method(allow_none=False)
Return the name of start method used for starting processes.
If the start method has not been fixed and *allow_none* is false,
then the start method is fixed to the default and the name is
returned. If the start method has not been fixed and *allow_none*
is true then ``None`` is returned.
The return value can be ``'fork'``, ``'spawn'``, ``'forkserver'``
or ``None``. ``'fork'`` is the default on Unix, while ``'spawn'`` is
the default on Windows.
.. versionadded:: 3.4
.. function:: set_executable()
Sets the path of the Python interpreter to use when starting a child process.
(By default :data:`sys.executable` is used). Embedders will probably need to
do some thing like ::
set_executable(os.path.join(sys.exec_prefix, 'pythonw.exe'))
before they can create child processes.
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
Now supported on Unix when the ``'spawn'`` start method is used.
.. function:: set_start_method(method)
Set the method which should be used to start child processes.
*method* can be ``'fork'``, ``'spawn'`` or ``'forkserver'``.
Note that this should be called at most once, and it should be
protected inside the ``if __name__ == '__main__'`` clause of the
main module.
.. versionadded:: 3.4
.. note::
:mod:`multiprocessing` contains no analogues of
:func:`threading.active_count`, :func:`threading.enumerate`,
:func:`threading.settrace`, :func:`threading.setprofile`,
:class:`threading.Timer`, or :class:`threading.local`.
Connection Objects
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Connection objects allow the sending and receiving of picklable objects or
strings. They can be thought of as message oriented connected sockets.
Connection objects are usually created using :func:`Pipe` -- see also
:ref:`multiprocessing-listeners-clients`.
.. class:: Connection
.. method:: send(obj)
Send an object to the other end of the connection which should be read
using :meth:`recv`.
The object must be picklable. Very large pickles (approximately 32 MB+,
though it depends on the OS) may raise a :exc:`ValueError` exception.
.. method:: recv()
Return an object sent from the other end of the connection using
:meth:`send`. Blocks until there its something to receive. Raises
:exc:`EOFError` if there is nothing left to receive
and the other end was closed.
.. method:: fileno()
Return the file descriptor or handle used by the connection.
.. method:: close()
Close the connection.
This is called automatically when the connection is garbage collected.
.. method:: poll([timeout])
Return whether there is any data available to be read.
If *timeout* is not specified then it will return immediately. If
*timeout* is a number then this specifies the maximum time in seconds to
block. If *timeout* is ``None`` then an infinite timeout is used.
Note that multiple connection objects may be polled at once by
using :func:`multiprocessing.connection.wait`.
.. method:: send_bytes(buffer[, offset[, size]])
Send byte data from a :term:`bytes-like object` as a complete message.
If *offset* is given then data is read from that position in *buffer*. If
*size* is given then that many bytes will be read from buffer. Very large
buffers (approximately 32 MB+, though it depends on the OS) may raise a
:exc:`ValueError` exception
.. method:: recv_bytes([maxlength])
Return a complete message of byte data sent from the other end of the
connection as a string. Blocks until there is something to receive.
Raises :exc:`EOFError` if there is nothing left
to receive and the other end has closed.
If *maxlength* is specified and the message is longer than *maxlength*
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then :exc:`OSError` is raised and the connection will no longer be
readable.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
This function used to raise :exc:`IOError`, which is now an
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alias of :exc:`OSError`.
.. method:: recv_bytes_into(buffer[, offset])
Read into *buffer* a complete message of byte data sent from the other end
of the connection and return the number of bytes in the message. Blocks
until there is something to receive. Raises
:exc:`EOFError` if there is nothing left to receive and the other end was
closed.
*buffer* must be a writable :term:`bytes-like object`. If
*offset* is given then the message will be written into the buffer from
that position. Offset must be a non-negative integer less than the
length of *buffer* (in bytes).
If the buffer is too short then a :exc:`BufferTooShort` exception is
raised and the complete message is available as ``e.args[0]`` where ``e``
is the exception instance.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
Connection objects themselves can now be transferred between processes
using :meth:`Connection.send` and :meth:`Connection.recv`.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
Connection objects now support the context management protocol -- see
:ref:`typecontextmanager`. :meth:`~contextmanager.__enter__` returns the
connection object, and :meth:`~contextmanager.__exit__` calls :meth:`close`.
For example:
.. doctest::
>>> from multiprocessing import Pipe
>>> a, b = Pipe()
>>> a.send([1, 'hello', None])
>>> b.recv()
[1, 'hello', None]
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>>> b.send_bytes(b'thank you')
>>> a.recv_bytes()
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b'thank you'
>>> import array
>>> arr1 = array.array('i', range(5))
>>> arr2 = array.array('i', [0] * 10)
>>> a.send_bytes(arr1)
>>> count = b.recv_bytes_into(arr2)
>>> assert count == len(arr1) * arr1.itemsize
>>> arr2
array('i', [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
.. warning::
The :meth:`Connection.recv` method automatically unpickles the data it
receives, which can be a security risk unless you can trust the process
which sent the message.
Therefore, unless the connection object was produced using :func:`Pipe` you
should only use the :meth:`~Connection.recv` and :meth:`~Connection.send`
methods after performing some sort of authentication. See
:ref:`multiprocessing-auth-keys`.
.. warning::
If a process is killed while it is trying to read or write to a pipe then
the data in the pipe is likely to become corrupted, because it may become
impossible to be sure where the message boundaries lie.
Synchronization primitives
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Generally synchronization primitives are not as necessary in a multiprocess
Merged revisions 64722,64729,64753,64845-64846,64849,64871,64880-64882,64885,64888,64897,64900-64901,64915,64926-64929,64938-64941,64944,64961,64966,64973 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r64722 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-05 12:13:36 +0200 (Sat, 05 Jul 2008) | 4 lines #2663: support an *ignore* argument to shutil.copytree(). Patch by Tarek Ziade. This is a new feature, but Barry authorized adding it in the beta period. ........ r64729 | mark.dickinson | 2008-07-05 13:33:52 +0200 (Sat, 05 Jul 2008) | 5 lines Issue 3188: accept float('infinity') as well as float('inf'). This makes the float constructor behave in the same way as specified by various other language standards, including C99, IEEE 754r, and the IBM Decimal standard. ........ r64753 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-07-06 05:35:58 +0200 (Sun, 06 Jul 2008) | 4 lines - Issue #2862: Make int and float freelist management consistent with other freelists. Changes their CompactFreeList apis into ClearFreeList apis and calls them via gc.collect(). ........ r64845 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-10 16:03:19 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Issue 3301: Bisect functions behaved badly when lo was negative. ........ r64846 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-10 16:34:57 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Issue 3285: Fractions from_float() and from_decimal() accept Integral arguments. ........ r64849 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-10 16:43:31 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Wording changes ........ r64871 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-11 14:00:21 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add cautionary note on the use of PySequence_Fast_ITEMS. ........ r64880 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-07-11 23:28:25 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 5 lines #3317 in zipfile module, restore the previous names of global variables: some applications relied on them. Also remove duplicated lines. ........ r64881 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-07-11 23:45:06 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 3 lines #3342: In tracebacks, printed source lines were not indented since r62555. #3343: Py_DisplaySourceLine should be a private function. Rename it to _Py_DisplaySourceLine. ........ r64882 | josiah.carlson | 2008-07-12 00:17:14 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fix for the AttributeError in test_asynchat. ........ r64885 | josiah.carlson | 2008-07-12 01:26:59 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fixed test for asyncore. ........ r64888 | matthias.klose | 2008-07-12 09:51:48 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines - Fix bashisms in Tools/faqwiz/move-faqwiz.sh ........ r64897 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-07-12 22:16:19 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 1 line fix various doc typos #3320 ........ r64900 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-07-13 00:06:53 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fixed typo. ........ r64901 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-07-13 01:41:19 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line #1778443 robotparser fixes from Aristotelis Mikropoulos ........ r64915 | nick.coghlan | 2008-07-13 16:52:36 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Fix issue 3221 by emitting a RuntimeWarning instead of raising SystemError when the parent module can't be found during an absolute import (likely due to non-PEP 361 aware code which sets a module level __package__ attribute) ........ r64926 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-07-13 22:31:49 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Add turtle into the module index. ........ r64927 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-07-13 22:42:44 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 3 lines Issue #3274: Use a less common identifier for the temporary variable in Py_CLEAR(). ........ r64928 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-13 23:43:25 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Re-word ........ r64929 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-13 23:43:52 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add various items; move ctypes items into a subsection of their own ........ r64938 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 02:35:32 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fixes ........ r64939 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 02:40:55 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r64940 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 03:18:16 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r64941 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 03:18:31 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Expand the multiprocessing section ........ r64944 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-07-14 08:06:48 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 7 lines Fix posix.fork1() / os.fork1() to only call PyOS_AfterFork() in the child process rather than both parent and child. Does anyone actually use fork1()? It appears to be a Solaris thing but if Python is built with pthreads on Solaris, fork1() and fork() should be the same. ........ r64961 | jesse.noller | 2008-07-15 15:47:33 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line multiprocessing/connection.py patch to remove fqdn oddness for issue 3270 ........ r64966 | nick.coghlan | 2008-07-15 17:40:22 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add missing NEWS entry for r64962 ........ r64973 | jesse.noller | 2008-07-15 20:29:18 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line Revert 3270 patch: self._address is in pretty widespread use, need to revisit ........
2008-07-16 09:55:28 -03:00
program as they are in a multithreaded program. See the documentation for
:mod:`threading` module.
Note that one can also create synchronization primitives by using a manager
object -- see :ref:`multiprocessing-managers`.
.. class:: Barrier(parties[, action[, timeout]])
A barrier object: a clone of :class:`threading.Barrier`.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. class:: BoundedSemaphore([value])
A bounded semaphore object: a close analog of
:class:`threading.BoundedSemaphore`.
A solitary difference from its close analog exists: its ``acquire`` method's
first argument is named *block*, as is consistent with :meth:`Lock.acquire`.
.. note::
On Mac OS X, this is indistinguishable from :class:`Semaphore` because
``sem_getvalue()`` is not implemented on that platform.
.. class:: Condition([lock])
A condition variable: an alias for :class:`threading.Condition`.
If *lock* is specified then it should be a :class:`Lock` or :class:`RLock`
object from :mod:`multiprocessing`.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
The :meth:`~threading.Condition.wait_for` method was added.
.. class:: Event()
A clone of :class:`threading.Event`.
.. class:: Lock()
A non-recursive lock object: a close analog of :class:`threading.Lock`.
Once a process or thread has acquired a lock, subsequent attempts to
acquire it from any process or thread will block until it is released;
any process or thread may release it. The concepts and behaviors of
:class:`threading.Lock` as it applies to threads are replicated here in
:class:`multiprocessing.Lock` as it applies to either processes or threads,
except as noted.
Note that :class:`Lock` is actually a factory function which returns an
instance of ``multiprocessing.synchronize.Lock`` initialized with a
default context.
:class:`Lock` supports the :term:`context manager` protocol and thus may be
used in :keyword:`with` statements.
.. method:: acquire(block=True, timeout=None)
Acquire a lock, blocking or non-blocking.
With the *block* argument set to ``True`` (the default), the method call
will block until the lock is in an unlocked state, then set it to locked
and return ``True``. Note that the name of this first argument differs
from that in :meth:`threading.Lock.acquire`.
With the *block* argument set to ``False``, the method call does not
block. If the lock is currently in a locked state, return ``False``;
otherwise set the lock to a locked state and return ``True``.
When invoked with a positive, floating-point value for *timeout*, block
for at most the number of seconds specified by *timeout* as long as
the lock can not be acquired. Invocations with a negative value for
*timeout* are equivalent to a *timeout* of zero. Invocations with a
*timeout* value of ``None`` (the default) set the timeout period to
infinite. Note that the treatment of negative or ``None`` values for
*timeout* differs from the implemented behavior in
:meth:`threading.Lock.acquire`. The *timeout* argument has no practical
implications if the *block* argument is set to ``False`` and is thus
ignored. Returns ``True`` if the lock has been acquired or ``False`` if
the timeout period has elapsed.
.. method:: release()
Release a lock. This can be called from any process or thread, not only
the process or thread which originally acquired the lock.
Behavior is the same as in :meth:`threading.Lock.release` except that
when invoked on an unlocked lock, a :exc:`ValueError` is raised.
.. class:: RLock()
A recursive lock object: a close analog of :class:`threading.RLock`. A
recursive lock must be released by the process or thread that acquired it.
Once a process or thread has acquired a recursive lock, the same process
or thread may acquire it again without blocking; that process or thread
must release it once for each time it has been acquired.
Note that :class:`RLock` is actually a factory function which returns an
instance of ``multiprocessing.synchronize.RLock`` initialized with a
default context.
:class:`RLock` supports the :term:`context manager` protocol and thus may be
used in :keyword:`with` statements.
.. method:: acquire(block=True, timeout=None)
Acquire a lock, blocking or non-blocking.
When invoked with the *block* argument set to ``True``, block until the
lock is in an unlocked state (not owned by any process or thread) unless
the lock is already owned by the current process or thread. The current
process or thread then takes ownership of the lock (if it does not
already have ownership) and the recursion level inside the lock increments
by one, resulting in a return value of ``True``. Note that there are
several differences in this first argument's behavior compared to the
implementation of :meth:`threading.RLock.acquire`, starting with the name
of the argument itself.
When invoked with the *block* argument set to ``False``, do not block.
If the lock has already been acquired (and thus is owned) by another
process or thread, the current process or thread does not take ownership
and the recursion level within the lock is not changed, resulting in
a return value of ``False``. If the lock is in an unlocked state, the
current process or thread takes ownership and the recursion level is
incremented, resulting in a return value of ``True``.
Use and behaviors of the *timeout* argument are the same as in
:meth:`Lock.acquire`. Note that some of these behaviors of *timeout*
differ from the implemented behaviors in :meth:`threading.RLock.acquire`.
.. method:: release()
Release a lock, decrementing the recursion level. If after the
decrement the recursion level is zero, reset the lock to unlocked (not
owned by any process or thread) and if any other processes or threads
are blocked waiting for the lock to become unlocked, allow exactly one
of them to proceed. If after the decrement the recursion level is still
nonzero, the lock remains locked and owned by the calling process or
thread.
Only call this method when the calling process or thread owns the lock.
An :exc:`AssertionError` is raised if this method is called by a process
or thread other than the owner or if the lock is in an unlocked (unowned)
state. Note that the type of exception raised in this situation
differs from the implemented behavior in :meth:`threading.RLock.release`.
.. class:: Semaphore([value])
A semaphore object: a close analog of :class:`threading.Semaphore`.
A solitary difference from its close analog exists: its ``acquire`` method's
first argument is named *block*, as is consistent with :meth:`Lock.acquire`.
.. note::
On Mac OS X, ``sem_timedwait`` is unsupported, so calling ``acquire()`` with
a timeout will emulate that function's behavior using a sleeping loop.
.. note::
If the SIGINT signal generated by :kbd:`Ctrl-C` arrives while the main thread is
blocked by a call to :meth:`BoundedSemaphore.acquire`, :meth:`Lock.acquire`,
:meth:`RLock.acquire`, :meth:`Semaphore.acquire`, :meth:`Condition.acquire`
or :meth:`Condition.wait` then the call will be immediately interrupted and
:exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` will be raised.
This differs from the behaviour of :mod:`threading` where SIGINT will be
ignored while the equivalent blocking calls are in progress.
.. note::
Some of this package's functionality requires a functioning shared semaphore
implementation on the host operating system. Without one, the
:mod:`multiprocessing.synchronize` module will be disabled, and attempts to
import it will result in an :exc:`ImportError`. See
:issue:`3770` for additional information.
Shared :mod:`ctypes` Objects
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
It is possible to create shared objects using shared memory which can be
inherited by child processes.
.. function:: Value(typecode_or_type, *args, lock=True)
Return a :mod:`ctypes` object allocated from shared memory. By default the
return value is actually a synchronized wrapper for the object. The object
itself can be accessed via the *value* attribute of a :class:`Value`.
*typecode_or_type* determines the type of the returned object: it is either a
ctypes type or a one character typecode of the kind used by the :mod:`array`
module. *\*args* is passed on to the constructor for the type.
If *lock* is ``True`` (the default) then a new recursive lock
object is created to synchronize access to the value. If *lock* is
a :class:`Lock` or :class:`RLock` object then that will be used to
synchronize access to the value. If *lock* is ``False`` then
access to the returned object will not be automatically protected
by a lock, so it will not necessarily be "process-safe".
Operations like ``+=`` which involve a read and write are not
atomic. So if, for instance, you want to atomically increment a
shared value it is insufficient to just do ::
counter.value += 1
Assuming the associated lock is recursive (which it is by default)
you can instead do ::
with counter.get_lock():
counter.value += 1
Note that *lock* is a keyword-only argument.
.. function:: Array(typecode_or_type, size_or_initializer, *, lock=True)
Return a ctypes array allocated from shared memory. By default the return
value is actually a synchronized wrapper for the array.
*typecode_or_type* determines the type of the elements of the returned array:
it is either a ctypes type or a one character typecode of the kind used by
the :mod:`array` module. If *size_or_initializer* is an integer, then it
determines the length of the array, and the array will be initially zeroed.
Otherwise, *size_or_initializer* is a sequence which is used to initialize
the array and whose length determines the length of the array.
If *lock* is ``True`` (the default) then a new lock object is created to
synchronize access to the value. If *lock* is a :class:`Lock` or
:class:`RLock` object then that will be used to synchronize access to the
value. If *lock* is ``False`` then access to the returned object will not be
automatically protected by a lock, so it will not necessarily be
"process-safe".
Note that *lock* is a keyword only argument.
Note that an array of :data:`ctypes.c_char` has *value* and *raw*
attributes which allow one to use it to store and retrieve strings.
The :mod:`multiprocessing.sharedctypes` module
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
.. module:: multiprocessing.sharedctypes
:synopsis: Allocate ctypes objects from shared memory.
The :mod:`multiprocessing.sharedctypes` module provides functions for allocating
:mod:`ctypes` objects from shared memory which can be inherited by child
processes.
.. note::
Merged revisions 64722,64729,64753,64845-64846,64849,64871,64880-64882,64885,64888,64897,64900-64901,64915,64926-64929,64938-64941,64944,64961,64966,64973 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r64722 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-05 12:13:36 +0200 (Sat, 05 Jul 2008) | 4 lines #2663: support an *ignore* argument to shutil.copytree(). Patch by Tarek Ziade. This is a new feature, but Barry authorized adding it in the beta period. ........ r64729 | mark.dickinson | 2008-07-05 13:33:52 +0200 (Sat, 05 Jul 2008) | 5 lines Issue 3188: accept float('infinity') as well as float('inf'). This makes the float constructor behave in the same way as specified by various other language standards, including C99, IEEE 754r, and the IBM Decimal standard. ........ r64753 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-07-06 05:35:58 +0200 (Sun, 06 Jul 2008) | 4 lines - Issue #2862: Make int and float freelist management consistent with other freelists. Changes their CompactFreeList apis into ClearFreeList apis and calls them via gc.collect(). ........ r64845 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-10 16:03:19 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Issue 3301: Bisect functions behaved badly when lo was negative. ........ r64846 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-10 16:34:57 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Issue 3285: Fractions from_float() and from_decimal() accept Integral arguments. ........ r64849 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-10 16:43:31 +0200 (Thu, 10 Jul 2008) | 1 line Wording changes ........ r64871 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-11 14:00:21 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add cautionary note on the use of PySequence_Fast_ITEMS. ........ r64880 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-07-11 23:28:25 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 5 lines #3317 in zipfile module, restore the previous names of global variables: some applications relied on them. Also remove duplicated lines. ........ r64881 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-07-11 23:45:06 +0200 (Fri, 11 Jul 2008) | 3 lines #3342: In tracebacks, printed source lines were not indented since r62555. #3343: Py_DisplaySourceLine should be a private function. Rename it to _Py_DisplaySourceLine. ........ r64882 | josiah.carlson | 2008-07-12 00:17:14 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fix for the AttributeError in test_asynchat. ........ r64885 | josiah.carlson | 2008-07-12 01:26:59 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fixed test for asyncore. ........ r64888 | matthias.klose | 2008-07-12 09:51:48 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 2 lines - Fix bashisms in Tools/faqwiz/move-faqwiz.sh ........ r64897 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-07-12 22:16:19 +0200 (Sat, 12 Jul 2008) | 1 line fix various doc typos #3320 ........ r64900 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-07-13 00:06:53 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Fixed typo. ........ r64901 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-07-13 01:41:19 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line #1778443 robotparser fixes from Aristotelis Mikropoulos ........ r64915 | nick.coghlan | 2008-07-13 16:52:36 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Fix issue 3221 by emitting a RuntimeWarning instead of raising SystemError when the parent module can't be found during an absolute import (likely due to non-PEP 361 aware code which sets a module level __package__ attribute) ........ r64926 | martin.v.loewis | 2008-07-13 22:31:49 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 2 lines Add turtle into the module index. ........ r64927 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-07-13 22:42:44 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 3 lines Issue #3274: Use a less common identifier for the temporary variable in Py_CLEAR(). ........ r64928 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-13 23:43:25 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Re-word ........ r64929 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-13 23:43:52 +0200 (Sun, 13 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add various items; move ctypes items into a subsection of their own ........ r64938 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 02:35:32 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fixes ........ r64939 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 02:40:55 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r64940 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 03:18:16 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r64941 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-07-14 03:18:31 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 1 line Expand the multiprocessing section ........ r64944 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-07-14 08:06:48 +0200 (Mon, 14 Jul 2008) | 7 lines Fix posix.fork1() / os.fork1() to only call PyOS_AfterFork() in the child process rather than both parent and child. Does anyone actually use fork1()? It appears to be a Solaris thing but if Python is built with pthreads on Solaris, fork1() and fork() should be the same. ........ r64961 | jesse.noller | 2008-07-15 15:47:33 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line multiprocessing/connection.py patch to remove fqdn oddness for issue 3270 ........ r64966 | nick.coghlan | 2008-07-15 17:40:22 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line Add missing NEWS entry for r64962 ........ r64973 | jesse.noller | 2008-07-15 20:29:18 +0200 (Tue, 15 Jul 2008) | 1 line Revert 3270 patch: self._address is in pretty widespread use, need to revisit ........
2008-07-16 09:55:28 -03:00
Although it is possible to store a pointer in shared memory remember that
this will refer to a location in the address space of a specific process.
However, the pointer is quite likely to be invalid in the context of a second
process and trying to dereference the pointer from the second process may
cause a crash.
.. function:: RawArray(typecode_or_type, size_or_initializer)
Return a ctypes array allocated from shared memory.
*typecode_or_type* determines the type of the elements of the returned array:
it is either a ctypes type or a one character typecode of the kind used by
the :mod:`array` module. If *size_or_initializer* is an integer then it
determines the length of the array, and the array will be initially zeroed.
Otherwise *size_or_initializer* is a sequence which is used to initialize the
array and whose length determines the length of the array.
Note that setting and getting an element is potentially non-atomic -- use
:func:`Array` instead to make sure that access is automatically synchronized
using a lock.
.. function:: RawValue(typecode_or_type, *args)
Return a ctypes object allocated from shared memory.
*typecode_or_type* determines the type of the returned object: it is either a
ctypes type or a one character typecode of the kind used by the :mod:`array`
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module. *\*args* is passed on to the constructor for the type.
Note that setting and getting the value is potentially non-atomic -- use
:func:`Value` instead to make sure that access is automatically synchronized
using a lock.
Note that an array of :data:`ctypes.c_char` has ``value`` and ``raw``
attributes which allow one to use it to store and retrieve strings -- see
documentation for :mod:`ctypes`.
.. function:: Array(typecode_or_type, size_or_initializer, *, lock=True)
The same as :func:`RawArray` except that depending on the value of *lock* a
process-safe synchronization wrapper may be returned instead of a raw ctypes
array.
If *lock* is ``True`` (the default) then a new lock object is created to
synchronize access to the value. If *lock* is a
:class:`~multiprocessing.Lock` or :class:`~multiprocessing.RLock` object
then that will be used to synchronize access to the
value. If *lock* is ``False`` then access to the returned object will not be
automatically protected by a lock, so it will not necessarily be
"process-safe".
Note that *lock* is a keyword-only argument.
.. function:: Value(typecode_or_type, *args, lock=True)
The same as :func:`RawValue` except that depending on the value of *lock* a
process-safe synchronization wrapper may be returned instead of a raw ctypes
object.
If *lock* is ``True`` (the default) then a new lock object is created to
synchronize access to the value. If *lock* is a :class:`~multiprocessing.Lock` or
:class:`~multiprocessing.RLock` object then that will be used to synchronize access to the
value. If *lock* is ``False`` then access to the returned object will not be
automatically protected by a lock, so it will not necessarily be
"process-safe".
Note that *lock* is a keyword-only argument.
.. function:: copy(obj)
Return a ctypes object allocated from shared memory which is a copy of the
ctypes object *obj*.
.. function:: synchronized(obj[, lock])
Return a process-safe wrapper object for a ctypes object which uses *lock* to
synchronize access. If *lock* is ``None`` (the default) then a
:class:`multiprocessing.RLock` object is created automatically.
A synchronized wrapper will have two methods in addition to those of the
object it wraps: :meth:`get_obj` returns the wrapped object and
:meth:`get_lock` returns the lock object used for synchronization.
Note that accessing the ctypes object through the wrapper can be a lot slower
than accessing the raw ctypes object.
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
Synchronized objects support the :term:`context manager` protocol.
The table below compares the syntax for creating shared ctypes objects from
shared memory with the normal ctypes syntax. (In the table ``MyStruct`` is some
subclass of :class:`ctypes.Structure`.)
==================== ========================== ===========================
ctypes sharedctypes using type sharedctypes using typecode
==================== ========================== ===========================
c_double(2.4) RawValue(c_double, 2.4) RawValue('d', 2.4)
MyStruct(4, 6) RawValue(MyStruct, 4, 6)
(c_short * 7)() RawArray(c_short, 7) RawArray('h', 7)
(c_int * 3)(9, 2, 8) RawArray(c_int, (9, 2, 8)) RawArray('i', (9, 2, 8))
==================== ========================== ===========================
Below is an example where a number of ctypes objects are modified by a child
process::
from multiprocessing import Process, Lock
from multiprocessing.sharedctypes import Value, Array
from ctypes import Structure, c_double
class Point(Structure):
_fields_ = [('x', c_double), ('y', c_double)]
def modify(n, x, s, A):
n.value **= 2
x.value **= 2
s.value = s.value.upper()
for a in A:
a.x **= 2
a.y **= 2
if __name__ == '__main__':
lock = Lock()
n = Value('i', 7)
x = Value(c_double, 1.0/3.0, lock=False)
s = Array('c', b'hello world', lock=lock)
A = Array(Point, [(1.875,-6.25), (-5.75,2.0), (2.375,9.5)], lock=lock)
p = Process(target=modify, args=(n, x, s, A))
p.start()
p.join()
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print(n.value)
print(x.value)
print(s.value)
print([(a.x, a.y) for a in A])
2008-09-29 03:43:45 -03:00
.. highlight:: none
The results printed are ::
49
0.1111111111111111
HELLO WORLD
[(3.515625, 39.0625), (33.0625, 4.0), (5.640625, 90.25)]
.. highlight:: python3
.. _multiprocessing-managers:
Managers
~~~~~~~~
Managers provide a way to create data which can be shared between different
processes, including sharing over a network between processes running on
different machines. A manager object controls a server process which manages
*shared objects*. Other processes can access the shared objects by using
proxies.
.. function:: multiprocessing.Manager()
Returns a started :class:`~multiprocessing.managers.SyncManager` object which
can be used for sharing objects between processes. The returned manager
object corresponds to a spawned child process and has methods which will
create shared objects and return corresponding proxies.
.. module:: multiprocessing.managers
:synopsis: Share data between process with shared objects.
Manager processes will be shutdown as soon as they are garbage collected or
their parent process exits. The manager classes are defined in the
:mod:`multiprocessing.managers` module:
.. class:: BaseManager([address[, authkey]])
Create a BaseManager object.
Merged revisions 77952,78030,78102,78104,78107,78206,78216,78296-78297,78328,78331-78332,78336,78339,78343,78378-78379,78415,78559,78717,78791 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r77952 | mark.dickinson | 2010-02-03 10:50:14 -0600 (Wed, 03 Feb 2010) | 1 line Fix test_inspect.py data to match recent change to inspect_fodder.py (r77942). ........ r78030 | benjamin.peterson | 2010-02-06 14:14:10 -0600 (Sat, 06 Feb 2010) | 1 line check type_getattro for correctness in a descriptor corner case ........ r78102 | andrew.kuchling | 2010-02-07 19:35:35 -0600 (Sun, 07 Feb 2010) | 1 line Move distutils into its own subsection; add various items ........ r78104 | andrew.kuchling | 2010-02-08 07:22:24 -0600 (Mon, 08 Feb 2010) | 1 line Add two items; move a subsection ........ r78107 | antoine.pitrou | 2010-02-08 14:25:47 -0600 (Mon, 08 Feb 2010) | 3 lines Clarify and correct description for ccbench and iobench. ........ r78206 | r.david.murray | 2010-02-16 11:55:26 -0600 (Tue, 16 Feb 2010) | 3 lines Make the references to Popen in the description of Call and check_call into links. ........ r78216 | andrew.kuchling | 2010-02-18 08:16:48 -0600 (Thu, 18 Feb 2010) | 1 line Add various items ........ r78296 | andrew.kuchling | 2010-02-21 20:08:45 -0600 (Sun, 21 Feb 2010) | 1 line Re-word ........ r78297 | andrew.kuchling | 2010-02-21 20:29:10 -0600 (Sun, 21 Feb 2010) | 1 line #7076: mention SystemRandom class near start of the module docs; reword change description for clarity. Noted by Shawn Ligocki. ........ r78328 | jack.diederich | 2010-02-22 12:17:16 -0600 (Mon, 22 Feb 2010) | 1 line fixes issue #7530, serve_forever() ........ r78331 | andrew.kuchling | 2010-02-22 12:38:23 -0600 (Mon, 22 Feb 2010) | 1 line Fix comment typo ........ r78332 | andrew.kuchling | 2010-02-22 12:42:07 -0600 (Mon, 22 Feb 2010) | 2 lines #7627: MH.remove() would fail if the MH mailbox was locked; it would call _unlock_file() and pass it a closed file object. Noted by Rob Austein. ........ r78336 | jack.diederich | 2010-02-22 13:55:22 -0600 (Mon, 22 Feb 2010) | 1 line fixes issue #1522237, bad init check in _threading_local ........ r78339 | jack.diederich | 2010-02-22 15:27:38 -0600 (Mon, 22 Feb 2010) | 1 line * fix issue#7476 ........ r78343 | andrew.kuchling | 2010-02-22 16:48:41 -0600 (Mon, 22 Feb 2010) | 10 lines #2560: remove an unnecessary 'for' loop from my_fgets() in Parser/myreadline.c. Noted by Joseph Armbruster; patch by Jessica McKellar. The original code was 'for (;;) {...}', where ... ended with a 'return -2' statement and did not contain a 'break' or 'continue' statement. Therefore, the body of the loop is always executed once. Once upon a time there was a 'continue' in the loop, but it was removed in rev36346, committed by mwh on Wed Jul 7 17:44:12 2004. ........ r78378 | jack.diederich | 2010-02-23 11:23:30 -0600 (Tue, 23 Feb 2010) | 1 line fixup markup error ........ r78379 | jack.diederich | 2010-02-23 13:34:06 -0600 (Tue, 23 Feb 2010) | 1 line issue#6442 use in operator instead of has_key ........ r78415 | dirkjan.ochtman | 2010-02-23 22:00:52 -0600 (Tue, 23 Feb 2010) | 1 line Issue #7733: add explicit reference in asyncore docs. ........ r78559 | andrew.kuchling | 2010-03-01 13:45:21 -0600 (Mon, 01 Mar 2010) | 1 line #7637: update discussion of minidom.unlink() and garbage collection ........ r78717 | benjamin.peterson | 2010-03-05 21:13:33 -0600 (Fri, 05 Mar 2010) | 1 line settscdump is definitely an implementation detail ........ r78791 | andrew.kuchling | 2010-03-08 06:00:39 -0600 (Mon, 08 Mar 2010) | 1 line Add various items ........
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Once created one should call :meth:`start` or ``get_server().serve_forever()`` to ensure
that the manager object refers to a started manager process.
*address* is the address on which the manager process listens for new
connections. If *address* is ``None`` then an arbitrary one is chosen.
*authkey* is the authentication key which will be used to check the
validity of incoming connections to the server process. If
*authkey* is ``None`` then ``current_process().authkey`` is used.
Otherwise *authkey* is used and it must be a byte string.
Merged revisions 70912,70944,70968,71033,71041,71208,71263,71286,71395-71396,71405-71406,71485,71492,71494 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70912 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 17:35:46 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5617: add a handy function to print a unicode string to gdbinit. ........ r70944 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 23:32:39 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5631: add upload to list of possible commands, which is presented in --help-commands. ........ r70968 | michael.foord | 2009-04-01 13:25:38 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line Adding Wing project file ........ r71033 | brett.cannon | 2009-04-01 22:34:53 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Fix two issues introduced by issue #71031 by changing the signature of PyImport_AppendInittab() to take a const char *. ........ r71041 | jesse.noller | 2009-04-02 00:17:26 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 1 line Add custom initializer argument to multiprocess.Manager*, courtesy of lekma ........ r71208 | michael.foord | 2009-04-04 20:15:01 -0500 (Sat, 04 Apr 2009) | 4 lines Change the way unittest.TestSuite use their tests to always access them through iteration. Non behavior changing, this allows you to create custom subclasses that override __iter__. Issue #5693 ........ r71263 | michael.foord | 2009-04-05 14:19:28 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 4 lines Adding assertIs and assertIsNot methods to unittest.TestCase Issue #2578 ........ r71286 | tarek.ziade | 2009-04-05 17:04:38 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line added a simplest test to distutils.spawn._nt_quote_args ........ r71395 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-08 08:27:29 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line these must be installed to correctly run tests ........ r71396 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-08 08:29:41 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line fix syntax ........ r71405 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-09 06:22:47 -0500 (Thu, 09 Apr 2009) | 1 line Add items ........ r71406 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-09 06:23:36 -0500 (Thu, 09 Apr 2009) | 1 line Typo fixes ........ r71485 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-11 11:12:23 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line Add various items ........ r71492 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-11 13:19:27 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line Take credit for a patch of mine. ........ r71494 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-11 14:31:00 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line ignore py3_test_grammar when compiling the library ........
2009-04-11 17:45:40 -03:00
.. method:: start([initializer[, initargs]])
Merged revisions 70912,70944,70968,71033,71041,71208,71263,71286,71395-71396,71405-71406,71485,71492,71494 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70912 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 17:35:46 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5617: add a handy function to print a unicode string to gdbinit. ........ r70944 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 23:32:39 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5631: add upload to list of possible commands, which is presented in --help-commands. ........ r70968 | michael.foord | 2009-04-01 13:25:38 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line Adding Wing project file ........ r71033 | brett.cannon | 2009-04-01 22:34:53 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Fix two issues introduced by issue #71031 by changing the signature of PyImport_AppendInittab() to take a const char *. ........ r71041 | jesse.noller | 2009-04-02 00:17:26 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 1 line Add custom initializer argument to multiprocess.Manager*, courtesy of lekma ........ r71208 | michael.foord | 2009-04-04 20:15:01 -0500 (Sat, 04 Apr 2009) | 4 lines Change the way unittest.TestSuite use their tests to always access them through iteration. Non behavior changing, this allows you to create custom subclasses that override __iter__. Issue #5693 ........ r71263 | michael.foord | 2009-04-05 14:19:28 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 4 lines Adding assertIs and assertIsNot methods to unittest.TestCase Issue #2578 ........ r71286 | tarek.ziade | 2009-04-05 17:04:38 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line added a simplest test to distutils.spawn._nt_quote_args ........ r71395 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-08 08:27:29 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line these must be installed to correctly run tests ........ r71396 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-08 08:29:41 -0500 (Wed, 08 Apr 2009) | 1 line fix syntax ........ r71405 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-09 06:22:47 -0500 (Thu, 09 Apr 2009) | 1 line Add items ........ r71406 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-09 06:23:36 -0500 (Thu, 09 Apr 2009) | 1 line Typo fixes ........ r71485 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-11 11:12:23 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line Add various items ........ r71492 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-11 13:19:27 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line Take credit for a patch of mine. ........ r71494 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-11 14:31:00 -0500 (Sat, 11 Apr 2009) | 1 line ignore py3_test_grammar when compiling the library ........
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Start a subprocess to start the manager. If *initializer* is not ``None``
then the subprocess will call ``initializer(*initargs)`` when it starts.
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.. method:: get_server()
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Returns a :class:`Server` object which represents the actual server under
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the control of the Manager. The :class:`Server` object supports the
:meth:`serve_forever` method::
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>>> from multiprocessing.managers import BaseManager
>>> manager = BaseManager(address=('', 50000), authkey=b'abc')
>>> server = manager.get_server()
>>> server.serve_forever()
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:class:`Server` additionally has an :attr:`address` attribute.
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.. method:: connect()
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Connect a local manager object to a remote manager process::
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>>> from multiprocessing.managers import BaseManager
>>> m = BaseManager(address=('127.0.0.1', 5000), authkey=b'abc')
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>>> m.connect()
.. method:: shutdown()
Stop the process used by the manager. This is only available if
:meth:`start` has been used to start the server process.
This can be called multiple times.
.. method:: register(typeid[, callable[, proxytype[, exposed[, method_to_typeid[, create_method]]]]])
A classmethod which can be used for registering a type or callable with
the manager class.
*typeid* is a "type identifier" which is used to identify a particular
type of shared object. This must be a string.
*callable* is a callable used for creating objects for this type
identifier. If a manager instance will be connected to the
server using the :meth:`connect` method, or if the
*create_method* argument is ``False`` then this can be left as
``None``.
*proxytype* is a subclass of :class:`BaseProxy` which is used to create
proxies for shared objects with this *typeid*. If ``None`` then a proxy
class is created automatically.
*exposed* is used to specify a sequence of method names which proxies for
this typeid should be allowed to access using
:meth:`BaseProxy._callmethod`. (If *exposed* is ``None`` then
:attr:`proxytype._exposed_` is used instead if it exists.) In the case
where no exposed list is specified, all "public methods" of the shared
object will be accessible. (Here a "public method" means any attribute
which has a :meth:`~object.__call__` method and whose name does not begin
with ``'_'``.)
*method_to_typeid* is a mapping used to specify the return type of those
exposed methods which should return a proxy. It maps method names to
typeid strings. (If *method_to_typeid* is ``None`` then
:attr:`proxytype._method_to_typeid_` is used instead if it exists.) If a
method's name is not a key of this mapping or if the mapping is ``None``
then the object returned by the method will be copied by value.
*create_method* determines whether a method should be created with name
*typeid* which can be used to tell the server process to create a new
shared object and return a proxy for it. By default it is ``True``.
:class:`BaseManager` instances also have one read-only property:
.. attribute:: address
The address used by the manager.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
Manager objects support the context management protocol -- see
:ref:`typecontextmanager`. :meth:`~contextmanager.__enter__` starts the
server process (if it has not already started) and then returns the
manager object. :meth:`~contextmanager.__exit__` calls :meth:`shutdown`.
In previous versions :meth:`~contextmanager.__enter__` did not start the
manager's server process if it was not already started.
.. class:: SyncManager
A subclass of :class:`BaseManager` which can be used for the synchronization
of processes. Objects of this type are returned by
:func:`multiprocessing.Manager`.
Its methods create and return :ref:`multiprocessing-proxy_objects` for a
number of commonly used data types to be synchronized across processes.
This notably includes shared lists and dictionaries.
.. method:: Barrier(parties[, action[, timeout]])
Create a shared :class:`threading.Barrier` object and return a
proxy for it.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. method:: BoundedSemaphore([value])
Create a shared :class:`threading.BoundedSemaphore` object and return a
proxy for it.
.. method:: Condition([lock])
Create a shared :class:`threading.Condition` object and return a proxy for
it.
If *lock* is supplied then it should be a proxy for a
:class:`threading.Lock` or :class:`threading.RLock` object.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
The :meth:`~threading.Condition.wait_for` method was added.
.. method:: Event()
Create a shared :class:`threading.Event` object and return a proxy for it.
.. method:: Lock()
Create a shared :class:`threading.Lock` object and return a proxy for it.
.. method:: Namespace()
Create a shared :class:`Namespace` object and return a proxy for it.
.. method:: Queue([maxsize])
Create a shared :class:`queue.Queue` object and return a proxy for it.
.. method:: RLock()
Create a shared :class:`threading.RLock` object and return a proxy for it.
.. method:: Semaphore([value])
Create a shared :class:`threading.Semaphore` object and return a proxy for
it.
.. method:: Array(typecode, sequence)
Create an array and return a proxy for it.
.. method:: Value(typecode, value)
Create an object with a writable ``value`` attribute and return a proxy
for it.
.. method:: dict()
dict(mapping)
dict(sequence)
Create a shared :class:`dict` object and return a proxy for it.
.. method:: list()
list(sequence)
Create a shared :class:`list` object and return a proxy for it.
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
Shared objects are capable of being nested. For example, a shared
container object such as a shared list can contain other shared objects
which will all be managed and synchronized by the :class:`SyncManager`.
.. class:: Namespace
A type that can register with :class:`SyncManager`.
A namespace object has no public methods, but does have writable attributes.
Its representation shows the values of its attributes.
However, when using a proxy for a namespace object, an attribute beginning
with ``'_'`` will be an attribute of the proxy and not an attribute of the
referent:
.. doctest::
>>> manager = multiprocessing.Manager()
>>> Global = manager.Namespace()
>>> Global.x = 10
>>> Global.y = 'hello'
>>> Global._z = 12.3 # this is an attribute of the proxy
>>> print(Global)
Namespace(x=10, y='hello')
Customized managers
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
To create one's own manager, one creates a subclass of :class:`BaseManager` and
uses the :meth:`~BaseManager.register` classmethod to register new types or
callables with the manager class. For example::
from multiprocessing.managers import BaseManager
class MathsClass:
def add(self, x, y):
return x + y
def mul(self, x, y):
return x * y
class MyManager(BaseManager):
pass
MyManager.register('Maths', MathsClass)
if __name__ == '__main__':
with MyManager() as manager:
maths = manager.Maths()
print(maths.add(4, 3)) # prints 7
print(maths.mul(7, 8)) # prints 56
Using a remote manager
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
It is possible to run a manager server on one machine and have clients use it
from other machines (assuming that the firewalls involved allow it).
Running the following commands creates a server for a single shared queue which
remote clients can access::
>>> from multiprocessing.managers import BaseManager
>>> import queue
>>> queue = queue.Queue()
>>> class QueueManager(BaseManager): pass
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>>> QueueManager.register('get_queue', callable=lambda:queue)
>>> m = QueueManager(address=('', 50000), authkey=b'abracadabra')
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>>> s = m.get_server()
>>> s.serve_forever()
One client can access the server as follows::
>>> from multiprocessing.managers import BaseManager
>>> class QueueManager(BaseManager): pass
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>>> QueueManager.register('get_queue')
>>> m = QueueManager(address=('foo.bar.org', 50000), authkey=b'abracadabra')
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>>> m.connect()
>>> queue = m.get_queue()
>>> queue.put('hello')
Another client can also use it::
>>> from multiprocessing.managers import BaseManager
>>> class QueueManager(BaseManager): pass
>>> QueueManager.register('get_queue')
>>> m = QueueManager(address=('foo.bar.org', 50000), authkey=b'abracadabra')
>>> m.connect()
>>> queue = m.get_queue()
>>> queue.get()
'hello'
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Local processes can also access that queue, using the code from above on the
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client to access it remotely::
>>> from multiprocessing import Process, Queue
>>> from multiprocessing.managers import BaseManager
>>> class Worker(Process):
... def __init__(self, q):
... self.q = q
... super(Worker, self).__init__()
... def run(self):
... self.q.put('local hello')
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...
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>>> queue = Queue()
>>> w = Worker(queue)
>>> w.start()
>>> class QueueManager(BaseManager): pass
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...
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>>> QueueManager.register('get_queue', callable=lambda: queue)
>>> m = QueueManager(address=('', 50000), authkey=b'abracadabra')
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>>> s = m.get_server()
>>> s.serve_forever()
.. _multiprocessing-proxy_objects:
Proxy Objects
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A proxy is an object which *refers* to a shared object which lives (presumably)
in a different process. The shared object is said to be the *referent* of the
proxy. Multiple proxy objects may have the same referent.
A proxy object has methods which invoke corresponding methods of its referent
(although not every method of the referent will necessarily be available through
the proxy). In this way, a proxy can be used just like its referent can:
.. doctest::
>>> from multiprocessing import Manager
>>> manager = Manager()
>>> l = manager.list([i*i for i in range(10)])
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>>> print(l)
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
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>>> print(repr(l))
<ListProxy object, typeid 'list' at 0x...>
>>> l[4]
16
>>> l[2:5]
[4, 9, 16]
Notice that applying :func:`str` to a proxy will return the representation of
the referent, whereas applying :func:`repr` will return the representation of
the proxy.
An important feature of proxy objects is that they are picklable so they can be
passed between processes. As such, a referent can contain
:ref:`multiprocessing-proxy_objects`. This permits nesting of these managed
lists, dicts, and other :ref:`multiprocessing-proxy_objects`:
.. doctest::
>>> a = manager.list()
>>> b = manager.list()
>>> a.append(b) # referent of a now contains referent of b
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>>> print(a, b)
[<ListProxy object, typeid 'list' at ...>] []
>>> b.append('hello')
>>> print(a[0], b)
['hello'] ['hello']
Similarly, dict and list proxies may be nested inside one another::
>>> l_outer = manager.list([ manager.dict() for i in range(2) ])
>>> d_first_inner = l_outer[0]
>>> d_first_inner['a'] = 1
>>> d_first_inner['b'] = 2
>>> l_outer[1]['c'] = 3
>>> l_outer[1]['z'] = 26
>>> print(l_outer[0])
{'a': 1, 'b': 2}
>>> print(l_outer[1])
{'c': 3, 'z': 26}
If standard (non-proxy) :class:`list` or :class:`dict` objects are contained
in a referent, modifications to those mutable values will not be propagated
through the manager because the proxy has no way of knowing when the values
contained within are modified. However, storing a value in a container proxy
(which triggers a ``__setitem__`` on the proxy object) does propagate through
the manager and so to effectively modify such an item, one could re-assign the
modified value to the container proxy::
# create a list proxy and append a mutable object (a dictionary)
lproxy = manager.list()
lproxy.append({})
# now mutate the dictionary
d = lproxy[0]
d['a'] = 1
d['b'] = 2
# at this point, the changes to d are not yet synced, but by
# updating the dictionary, the proxy is notified of the change
lproxy[0] = d
This approach is perhaps less convenient than employing nested
:ref:`multiprocessing-proxy_objects` for most use cases but also
demonstrates a level of control over the synchronization.
.. note::
The proxy types in :mod:`multiprocessing` do nothing to support comparisons
by value. So, for instance, we have:
.. doctest::
>>> manager.list([1,2,3]) == [1,2,3]
False
One should just use a copy of the referent instead when making comparisons.
.. class:: BaseProxy
Proxy objects are instances of subclasses of :class:`BaseProxy`.
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.. method:: _callmethod(methodname[, args[, kwds]])
Call and return the result of a method of the proxy's referent.
If ``proxy`` is a proxy whose referent is ``obj`` then the expression ::
Merged revisions 67654,67676-67677,67681,67692,67725,67761,67784-67785,67787-67788,67802,67848-67850,67862-67864,67880,67882 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67654 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-07 16:42:09 -0600 (Sun, 07 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4457: rewrite __import__() documentation. ........ r67676 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:03:03 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line specify how things are copied ........ r67677 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:05:11 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line revert unrelated change to installer script ........ r67681 | jeremy.hylton | 2008-12-09 15:03:10 -0600 (Tue, 09 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add simple unittests for Request ........ r67692 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-10 18:03:42 -0600 (Wed, 10 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #1030250: correctly pass the dry_run option to the mkpath() function. ........ r67725 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-12 22:02:20 -0600 (Fri, 12 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix incorrect example ........ r67761 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-14 11:26:04 -0600 (Sun, 14 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix missing bracket ........ r67784 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:33:58 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4446: document "platforms" argument for setup(). ........ r67785 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:36:11 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4611: fix typo. ........ r67787 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:58:59 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4578: fix has_key() usage in compiler package. ........ r67788 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 03:07:39 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4568: remove limitation in varargs callback example. ........ r67802 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-15 16:29:14 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 4 lines #3632: the "pyo" macro from gdbinit can now run when the GIL is released. Patch by haypo. ........ r67848 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:28:56 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix typo ........ r67849 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:31:35 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line _call_method -> _callmethod and _get_value to _getvalue ........ r67850 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-12-19 03:06:07 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 9 lines Fix-up and clean-up docs for int.bit_length(). * Replace dramatic footnote with in-line comment about possible round-off errors in logarithms of large numbers. * Add comments to the pure python code equivalent. * replace floor() with int() in the mathematical equivalent so the type is correct (should be an int, not a float). * add abs() to the mathematical equivalent so that it matches the previous line that it is supposed to be equivalent to. * make one combined example with a negative input. ........ r67862 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:48:02 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line copy sentence from docstring ........ r67863 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:51:26 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line add headings ........ r67864 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:57:19 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line beef up docstring ........ r67880 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:49:24 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line remove redundant sentence ........ r67882 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:59:49 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line add some recent releases to the list ........
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proxy._callmethod(methodname, args, kwds)
will evaluate the expression ::
getattr(obj, methodname)(*args, **kwds)
in the manager's process.
The returned value will be a copy of the result of the call or a proxy to
a new shared object -- see documentation for the *method_to_typeid*
argument of :meth:`BaseManager.register`.
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If an exception is raised by the call, then is re-raised by
Merged revisions 67654,67676-67677,67681,67692,67725,67761,67784-67785,67787-67788,67802,67848-67850,67862-67864,67880,67882 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67654 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-07 16:42:09 -0600 (Sun, 07 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4457: rewrite __import__() documentation. ........ r67676 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:03:03 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line specify how things are copied ........ r67677 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:05:11 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line revert unrelated change to installer script ........ r67681 | jeremy.hylton | 2008-12-09 15:03:10 -0600 (Tue, 09 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add simple unittests for Request ........ r67692 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-10 18:03:42 -0600 (Wed, 10 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #1030250: correctly pass the dry_run option to the mkpath() function. ........ r67725 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-12 22:02:20 -0600 (Fri, 12 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix incorrect example ........ r67761 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-14 11:26:04 -0600 (Sun, 14 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix missing bracket ........ r67784 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:33:58 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4446: document "platforms" argument for setup(). ........ r67785 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:36:11 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4611: fix typo. ........ r67787 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:58:59 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4578: fix has_key() usage in compiler package. ........ r67788 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 03:07:39 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4568: remove limitation in varargs callback example. ........ r67802 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-15 16:29:14 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 4 lines #3632: the "pyo" macro from gdbinit can now run when the GIL is released. Patch by haypo. ........ r67848 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:28:56 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix typo ........ r67849 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:31:35 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line _call_method -> _callmethod and _get_value to _getvalue ........ r67850 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-12-19 03:06:07 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 9 lines Fix-up and clean-up docs for int.bit_length(). * Replace dramatic footnote with in-line comment about possible round-off errors in logarithms of large numbers. * Add comments to the pure python code equivalent. * replace floor() with int() in the mathematical equivalent so the type is correct (should be an int, not a float). * add abs() to the mathematical equivalent so that it matches the previous line that it is supposed to be equivalent to. * make one combined example with a negative input. ........ r67862 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:48:02 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line copy sentence from docstring ........ r67863 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:51:26 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line add headings ........ r67864 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:57:19 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line beef up docstring ........ r67880 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:49:24 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line remove redundant sentence ........ r67882 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:59:49 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line add some recent releases to the list ........
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:meth:`_callmethod`. If some other exception is raised in the manager's
process then this is converted into a :exc:`RemoteError` exception and is
Merged revisions 67654,67676-67677,67681,67692,67725,67761,67784-67785,67787-67788,67802,67848-67850,67862-67864,67880,67882 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67654 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-07 16:42:09 -0600 (Sun, 07 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4457: rewrite __import__() documentation. ........ r67676 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:03:03 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line specify how things are copied ........ r67677 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:05:11 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line revert unrelated change to installer script ........ r67681 | jeremy.hylton | 2008-12-09 15:03:10 -0600 (Tue, 09 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add simple unittests for Request ........ r67692 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-10 18:03:42 -0600 (Wed, 10 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #1030250: correctly pass the dry_run option to the mkpath() function. ........ r67725 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-12 22:02:20 -0600 (Fri, 12 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix incorrect example ........ r67761 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-14 11:26:04 -0600 (Sun, 14 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix missing bracket ........ r67784 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:33:58 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4446: document "platforms" argument for setup(). ........ r67785 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:36:11 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4611: fix typo. ........ r67787 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:58:59 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4578: fix has_key() usage in compiler package. ........ r67788 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 03:07:39 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4568: remove limitation in varargs callback example. ........ r67802 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-15 16:29:14 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 4 lines #3632: the "pyo" macro from gdbinit can now run when the GIL is released. Patch by haypo. ........ r67848 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:28:56 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix typo ........ r67849 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:31:35 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line _call_method -> _callmethod and _get_value to _getvalue ........ r67850 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-12-19 03:06:07 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 9 lines Fix-up and clean-up docs for int.bit_length(). * Replace dramatic footnote with in-line comment about possible round-off errors in logarithms of large numbers. * Add comments to the pure python code equivalent. * replace floor() with int() in the mathematical equivalent so the type is correct (should be an int, not a float). * add abs() to the mathematical equivalent so that it matches the previous line that it is supposed to be equivalent to. * make one combined example with a negative input. ........ r67862 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:48:02 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line copy sentence from docstring ........ r67863 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:51:26 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line add headings ........ r67864 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:57:19 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line beef up docstring ........ r67880 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:49:24 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line remove redundant sentence ........ r67882 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:59:49 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line add some recent releases to the list ........
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raised by :meth:`_callmethod`.
Note in particular that an exception will be raised if *methodname* has
not been *exposed*.
An example of the usage of :meth:`_callmethod`:
.. doctest::
>>> l = manager.list(range(10))
Merged revisions 67654,67676-67677,67681,67692,67725,67761,67784-67785,67787-67788,67802,67848-67850,67862-67864,67880,67882 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67654 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-07 16:42:09 -0600 (Sun, 07 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4457: rewrite __import__() documentation. ........ r67676 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:03:03 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line specify how things are copied ........ r67677 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:05:11 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line revert unrelated change to installer script ........ r67681 | jeremy.hylton | 2008-12-09 15:03:10 -0600 (Tue, 09 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add simple unittests for Request ........ r67692 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-10 18:03:42 -0600 (Wed, 10 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #1030250: correctly pass the dry_run option to the mkpath() function. ........ r67725 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-12 22:02:20 -0600 (Fri, 12 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix incorrect example ........ r67761 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-14 11:26:04 -0600 (Sun, 14 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix missing bracket ........ r67784 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:33:58 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4446: document "platforms" argument for setup(). ........ r67785 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:36:11 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4611: fix typo. ........ r67787 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:58:59 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4578: fix has_key() usage in compiler package. ........ r67788 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 03:07:39 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4568: remove limitation in varargs callback example. ........ r67802 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-15 16:29:14 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 4 lines #3632: the "pyo" macro from gdbinit can now run when the GIL is released. Patch by haypo. ........ r67848 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:28:56 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix typo ........ r67849 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:31:35 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line _call_method -> _callmethod and _get_value to _getvalue ........ r67850 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-12-19 03:06:07 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 9 lines Fix-up and clean-up docs for int.bit_length(). * Replace dramatic footnote with in-line comment about possible round-off errors in logarithms of large numbers. * Add comments to the pure python code equivalent. * replace floor() with int() in the mathematical equivalent so the type is correct (should be an int, not a float). * add abs() to the mathematical equivalent so that it matches the previous line that it is supposed to be equivalent to. * make one combined example with a negative input. ........ r67862 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:48:02 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line copy sentence from docstring ........ r67863 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:51:26 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line add headings ........ r67864 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:57:19 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line beef up docstring ........ r67880 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:49:24 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line remove redundant sentence ........ r67882 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:59:49 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line add some recent releases to the list ........
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>>> l._callmethod('__len__')
10
>>> l._callmethod('__getitem__', (slice(2, 7),)) # equivalent to l[2:7]
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> l._callmethod('__getitem__', (20,)) # equivalent to l[20]
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: list index out of range
Merged revisions 67654,67676-67677,67681,67692,67725,67761,67784-67785,67787-67788,67802,67848-67850,67862-67864,67880,67882 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67654 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-07 16:42:09 -0600 (Sun, 07 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4457: rewrite __import__() documentation. ........ r67676 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:03:03 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line specify how things are copied ........ r67677 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:05:11 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line revert unrelated change to installer script ........ r67681 | jeremy.hylton | 2008-12-09 15:03:10 -0600 (Tue, 09 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add simple unittests for Request ........ r67692 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-10 18:03:42 -0600 (Wed, 10 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #1030250: correctly pass the dry_run option to the mkpath() function. ........ r67725 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-12 22:02:20 -0600 (Fri, 12 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix incorrect example ........ r67761 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-14 11:26:04 -0600 (Sun, 14 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix missing bracket ........ r67784 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:33:58 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4446: document "platforms" argument for setup(). ........ r67785 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:36:11 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4611: fix typo. ........ r67787 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:58:59 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4578: fix has_key() usage in compiler package. ........ r67788 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 03:07:39 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4568: remove limitation in varargs callback example. ........ r67802 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-15 16:29:14 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 4 lines #3632: the "pyo" macro from gdbinit can now run when the GIL is released. Patch by haypo. ........ r67848 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:28:56 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix typo ........ r67849 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:31:35 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line _call_method -> _callmethod and _get_value to _getvalue ........ r67850 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-12-19 03:06:07 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 9 lines Fix-up and clean-up docs for int.bit_length(). * Replace dramatic footnote with in-line comment about possible round-off errors in logarithms of large numbers. * Add comments to the pure python code equivalent. * replace floor() with int() in the mathematical equivalent so the type is correct (should be an int, not a float). * add abs() to the mathematical equivalent so that it matches the previous line that it is supposed to be equivalent to. * make one combined example with a negative input. ........ r67862 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:48:02 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line copy sentence from docstring ........ r67863 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:51:26 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line add headings ........ r67864 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:57:19 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line beef up docstring ........ r67880 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:49:24 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line remove redundant sentence ........ r67882 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:59:49 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line add some recent releases to the list ........
2008-12-20 20:06:59 -04:00
.. method:: _getvalue()
Return a copy of the referent.
If the referent is unpicklable then this will raise an exception.
.. method:: __repr__
Return a representation of the proxy object.
.. method:: __str__
Return the representation of the referent.
Cleanup
>>>>>>>
A proxy object uses a weakref callback so that when it gets garbage collected it
deregisters itself from the manager which owns its referent.
A shared object gets deleted from the manager process when there are no longer
any proxies referring to it.
Process Pools
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. module:: multiprocessing.pool
:synopsis: Create pools of processes.
One can create a pool of processes which will carry out tasks submitted to it
with the :class:`Pool` class.
.. class:: Pool([processes[, initializer[, initargs[, maxtasksperchild [, context]]]]])
A process pool object which controls a pool of worker processes to which jobs
can be submitted. It supports asynchronous results with timeouts and
callbacks and has a parallel map implementation.
*processes* is the number of worker processes to use. If *processes* is
``None`` then the number returned by :func:`os.cpu_count` is used.
If *initializer* is not ``None`` then each worker process will call
``initializer(*initargs)`` when it starts.
*maxtasksperchild* is the number of tasks a worker process can complete
before it will exit and be replaced with a fresh worker process, to enable
unused resources to be freed. The default *maxtasksperchild* is ``None``, which
means worker processes will live as long as the pool.
*context* can be used to specify the context used for starting
the worker processes. Usually a pool is created using the
function :func:`multiprocessing.Pool` or the :meth:`Pool` method
of a context object. In both cases *context* is set
appropriately.
Note that the methods of the pool object should only be called by
the process which created the pool.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
*maxtasksperchild*
.. versionadded:: 3.4
*context*
.. note::
Worker processes within a :class:`Pool` typically live for the complete
duration of the Pool's work queue. A frequent pattern found in other
systems (such as Apache, mod_wsgi, etc) to free resources held by
workers is to allow a worker within a pool to complete only a set
amount of work before being exiting, being cleaned up and a new
process spawned to replace the old one. The *maxtasksperchild*
argument to the :class:`Pool` exposes this ability to the end user.
.. method:: apply(func[, args[, kwds]])
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Call *func* with arguments *args* and keyword arguments *kwds*. It blocks
until the result is ready. Given this blocks, :meth:`apply_async` is
better suited for performing work in parallel. Additionally, *func*
is only executed in one of the workers of the pool.
.. method:: apply_async(func[, args[, kwds[, callback[, error_callback]]]])
A variant of the :meth:`apply` method which returns a result object.
If *callback* is specified then it should be a callable which accepts a
single argument. When the result becomes ready *callback* is applied to
it, that is unless the call failed, in which case the *error_callback*
is applied instead.
If *error_callback* is specified then it should be a callable which
accepts a single argument. If the target function fails, then
the *error_callback* is called with the exception instance.
Callbacks should complete immediately since otherwise the thread which
handles the results will get blocked.
.. method:: map(func, iterable[, chunksize])
A parallel equivalent of the :func:`map` built-in function (it supports only
one *iterable* argument though). It blocks until the result is ready.
This method chops the iterable into a number of chunks which it submits to
the process pool as separate tasks. The (approximate) size of these
chunks can be specified by setting *chunksize* to a positive integer.
.. method:: map_async(func, iterable[, chunksize[, callback[, error_callback]]])
A variant of the :meth:`.map` method which returns a result object.
If *callback* is specified then it should be a callable which accepts a
single argument. When the result becomes ready *callback* is applied to
it, that is unless the call failed, in which case the *error_callback*
is applied instead.
If *error_callback* is specified then it should be a callable which
accepts a single argument. If the target function fails, then
the *error_callback* is called with the exception instance.
Callbacks should complete immediately since otherwise the thread which
handles the results will get blocked.
.. method:: imap(func, iterable[, chunksize])
A lazier version of :meth:`map`.
The *chunksize* argument is the same as the one used by the :meth:`.map`
method. For very long iterables using a large value for *chunksize* can
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make the job complete **much** faster than using the default value of
``1``.
Also if *chunksize* is ``1`` then the :meth:`!next` method of the iterator
returned by the :meth:`imap` method has an optional *timeout* parameter:
``next(timeout)`` will raise :exc:`multiprocessing.TimeoutError` if the
result cannot be returned within *timeout* seconds.
.. method:: imap_unordered(func, iterable[, chunksize])
The same as :meth:`imap` except that the ordering of the results from the
returned iterator should be considered arbitrary. (Only when there is
only one worker process is the order guaranteed to be "correct".)
.. method:: starmap(func, iterable[, chunksize])
Like :meth:`map` except that the elements of the *iterable* are expected
to be iterables that are unpacked as arguments.
Hence an *iterable* of ``[(1,2), (3, 4)]`` results in ``[func(1,2),
func(3,4)]``.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. method:: starmap_async(func, iterable[, chunksize[, callback[, error_back]]])
A combination of :meth:`starmap` and :meth:`map_async` that iterates over
*iterable* of iterables and calls *func* with the iterables unpacked.
Returns a result object.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. method:: close()
Prevents any more tasks from being submitted to the pool. Once all the
tasks have been completed the worker processes will exit.
.. method:: terminate()
Stops the worker processes immediately without completing outstanding
work. When the pool object is garbage collected :meth:`terminate` will be
called immediately.
.. method:: join()
Wait for the worker processes to exit. One must call :meth:`close` or
:meth:`terminate` before using :meth:`join`.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
Pool objects now support the context management protocol -- see
:ref:`typecontextmanager`. :meth:`~contextmanager.__enter__` returns the
pool object, and :meth:`~contextmanager.__exit__` calls :meth:`terminate`.
.. class:: AsyncResult
The class of the result returned by :meth:`Pool.apply_async` and
:meth:`Pool.map_async`.
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.. method:: get([timeout])
Return the result when it arrives. If *timeout* is not ``None`` and the
result does not arrive within *timeout* seconds then
:exc:`multiprocessing.TimeoutError` is raised. If the remote call raised
an exception then that exception will be reraised by :meth:`get`.
.. method:: wait([timeout])
Wait until the result is available or until *timeout* seconds pass.
.. method:: ready()
Return whether the call has completed.
.. method:: successful()
Return whether the call completed without raising an exception. Will
raise :exc:`AssertionError` if the result is not ready.
The following example demonstrates the use of a pool::
from multiprocessing import Pool
import time
def f(x):
return x*x
if __name__ == '__main__':
with Pool(processes=4) as pool: # start 4 worker processes
result = pool.apply_async(f, (10,)) # evaluate "f(10)" asynchronously in a single process
print(result.get(timeout=1)) # prints "100" unless your computer is *very* slow
print(pool.map(f, range(10))) # prints "[0, 1, 4,..., 81]"
it = pool.imap(f, range(10))
print(next(it)) # prints "0"
print(next(it)) # prints "1"
print(it.next(timeout=1)) # prints "4" unless your computer is *very* slow
result = pool.apply_async(time.sleep, (10,))
print(result.get(timeout=1)) # raises multiprocessing.TimeoutError
.. _multiprocessing-listeners-clients:
Listeners and Clients
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. module:: multiprocessing.connection
:synopsis: API for dealing with sockets.
Usually message passing between processes is done using queues or by using
:class:`~multiprocessing.Connection` objects returned by
:func:`~multiprocessing.Pipe`.
However, the :mod:`multiprocessing.connection` module allows some extra
flexibility. It basically gives a high level message oriented API for dealing
with sockets or Windows named pipes. It also has support for *digest
authentication* using the :mod:`hmac` module, and for polling
multiple connections at the same time.
.. function:: deliver_challenge(connection, authkey)
Send a randomly generated message to the other end of the connection and wait
for a reply.
If the reply matches the digest of the message using *authkey* as the key
then a welcome message is sent to the other end of the connection. Otherwise
:exc:`~multiprocessing.AuthenticationError` is raised.
.. function:: answer_challenge(connection, authkey)
Receive a message, calculate the digest of the message using *authkey* as the
key, and then send the digest back.
If a welcome message is not received, then
:exc:`~multiprocessing.AuthenticationError` is raised.
.. function:: Client(address[, family[, authenticate[, authkey]]])
Attempt to set up a connection to the listener which is using address
*address*, returning a :class:`~multiprocessing.Connection`.
The type of the connection is determined by *family* argument, but this can
generally be omitted since it can usually be inferred from the format of
*address*. (See :ref:`multiprocessing-address-formats`)
If *authenticate* is ``True`` or *authkey* is a byte string then digest
authentication is used. The key used for authentication will be either
*authkey* or ``current_process().authkey`` if *authkey* is ``None``.
If authentication fails then
:exc:`~multiprocessing.AuthenticationError` is raised. See
:ref:`multiprocessing-auth-keys`.
.. class:: Listener([address[, family[, backlog[, authenticate[, authkey]]]]])
A wrapper for a bound socket or Windows named pipe which is 'listening' for
connections.
*address* is the address to be used by the bound socket or named pipe of the
listener object.
Merged revisions 70712,70714,70764-70765,70769-70771,70773,70776-70777,70788-70789,70824,70828,70832,70836,70842,70851,70855,70857,70866-70872,70883,70885,70893-70894,70896-70897,70903,70905-70907,70915,70927,70933,70951,70960,70962-70964,70998,71001,71006,71008,71010-71011,71019,71037,71056,71094,71101-71103,71106,71119,71123,71149-71150,71203,71212,71214-71217,71221,71240 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70712 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-03-30 10:15:38 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line don't rely on the order dict repr #5605 ........ r70714 | brett.cannon | 2009-03-30 10:20:53 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Add an entry to developers.txt. ........ r70764 | martin.v.loewis | 2009-03-30 17:06:33 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 2 lines Add several VM developers. ........ r70765 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-30 17:09:34 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5199: make warning about vars() assignment more visible. ........ r70769 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 17:29:53 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Remove comment ........ r70770 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 17:30:20 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Add several items and placeholders ........ r70771 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 17:31:11 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Many edits ........ r70773 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-30 17:43:00 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5039: make it clear that the impl. note refers to CPython. ........ r70776 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 18:08:24 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line typo fix ........ r70777 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 18:09:46 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Add more items ........ r70788 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 20:21:01 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Add various items ........ r70789 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-30 20:25:15 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Fix a wrong struct field assignment (docstring as closure). ........ r70824 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 10:43:20 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5519: remove reference to Kodos, which seems dead. ........ r70828 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 10:50:16 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5581: fget argument of abstractproperty is optional as well. ........ r70832 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 11:31:11 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1386675: specify WindowsError as the exception, because it has a winerror attribute that EnvironmentError doesnt have. ........ r70836 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 11:50:25 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5417: replace references to undocumented functions by ones to documented functions. ........ r70842 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 12:13:06 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #970783: document PyObject_Generic[GS]etAttr. ........ r70851 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 13:26:55 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #837577: note cryptic return value of spawn*e on invalid env dicts. ........ r70855 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 13:30:37 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5245: note that PyRun_SimpleString doesnt return on SystemExit. ........ r70857 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 13:33:10 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5227: note that Py_Main doesnt return on SystemExit. ........ r70866 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:06:57 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #4882: document named group behavior a bit better. ........ r70867 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:10:35 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1096310: document usage of sys.__std*__ a bit better. ........ r70868 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:12:17 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5190: export make_option in __all__. ........ r70869 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:14:42 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line Fix-up unwanted change. ........ r70870 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:26:24 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #4411: document mro() and __mro__. (I hope I got it right.) ........ r70871 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:30:56 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5618: fix typo. ........ r70872 | r.david.murray | 2009-03-31 14:31:17 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 3 lines Delete out-of-date and little-known README from the test directory by consensus of devs at pycon sprint. ........ r70883 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 15:41:08 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1674032: return value of flag from Event.wait(). OKed by Guido. ........ r70885 | tarek.ziade | 2009-03-31 15:48:31 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line using log.warn for sys.stderr ........ r70893 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 15:56:32 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1530012: move TQS section before raw strings. ........ r70894 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-03-31 16:06:30 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line take the usual lock precautions around _active_limbo_lock ........ r70896 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 16:15:33 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5598: document DocFileSuite *args argument. ........ r70897 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-03-31 16:34:42 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line fix Thread.ident when it is the main thread or a dummy thread #5632 ........ r70903 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 16:45:18 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1676135: remove trailing slashes from --prefix argument. ........ r70905 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 17:03:40 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5563: more documentation for bdist_msi. ........ r70906 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 17:11:53 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1651995: fix _convert_ref for non-ASCII characters. ........ r70907 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 17:18:19 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #3427: document correct return type for urlopen().info(). ........ r70915 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 17:40:16 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5018: remove confusing paragraph. ........ r70927 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 18:01:27 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line Dont shout to users. ........ r70933 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 19:04:33 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 2 lines Issue #5635: Fix running test_sys with tracing enabled. ........ r70951 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-01 09:02:27 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line Add Maksim, who worked on several issues at the sprint. ........ r70960 | jesse.noller | 2009-04-01 11:42:19 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line Issue 3270: document Listener address restrictions on windows ........ r70962 | brett.cannon | 2009-04-01 12:07:16 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 2 lines Ron DuPlain was given commit privileges at PyCon 2009 to work on 3to2. ........ r70963 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-01 12:46:01 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5655: fix docstring oversight. ........ r70964 | brett.cannon | 2009-04-01 12:52:13 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 2 lines Paul Kippes was given commit privileges to work on 3to2. ........ r70998 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-01 16:54:21 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line In Pdb, stop assigning values to __builtin__._ which interferes with the one commonly installed by gettext. ........ r71001 | brett.cannon | 2009-04-01 18:01:12 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Add my initials to Misc/developers.txt. Names are now sorted by number of characters in the person's name. ........ r71006 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-01 18:32:17 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line Cache the f_locals dict of the current frame, since every access to frame.f_locals overrides its contents with the real locals which undoes modifications made by the debugging user. ........ r71008 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-01 19:02:14 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r71010 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-01 19:11:52 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line fix markup ........ r71011 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-01 19:12:47 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line this should be :noindex: ........ r71019 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-01 21:00:01 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line Fix test_doctest, missed two assignments to curframe. ........ r71037 | r.david.murray | 2009-04-01 23:34:04 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 6 lines Clarify that datetime strftime does not produce leap seconds and datetime strptime does not accept it in the strftime behavior section of the datetime docs. Closes issue 2568. ........ r71056 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-02 12:43:07 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 2 lines Actually the displayhook should print the repr. ........ r71094 | vinay.sajip | 2009-04-03 05:23:18 -0500 (Fri, 03 Apr 2009) | 1 line Added warning about logging use from asynchronous signal handlers. ........ r71101 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-03 16:43:00 -0500 (Fri, 03 Apr 2009) | 1 line Add some items ........ r71102 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-03 16:44:49 -0500 (Fri, 03 Apr 2009) | 1 line Fix 'the the'; grammar fix ........ r71103 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-03 16:45:29 -0500 (Fri, 03 Apr 2009) | 1 line Fix 'the the' duplication ........ r71106 | vinay.sajip | 2009-04-03 16:58:16 -0500 (Fri, 03 Apr 2009) | 1 line Clarified warning about logging use from asynchronous signal handlers. ........ r71119 | raymond.hettinger | 2009-04-04 00:37:47 -0500 (Sat, 04 Apr 2009) | 1 line Add helpful link. ........ r71123 | r.david.murray | 2009-04-04 01:39:56 -0500 (Sat, 04 Apr 2009) | 2 lines Fix error in description of 'oct' (issue 5678). ........ r71149 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-04 08:42:39 -0500 (Sat, 04 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5642: clarify map() compatibility to the builtin. ........ r71150 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-04 08:45:49 -0500 (Sat, 04 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5601: clarify that webbrowser is not meant for file names. ........ r71203 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-04 18:46:34 -0500 (Sat, 04 Apr 2009) | 1 line note how using iter* are unsafe while mutating and document iter(dict) ........ r71212 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 05:24:20 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #1742837: expand HTTP server docs, and fix SocketServer ones to document methods as methods, not functions. ........ r71214 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 05:29:57 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Normalize spelling of Mac OS X. ........ r71215 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 05:32:26 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Avoid sure signs of a diseased mind. ........ r71216 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 05:41:02 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #1718017: document the relation of os.path and the posixpath, ntpath etc. modules better. ........ r71217 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 05:48:47 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #1726172: dont raise an unexpected IndexError if a voidresp() call has an empty response. ........ r71221 | vinay.sajip | 2009-04-05 06:06:24 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Issue #5695: Moved logging.captureWarnings() call inside with statement in WarningsTest.test_warnings. ........ r71240 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 09:40:06 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5370: doc update about unpickling objects with custom __getattr__ etc. methods. ........
2009-04-05 16:13:16 -03:00
.. note::
If an address of '0.0.0.0' is used, the address will not be a connectable
end point on Windows. If you require a connectable end-point,
you should use '127.0.0.1'.
*family* is the type of socket (or named pipe) to use. This can be one of
the strings ``'AF_INET'`` (for a TCP socket), ``'AF_UNIX'`` (for a Unix
domain socket) or ``'AF_PIPE'`` (for a Windows named pipe). Of these only
the first is guaranteed to be available. If *family* is ``None`` then the
family is inferred from the format of *address*. If *address* is also
``None`` then a default is chosen. This default is the family which is
assumed to be the fastest available. See
:ref:`multiprocessing-address-formats`. Note that if *family* is
``'AF_UNIX'`` and address is ``None`` then the socket will be created in a
private temporary directory created using :func:`tempfile.mkstemp`.
If the listener object uses a socket then *backlog* (1 by default) is passed
to the :meth:`~socket.socket.listen` method of the socket once it has been
bound.
If *authenticate* is ``True`` (``False`` by default) or *authkey* is not
``None`` then digest authentication is used.
If *authkey* is a byte string then it will be used as the
authentication key; otherwise it must be ``None``.
If *authkey* is ``None`` and *authenticate* is ``True`` then
Merged revisions 65910,65977,65980,65984,65986,66000,66011-66012,66014,66017,66020 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r65910 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-20 09:07:59 -0500 (Wed, 20 Aug 2008) | 1 line fix up the multiprocessing docs a little ........ r65977 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 14:47:25 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Silenced compiler warning Objects/stringlib/find.h:97: warning: 'stringlib_contains_obj' defined but not used Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65980 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 15:10:27 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Fixed two format strings in the _collections module. For example Modules/_collectionsmodule.c:674: warning: format '%i' expects type 'int', but argument 2 has type 'Py_ssize_t' Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65984 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 16:23:47 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 1 line d is the correct format string ........ r65986 | mark.hammond | 2008-08-22 19:59:14 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 2 lines Fix bug 3625: test issues on 64bit windows. r=pitrou ........ r66000 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-23 15:27:43 -0500 (Sat, 23 Aug 2008) | 5 lines #3643 add a few more checks to _testcapi to prevent segfaults Author: Victor Stinner Reviewer: Benjamin Peterson ........ r66011 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:27:43 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Ignore a couple more tests that report leaks inconsistently. ........ r66012 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:29:53 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Use the actual blacklist of leaky tests ........ r66014 | georg.brandl | 2008-08-24 13:11:07 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 2 lines #3654: fix duplicate test method name. Review by Benjamin P. ........ r66017 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-24 16:55:03 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line remove note about unimplemented feature ........ r66020 | brett.cannon | 2008-08-24 18:15:19 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Clarify that some attributes/methods are listed somewhat separately because they are not part of the threading API. ........
2008-08-25 18:05:21 -03:00
``current_process().authkey`` is used as the authentication key. If
*authkey* is ``None`` and *authenticate* is ``False`` then no
authentication is done. If authentication fails then
:exc:`~multiprocessing.AuthenticationError` is raised.
See :ref:`multiprocessing-auth-keys`.
.. method:: accept()
Accept a connection on the bound socket or named pipe of the listener
object and return a :class:`~multiprocessing.Connection` object. If
authentication is attempted and fails, then
:exc:`~multiprocessing.AuthenticationError` is raised.
.. method:: close()
Close the bound socket or named pipe of the listener object. This is
called automatically when the listener is garbage collected. However it
is advisable to call it explicitly.
Listener objects have the following read-only properties:
.. attribute:: address
The address which is being used by the Listener object.
.. attribute:: last_accepted
The address from which the last accepted connection came. If this is
unavailable then it is ``None``.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
Listener objects now support the context management protocol -- see
:ref:`typecontextmanager`. :meth:`~contextmanager.__enter__` returns the
listener object, and :meth:`~contextmanager.__exit__` calls :meth:`close`.
.. function:: wait(object_list, timeout=None)
Wait till an object in *object_list* is ready. Returns the list of
those objects in *object_list* which are ready. If *timeout* is a
float then the call blocks for at most that many seconds. If
*timeout* is ``None`` then it will block for an unlimited period.
A negative timeout is equivalent to a zero timeout.
For both Unix and Windows, an object can appear in *object_list* if
it is
* a readable :class:`~multiprocessing.Connection` object;
* a connected and readable :class:`socket.socket` object; or
* the :attr:`~multiprocessing.Process.sentinel` attribute of a
:class:`~multiprocessing.Process` object.
A connection or socket object is ready when there is data available
to be read from it, or the other end has been closed.
**Unix**: ``wait(object_list, timeout)`` almost equivalent
``select.select(object_list, [], [], timeout)``. The difference is
that, if :func:`select.select` is interrupted by a signal, it can
raise :exc:`OSError` with an error number of ``EINTR``, whereas
:func:`wait` will not.
**Windows**: An item in *object_list* must either be an integer
handle which is waitable (according to the definition used by the
documentation of the Win32 function ``WaitForMultipleObjects()``)
or it can be an object with a :meth:`fileno` method which returns a
socket handle or pipe handle. (Note that pipe handles and socket
handles are **not** waitable handles.)
.. versionadded:: 3.3
**Examples**
The following server code creates a listener which uses ``'secret password'`` as
an authentication key. It then waits for a connection and sends some data to
the client::
from multiprocessing.connection import Listener
from array import array
address = ('localhost', 6000) # family is deduced to be 'AF_INET'
with Listener(address, authkey=b'secret password') as listener:
with listener.accept() as conn:
print('connection accepted from', listener.last_accepted)
conn.send([2.25, None, 'junk', float])
conn.send_bytes(b'hello')
conn.send_bytes(array('i', [42, 1729]))
The following code connects to the server and receives some data from the
server::
from multiprocessing.connection import Client
from array import array
address = ('localhost', 6000)
with Client(address, authkey=b'secret password') as conn:
print(conn.recv()) # => [2.25, None, 'junk', float]
print(conn.recv_bytes()) # => 'hello'
arr = array('i', [0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
print(conn.recv_bytes_into(arr)) # => 8
print(arr) # => array('i', [42, 1729, 0, 0, 0])
The following code uses :func:`~multiprocessing.connection.wait` to
wait for messages from multiple processes at once::
import time, random
from multiprocessing import Process, Pipe, current_process
from multiprocessing.connection import wait
def foo(w):
for i in range(10):
w.send((i, current_process().name))
w.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
readers = []
for i in range(4):
r, w = Pipe(duplex=False)
readers.append(r)
p = Process(target=foo, args=(w,))
p.start()
# We close the writable end of the pipe now to be sure that
# p is the only process which owns a handle for it. This
# ensures that when p closes its handle for the writable end,
# wait() will promptly report the readable end as being ready.
w.close()
while readers:
for r in wait(readers):
try:
msg = r.recv()
except EOFError:
readers.remove(r)
else:
print(msg)
.. _multiprocessing-address-formats:
Address Formats
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
* An ``'AF_INET'`` address is a tuple of the form ``(hostname, port)`` where
*hostname* is a string and *port* is an integer.
* An ``'AF_UNIX'`` address is a string representing a filename on the
filesystem.
* An ``'AF_PIPE'`` address is a string of the form
Merged revisions 67952,67957-67958,67960-67961,67963,67973,67978,67995,68030,68057,68061 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67952 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 11:42:40 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4752: actually use custom handler in example. ........ r67957 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 12:49:19 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4754: improve winsound documentation. ........ r67958 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 13:02:59 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4682: 'b' is actually unsigned char. ........ r67960 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 13:04:44 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4695: fix backslashery. ........ r67961 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 13:06:04 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Use :samp: role. ........ r67963 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-27 13:11:15 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4671: document that pydoc imports modules. ........ r67973 | alexandre.vassalotti | 2008-12-27 20:58:22 -0600 (Sat, 27 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Document Py_VaBuildValue. ........ r67978 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-28 05:58:49 -0600 (Sun, 28 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4731: clarify message about missing module prerequisites. ........ r67995 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-28 15:16:07 -0600 (Sun, 28 Dec 2008) | 1 line #4763 PyErr_ExceptionMatches won't blow up with NULL arguments ........ r68030 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-29 15:38:14 -0600 (Mon, 29 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix French ........ r68057 | vinay.sajip | 2008-12-30 01:01:25 -0600 (Tue, 30 Dec 2008) | 1 line Minor documentation change relating to NullHandler. ........ r68061 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-30 04:15:49 -0600 (Tue, 30 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4778: attributes can't be called. ........
2008-12-31 20:23:30 -04:00
:samp:`r'\\\\.\\pipe\\{PipeName}'`. To use :func:`Client` to connect to a named
pipe on a remote computer called *ServerName* one should use an address of the
Merged revisions 68288-68291,68325-68326,68338,68388,68393,68423 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ................ r68288 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-03 18:39:07 -0600 (Sat, 03 Jan 2009) | 1 line only check the actual compile() call for a SyntaxError ................ r68289 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-04 02:26:10 -0600 (Sun, 04 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Test commit. ................ r68290 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-04 04:23:49 -0600 (Sun, 04 Jan 2009) | 4 lines Add "suspicious" builder which finds leftover markup in the HTML files. Patch by Gabriel Genellina. ................ r68291 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-04 04:24:09 -0600 (Sun, 04 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix two issues found by the suspicious builder. ................ r68325 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-04 16:00:18 -0600 (Sun, 04 Jan 2009) | 1 line use Jinja 2.1.1 ................ r68326 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-04 16:03:10 -0600 (Sun, 04 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Update make.bat. ................ r68338 | neal.norwitz | 2009-01-04 21:57:25 -0600 (Sun, 04 Jan 2009) | 1 line Make sure to checkout any new packages ................ r68388 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-07 21:39:46 -0600 (Wed, 07 Jan 2009) | 1 line string exceptions are gone ................ r68393 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-07 22:01:00 -0600 (Wed, 07 Jan 2009) | 1 line use new sphinx modules ................ r68423 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-08 20:13:34 -0600 (Thu, 08 Jan 2009) | 29 lines Merged revisions 68306-68308,68340,68368,68422 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/sandbox/trunk/2to3/lib2to3 ........ r68306 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-04 12:27:19 -0600 (Sun, 04 Jan 2009) | 1 line fix_urllib: add mappings for the url parsing functions ........ r68307 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-04 12:30:01 -0600 (Sun, 04 Jan 2009) | 1 line remove duplicated function ........ r68308 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-04 12:50:34 -0600 (Sun, 04 Jan 2009) | 1 line turtle is no longer renamed ........ r68340 | georg.brandl | 2009-01-05 02:11:39 -0600 (Mon, 05 Jan 2009) | 2 lines Fix undefined locals in parse_tokens(). ........ r68368 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-06 17:56:10 -0600 (Tue, 06 Jan 2009) | 1 line fix typo (thanks to Robert Lehmann) ........ r68422 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-01-08 20:01:03 -0600 (Thu, 08 Jan 2009) | 1 line run the imports fixers after fix_import, so fix_import doesn't try to make stdlib renames into relative imports #4876 ........ ................
2009-01-08 23:03:23 -04:00
form :samp:`r'\\\\{ServerName}\\pipe\\{PipeName}'` instead.
Note that any string beginning with two backslashes is assumed by default to be
an ``'AF_PIPE'`` address rather than an ``'AF_UNIX'`` address.
.. _multiprocessing-auth-keys:
Authentication keys
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When one uses :meth:`Connection.recv <multiprocessing.Connection.recv>`, the
data received is automatically
unpickled. Unfortunately unpickling data from an untrusted source is a security
risk. Therefore :class:`Listener` and :func:`Client` use the :mod:`hmac` module
to provide digest authentication.
An authentication key is a byte string which can be thought of as a
password: once a connection is established both ends will demand proof
that the other knows the authentication key. (Demonstrating that both
ends are using the same key does **not** involve sending the key over
the connection.)
If authentication is requested but no authentication key is specified then the
Merged revisions 65910,65977,65980,65984,65986,66000,66011-66012,66014,66017,66020 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r65910 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-20 09:07:59 -0500 (Wed, 20 Aug 2008) | 1 line fix up the multiprocessing docs a little ........ r65977 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 14:47:25 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Silenced compiler warning Objects/stringlib/find.h:97: warning: 'stringlib_contains_obj' defined but not used Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65980 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 15:10:27 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 3 lines Fixed two format strings in the _collections module. For example Modules/_collectionsmodule.c:674: warning: format '%i' expects type 'int', but argument 2 has type 'Py_ssize_t' Reviewed by Benjamin Peterson ........ r65984 | christian.heimes | 2008-08-22 16:23:47 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 1 line d is the correct format string ........ r65986 | mark.hammond | 2008-08-22 19:59:14 -0500 (Fri, 22 Aug 2008) | 2 lines Fix bug 3625: test issues on 64bit windows. r=pitrou ........ r66000 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-23 15:27:43 -0500 (Sat, 23 Aug 2008) | 5 lines #3643 add a few more checks to _testcapi to prevent segfaults Author: Victor Stinner Reviewer: Benjamin Peterson ........ r66011 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:27:43 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Ignore a couple more tests that report leaks inconsistently. ........ r66012 | neal.norwitz | 2008-08-24 12:29:53 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Use the actual blacklist of leaky tests ........ r66014 | georg.brandl | 2008-08-24 13:11:07 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 2 lines #3654: fix duplicate test method name. Review by Benjamin P. ........ r66017 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-08-24 16:55:03 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line remove note about unimplemented feature ........ r66020 | brett.cannon | 2008-08-24 18:15:19 -0500 (Sun, 24 Aug 2008) | 1 line Clarify that some attributes/methods are listed somewhat separately because they are not part of the threading API. ........
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return value of ``current_process().authkey`` is used (see
:class:`~multiprocessing.Process`). This value will be automatically inherited by
any :class:`~multiprocessing.Process` object that the current process creates.
This means that (by default) all processes of a multi-process program will share
a single authentication key which can be used when setting up connections
Merged revisions 70712,70714,70764-70765,70769-70771,70773,70776-70777,70788-70789,70824,70828,70832,70836,70842,70851,70855,70857,70866-70872,70883,70885,70893-70894,70896-70897,70903,70905-70907,70915,70927,70933,70951,70960,70962-70964,70998,71001,71006,71008,71010-71011,71019,71037,71056,71094,71101-71103,71106,71119,71123,71149-71150,71203,71212,71214-71217,71221,71240 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r70712 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-03-30 10:15:38 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line don't rely on the order dict repr #5605 ........ r70714 | brett.cannon | 2009-03-30 10:20:53 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Add an entry to developers.txt. ........ r70764 | martin.v.loewis | 2009-03-30 17:06:33 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 2 lines Add several VM developers. ........ r70765 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-30 17:09:34 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5199: make warning about vars() assignment more visible. ........ r70769 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 17:29:53 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Remove comment ........ r70770 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 17:30:20 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Add several items and placeholders ........ r70771 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 17:31:11 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Many edits ........ r70773 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-30 17:43:00 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5039: make it clear that the impl. note refers to CPython. ........ r70776 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 18:08:24 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line typo fix ........ r70777 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 18:09:46 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Add more items ........ r70788 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-03-30 20:21:01 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Add various items ........ r70789 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-30 20:25:15 -0500 (Mon, 30 Mar 2009) | 1 line Fix a wrong struct field assignment (docstring as closure). ........ r70824 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 10:43:20 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5519: remove reference to Kodos, which seems dead. ........ r70828 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 10:50:16 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5581: fget argument of abstractproperty is optional as well. ........ r70832 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 11:31:11 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1386675: specify WindowsError as the exception, because it has a winerror attribute that EnvironmentError doesnt have. ........ r70836 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 11:50:25 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5417: replace references to undocumented functions by ones to documented functions. ........ r70842 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 12:13:06 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #970783: document PyObject_Generic[GS]etAttr. ........ r70851 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 13:26:55 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #837577: note cryptic return value of spawn*e on invalid env dicts. ........ r70855 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 13:30:37 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5245: note that PyRun_SimpleString doesnt return on SystemExit. ........ r70857 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 13:33:10 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5227: note that Py_Main doesnt return on SystemExit. ........ r70866 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:06:57 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #4882: document named group behavior a bit better. ........ r70867 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:10:35 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1096310: document usage of sys.__std*__ a bit better. ........ r70868 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:12:17 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5190: export make_option in __all__. ........ r70869 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:14:42 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line Fix-up unwanted change. ........ r70870 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:26:24 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #4411: document mro() and __mro__. (I hope I got it right.) ........ r70871 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 14:30:56 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5618: fix typo. ........ r70872 | r.david.murray | 2009-03-31 14:31:17 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 3 lines Delete out-of-date and little-known README from the test directory by consensus of devs at pycon sprint. ........ r70883 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 15:41:08 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1674032: return value of flag from Event.wait(). OKed by Guido. ........ r70885 | tarek.ziade | 2009-03-31 15:48:31 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line using log.warn for sys.stderr ........ r70893 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 15:56:32 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1530012: move TQS section before raw strings. ........ r70894 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-03-31 16:06:30 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line take the usual lock precautions around _active_limbo_lock ........ r70896 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 16:15:33 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5598: document DocFileSuite *args argument. ........ r70897 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-03-31 16:34:42 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line fix Thread.ident when it is the main thread or a dummy thread #5632 ........ r70903 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 16:45:18 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1676135: remove trailing slashes from --prefix argument. ........ r70905 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 17:03:40 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5563: more documentation for bdist_msi. ........ r70906 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 17:11:53 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #1651995: fix _convert_ref for non-ASCII characters. ........ r70907 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 17:18:19 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #3427: document correct return type for urlopen().info(). ........ r70915 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 17:40:16 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line #5018: remove confusing paragraph. ........ r70927 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 18:01:27 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 1 line Dont shout to users. ........ r70933 | georg.brandl | 2009-03-31 19:04:33 -0500 (Tue, 31 Mar 2009) | 2 lines Issue #5635: Fix running test_sys with tracing enabled. ........ r70951 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-01 09:02:27 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line Add Maksim, who worked on several issues at the sprint. ........ r70960 | jesse.noller | 2009-04-01 11:42:19 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line Issue 3270: document Listener address restrictions on windows ........ r70962 | brett.cannon | 2009-04-01 12:07:16 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 2 lines Ron DuPlain was given commit privileges at PyCon 2009 to work on 3to2. ........ r70963 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-01 12:46:01 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5655: fix docstring oversight. ........ r70964 | brett.cannon | 2009-04-01 12:52:13 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 2 lines Paul Kippes was given commit privileges to work on 3to2. ........ r70998 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-01 16:54:21 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line In Pdb, stop assigning values to __builtin__._ which interferes with the one commonly installed by gettext. ........ r71001 | brett.cannon | 2009-04-01 18:01:12 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 3 lines Add my initials to Misc/developers.txt. Names are now sorted by number of characters in the person's name. ........ r71006 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-01 18:32:17 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line Cache the f_locals dict of the current frame, since every access to frame.f_locals overrides its contents with the real locals which undoes modifications made by the debugging user. ........ r71008 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-01 19:02:14 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r71010 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-01 19:11:52 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line fix markup ........ r71011 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-01 19:12:47 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line this should be :noindex: ........ r71019 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-01 21:00:01 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 1 line Fix test_doctest, missed two assignments to curframe. ........ r71037 | r.david.murray | 2009-04-01 23:34:04 -0500 (Wed, 01 Apr 2009) | 6 lines Clarify that datetime strftime does not produce leap seconds and datetime strptime does not accept it in the strftime behavior section of the datetime docs. Closes issue 2568. ........ r71056 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-02 12:43:07 -0500 (Thu, 02 Apr 2009) | 2 lines Actually the displayhook should print the repr. ........ r71094 | vinay.sajip | 2009-04-03 05:23:18 -0500 (Fri, 03 Apr 2009) | 1 line Added warning about logging use from asynchronous signal handlers. ........ r71101 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-03 16:43:00 -0500 (Fri, 03 Apr 2009) | 1 line Add some items ........ r71102 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-03 16:44:49 -0500 (Fri, 03 Apr 2009) | 1 line Fix 'the the'; grammar fix ........ r71103 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-04-03 16:45:29 -0500 (Fri, 03 Apr 2009) | 1 line Fix 'the the' duplication ........ r71106 | vinay.sajip | 2009-04-03 16:58:16 -0500 (Fri, 03 Apr 2009) | 1 line Clarified warning about logging use from asynchronous signal handlers. ........ r71119 | raymond.hettinger | 2009-04-04 00:37:47 -0500 (Sat, 04 Apr 2009) | 1 line Add helpful link. ........ r71123 | r.david.murray | 2009-04-04 01:39:56 -0500 (Sat, 04 Apr 2009) | 2 lines Fix error in description of 'oct' (issue 5678). ........ r71149 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-04 08:42:39 -0500 (Sat, 04 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5642: clarify map() compatibility to the builtin. ........ r71150 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-04 08:45:49 -0500 (Sat, 04 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5601: clarify that webbrowser is not meant for file names. ........ r71203 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-04-04 18:46:34 -0500 (Sat, 04 Apr 2009) | 1 line note how using iter* are unsafe while mutating and document iter(dict) ........ r71212 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 05:24:20 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #1742837: expand HTTP server docs, and fix SocketServer ones to document methods as methods, not functions. ........ r71214 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 05:29:57 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Normalize spelling of Mac OS X. ........ r71215 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 05:32:26 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Avoid sure signs of a diseased mind. ........ r71216 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 05:41:02 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #1718017: document the relation of os.path and the posixpath, ntpath etc. modules better. ........ r71217 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 05:48:47 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #1726172: dont raise an unexpected IndexError if a voidresp() call has an empty response. ........ r71221 | vinay.sajip | 2009-04-05 06:06:24 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line Issue #5695: Moved logging.captureWarnings() call inside with statement in WarningsTest.test_warnings. ........ r71240 | georg.brandl | 2009-04-05 09:40:06 -0500 (Sun, 05 Apr 2009) | 1 line #5370: doc update about unpickling objects with custom __getattr__ etc. methods. ........
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between themselves.
Suitable authentication keys can also be generated by using :func:`os.urandom`.
Logging
~~~~~~~
Some support for logging is available. Note, however, that the :mod:`logging`
package does not use process shared locks so it is possible (depending on the
handler type) for messages from different processes to get mixed up.
.. currentmodule:: multiprocessing
.. function:: get_logger()
Returns the logger used by :mod:`multiprocessing`. If necessary, a new one
will be created.
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When first created the logger has level :data:`logging.NOTSET` and no
default handler. Messages sent to this logger will not by default propagate
to the root logger.
Note that on Windows child processes will only inherit the level of the
parent process's logger -- any other customization of the logger will not be
inherited.
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.. currentmodule:: multiprocessing
.. function:: log_to_stderr()
This function performs a call to :func:`get_logger` but in addition to
returning the logger created by get_logger, it adds a handler which sends
output to :data:`sys.stderr` using format
``'[%(levelname)s/%(processName)s] %(message)s'``.
Below is an example session with logging turned on::
Merged revisions 66887,66891,66902-66903,66905-66906,66911-66913,66922,66927-66928,66936,66939-66940,66962,66964,66973 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ................ r66887 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 16:51:40 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line document how to disable fixers ................ r66891 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-10-14 16:47:22 -0500 (Tue, 14 Oct 2008) | 5 lines #4122: On Windows, Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE cannot be used in an extension module: compilation fails with "undefined reference to _Py_ascii_whitespace" Will backport to 2.6. ................ r66902 | skip.montanaro | 2008-10-15 06:49:10 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line easter egg ................ r66903 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 15:34:09 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't recurse into directories that start with '.' ................ r66905 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 16:05:55 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line support the optional line argument for idle ................ r66906 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 16:58:46 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line add a much requested newline ................ r66911 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 18:10:28 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 41 lines Merged revisions 66805,66841,66860,66884-66886,66893,66907,66910 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/sandbox/trunk/2to3/lib2to3 ........ r66805 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-04 20:11:02 -0500 (Sat, 04 Oct 2008) | 1 line mention what the fixes directory is for ........ r66841 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-07 17:48:12 -0500 (Tue, 07 Oct 2008) | 1 line use assertFalse and assertTrue ........ r66860 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-08 16:05:07 -0500 (Wed, 08 Oct 2008) | 1 line instead of abusing the pattern matcher, use start_tree to find a next binding ........ r66884 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 15:50:30 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't print tokens to stdout when -v is given ........ r66885 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 16:28:57 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line add the -x option to disable fixers ........ r66886 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 16:33:53 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line cut down on some crud ........ r66893 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-14 17:16:54 -0500 (Tue, 14 Oct 2008) | 1 line add an optional set literal fixer ........ r66907 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 16:59:41 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't write backup files by default ........ r66910 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 17:43:10 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line add the -n option; it stops backupfiles from being written ........ ................ r66912 | hirokazu.yamamoto | 2008-10-16 01:25:25 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 2 lines removed unused _PyUnicode_FromFileSystemEncodedObject. made win32_chdir, win32_wchdir static. ................ r66913 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 13:52:14 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line document that deque indexing is O(n) #4123 ................ r66922 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 14:40:14 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line use new showwarnings signature for idle #3391 ................ r66927 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-10-16 15:15:47 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line Fix wording (2.6.1 backport candidate) ................ r66928 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-16 15:20:56 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 2 lines Add more TOC to the whatsnew index page. ................ r66936 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-16 16:20:15 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 2 lines #4131: FF3 doesn't write cookies.txt files. ................ r66939 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-16 16:36:39 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 2 lines part of #4012: kill off old name "processing". ................ r66940 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-16 16:38:48 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 2 lines #4083: add "as" to except handler grammar as per PEP 3110. ................ r66962 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-17 15:01:01 -0500 (Fri, 17 Oct 2008) | 1 line clarify CALL_FUNCTION #4141 ................ r66964 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-17 16:41:49 -0500 (Fri, 17 Oct 2008) | 2 lines Fix duplicate word. ................ r66973 | armin.ronacher | 2008-10-19 03:27:43 -0500 (Sun, 19 Oct 2008) | 3 lines Fixed #4067 by implementing _attributes and _fields for the AST root node. ................
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>>> import multiprocessing, logging
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>>> logger = multiprocessing.log_to_stderr()
>>> logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
>>> logger.warning('doomed')
[WARNING/MainProcess] doomed
Merged revisions 66887,66891,66902-66903,66905-66906,66911-66913,66922,66927-66928,66936,66939-66940,66962,66964,66973 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ................ r66887 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 16:51:40 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line document how to disable fixers ................ r66891 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-10-14 16:47:22 -0500 (Tue, 14 Oct 2008) | 5 lines #4122: On Windows, Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE cannot be used in an extension module: compilation fails with "undefined reference to _Py_ascii_whitespace" Will backport to 2.6. ................ r66902 | skip.montanaro | 2008-10-15 06:49:10 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line easter egg ................ r66903 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 15:34:09 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't recurse into directories that start with '.' ................ r66905 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 16:05:55 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line support the optional line argument for idle ................ r66906 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 16:58:46 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line add a much requested newline ................ r66911 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 18:10:28 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 41 lines Merged revisions 66805,66841,66860,66884-66886,66893,66907,66910 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/sandbox/trunk/2to3/lib2to3 ........ r66805 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-04 20:11:02 -0500 (Sat, 04 Oct 2008) | 1 line mention what the fixes directory is for ........ r66841 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-07 17:48:12 -0500 (Tue, 07 Oct 2008) | 1 line use assertFalse and assertTrue ........ r66860 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-08 16:05:07 -0500 (Wed, 08 Oct 2008) | 1 line instead of abusing the pattern matcher, use start_tree to find a next binding ........ r66884 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 15:50:30 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't print tokens to stdout when -v is given ........ r66885 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 16:28:57 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line add the -x option to disable fixers ........ r66886 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-13 16:33:53 -0500 (Mon, 13 Oct 2008) | 1 line cut down on some crud ........ r66893 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-14 17:16:54 -0500 (Tue, 14 Oct 2008) | 1 line add an optional set literal fixer ........ r66907 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 16:59:41 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line don't write backup files by default ........ r66910 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-15 17:43:10 -0500 (Wed, 15 Oct 2008) | 1 line add the -n option; it stops backupfiles from being written ........ ................ r66912 | hirokazu.yamamoto | 2008-10-16 01:25:25 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 2 lines removed unused _PyUnicode_FromFileSystemEncodedObject. made win32_chdir, win32_wchdir static. ................ r66913 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 13:52:14 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line document that deque indexing is O(n) #4123 ................ r66922 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-16 14:40:14 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line use new showwarnings signature for idle #3391 ................ r66927 | andrew.kuchling | 2008-10-16 15:15:47 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 1 line Fix wording (2.6.1 backport candidate) ................ r66928 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-16 15:20:56 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 2 lines Add more TOC to the whatsnew index page. ................ r66936 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-16 16:20:15 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 2 lines #4131: FF3 doesn't write cookies.txt files. ................ r66939 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-16 16:36:39 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 2 lines part of #4012: kill off old name "processing". ................ r66940 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-16 16:38:48 -0500 (Thu, 16 Oct 2008) | 2 lines #4083: add "as" to except handler grammar as per PEP 3110. ................ r66962 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-10-17 15:01:01 -0500 (Fri, 17 Oct 2008) | 1 line clarify CALL_FUNCTION #4141 ................ r66964 | georg.brandl | 2008-10-17 16:41:49 -0500 (Fri, 17 Oct 2008) | 2 lines Fix duplicate word. ................ r66973 | armin.ronacher | 2008-10-19 03:27:43 -0500 (Sun, 19 Oct 2008) | 3 lines Fixed #4067 by implementing _attributes and _fields for the AST root node. ................
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>>> m = multiprocessing.Manager()
[INFO/SyncManager-...] child process calling self.run()
[INFO/SyncManager-...] created temp directory /.../pymp-...
[INFO/SyncManager-...] manager serving at '/.../listener-...'
>>> del m
[INFO/MainProcess] sending shutdown message to manager
[INFO/SyncManager-...] manager exiting with exitcode 0
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For a full table of logging levels, see the :mod:`logging` module.
The :mod:`multiprocessing.dummy` module
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. module:: multiprocessing.dummy
:synopsis: Dumb wrapper around threading.
:mod:`multiprocessing.dummy` replicates the API of :mod:`multiprocessing` but is
no more than a wrapper around the :mod:`threading` module.
.. _multiprocessing-programming:
Programming guidelines
----------------------
There are certain guidelines and idioms which should be adhered to when using
:mod:`multiprocessing`.
All start methods
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The following applies to all start methods.
Avoid shared state
As far as possible one should try to avoid shifting large amounts of data
between processes.
It is probably best to stick to using queues or pipes for communication
between processes rather than using the lower level synchronization
primitives.
Picklability
Ensure that the arguments to the methods of proxies are picklable.
Thread safety of proxies
Do not use a proxy object from more than one thread unless you protect it
with a lock.
(There is never a problem with different processes using the *same* proxy.)
Joining zombie processes
On Unix when a process finishes but has not been joined it becomes a zombie.
There should never be very many because each time a new process starts (or
:func:`~multiprocessing.active_children` is called) all completed processes
which have not yet been joined will be joined. Also calling a finished
process's :meth:`Process.is_alive <multiprocessing.Process.is_alive>` will
join the process. Even so it is probably good
practice to explicitly join all the processes that you start.
Better to inherit than pickle/unpickle
When using the *spawn* or *forkserver* start methods many types
from :mod:`multiprocessing` need to be picklable so that child
processes can use them. However, one should generally avoid
sending shared objects to other processes using pipes or queues.
Instead you should arrange the program so that a process which
needs access to a shared resource created elsewhere can inherit it
from an ancestor process.
Avoid terminating processes
Using the :meth:`Process.terminate <multiprocessing.Process.terminate>`
method to stop a process is liable to
cause any shared resources (such as locks, semaphores, pipes and queues)
currently being used by the process to become broken or unavailable to other
processes.
Therefore it is probably best to only consider using
:meth:`Process.terminate <multiprocessing.Process.terminate>` on processes
which never use any shared resources.
Joining processes that use queues
Bear in mind that a process that has put items in a queue will wait before
terminating until all the buffered items are fed by the "feeder" thread to
the underlying pipe. (The child process can call the
:meth:`Queue.cancel_join_thread <multiprocessing.Queue.cancel_join_thread>`
method of the queue to avoid this behaviour.)
This means that whenever you use a queue you need to make sure that all
items which have been put on the queue will eventually be removed before the
process is joined. Otherwise you cannot be sure that processes which have
put items on the queue will terminate. Remember also that non-daemonic
processes will be joined automatically.
An example which will deadlock is the following::
from multiprocessing import Process, Queue
def f(q):
q.put('X' * 1000000)
if __name__ == '__main__':
queue = Queue()
p = Process(target=f, args=(queue,))
p.start()
p.join() # this deadlocks
obj = queue.get()
A fix here would be to swap the last two lines (or simply remove the
``p.join()`` line).
Explicitly pass resources to child processes
On Unix using the *fork* start method, a child process can make
use of a shared resource created in a parent process using a
global resource. However, it is better to pass the object as an
argument to the constructor for the child process.
Apart from making the code (potentially) compatible with Windows
and the other start methods this also ensures that as long as the
child process is still alive the object will not be garbage
collected in the parent process. This might be important if some
resource is freed when the object is garbage collected in the
parent process.
So for instance ::
from multiprocessing import Process, Lock
def f():
... do something using "lock" ...
if __name__ == '__main__':
lock = Lock()
for i in range(10):
Process(target=f).start()
should be rewritten as ::
from multiprocessing import Process, Lock
def f(l):
... do something using "l" ...
if __name__ == '__main__':
lock = Lock()
for i in range(10):
Process(target=f, args=(lock,)).start()
Beware of replacing :data:`sys.stdin` with a "file like object"
:mod:`multiprocessing` originally unconditionally called::
os.close(sys.stdin.fileno())
in the :meth:`multiprocessing.Process._bootstrap` method --- this resulted
in issues with processes-in-processes. This has been changed to::
sys.stdin.close()
sys.stdin = open(os.open(os.devnull, os.O_RDONLY), closefd=False)
Which solves the fundamental issue of processes colliding with each other
resulting in a bad file descriptor error, but introduces a potential danger
to applications which replace :func:`sys.stdin` with a "file-like object"
with output buffering. This danger is that if multiple processes call
:meth:`~io.IOBase.close()` on this file-like object, it could result in the same
data being flushed to the object multiple times, resulting in corruption.
If you write a file-like object and implement your own caching, you can
make it fork-safe by storing the pid whenever you append to the cache,
and discarding the cache when the pid changes. For example::
@property
def cache(self):
pid = os.getpid()
if pid != self._pid:
self._pid = pid
self._cache = []
return self._cache
For more information, see :issue:`5155`, :issue:`5313` and :issue:`5331`
The *spawn* and *forkserver* start methods
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
There are a few extra restriction which don't apply to the *fork*
start method.
More picklability
Ensure that all arguments to :meth:`Process.__init__` are picklable.
Also, if you subclass :class:`~multiprocessing.Process` then make sure that
instances will be picklable when the :meth:`Process.start
<multiprocessing.Process.start>` method is called.
Global variables
Bear in mind that if code run in a child process tries to access a global
variable, then the value it sees (if any) may not be the same as the value
in the parent process at the time that :meth:`Process.start
<multiprocessing.Process.start>` was called.
However, global variables which are just module level constants cause no
problems.
Safe importing of main module
Make sure that the main module can be safely imported by a new Python
interpreter without causing unintended side effects (such a starting a new
process).
For example, using the *spawn* or *forkserver* start method
running the following module would fail with a
:exc:`RuntimeError`::
from multiprocessing import Process
def foo():
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print('hello')
p = Process(target=foo)
p.start()
Instead one should protect the "entry point" of the program by using ``if
__name__ == '__main__':`` as follows::
from multiprocessing import Process, freeze_support, set_start_method
def foo():
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print('hello')
if __name__ == '__main__':
freeze_support()
set_start_method('spawn')
p = Process(target=foo)
p.start()
(The ``freeze_support()`` line can be omitted if the program will be run
normally instead of frozen.)
This allows the newly spawned Python interpreter to safely import the module
and then run the module's ``foo()`` function.
Similar restrictions apply if a pool or manager is created in the main
module.
.. _multiprocessing-examples:
Examples
--------
Demonstration of how to create and use customized managers and proxies:
.. literalinclude:: ../includes/mp_newtype.py
:language: python3
Using :class:`~multiprocessing.pool.Pool`:
.. literalinclude:: ../includes/mp_pool.py
:language: python3
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An example showing how to use queues to feed tasks to a collection of worker
processes and collect the results:
.. literalinclude:: ../includes/mp_workers.py