260 lines
11 KiB
ReStructuredText
260 lines
11 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`email.mime`: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
|
|
---------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
.. module:: email.mime
|
|
:synopsis: Build MIME messages.
|
|
|
|
**Source code:** :source:`Lib/email/mime/`
|
|
|
|
--------------
|
|
|
|
This module is part of the legacy (``Compat32``) email API. Its functionality
|
|
is partially replaced by the :mod:`~email.contentmanager` in the new API, but
|
|
in certain applications these classes may still be useful, even in non-legacy
|
|
code.
|
|
|
|
Ordinarily, you get a message object structure by passing a file or some text to
|
|
a parser, which parses the text and returns the root message object. However
|
|
you can also build a complete message structure from scratch, or even individual
|
|
:class:`~email.message.Message` objects by hand. In fact, you can also take an
|
|
existing structure and add new :class:`~email.message.Message` objects, move them
|
|
around, etc. This makes a very convenient interface for slicing-and-dicing MIME
|
|
messages.
|
|
|
|
You can create a new object structure by creating :class:`~email.message.Message`
|
|
instances, adding attachments and all the appropriate headers manually. For MIME
|
|
messages though, the :mod:`email` package provides some convenient subclasses to
|
|
make things easier.
|
|
|
|
Here are the classes:
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: email.mime.base
|
|
|
|
.. class:: MIMEBase(_maintype, _subtype, *, policy=compat32, **_params)
|
|
|
|
Module: :mod:`email.mime.base`
|
|
|
|
This is the base class for all the MIME-specific subclasses of
|
|
:class:`~email.message.Message`. Ordinarily you won't create instances
|
|
specifically of :class:`MIMEBase`, although you could. :class:`MIMEBase`
|
|
is provided primarily as a convenient base class for more specific
|
|
MIME-aware subclasses.
|
|
|
|
*_maintype* is the :mailheader:`Content-Type` major type (e.g. :mimetype:`text`
|
|
or :mimetype:`image`), and *_subtype* is the :mailheader:`Content-Type` minor
|
|
type (e.g. :mimetype:`plain` or :mimetype:`gif`). *_params* is a parameter
|
|
key/value dictionary and is passed directly to :meth:`Message.add_header
|
|
<email.message.Message.add_header>`.
|
|
|
|
If *policy* is specified, (defaults to the
|
|
:class:`compat32 <email.policy.Compat32>` policy) it will be passed to
|
|
:class:`~email.message.Message`.
|
|
|
|
The :class:`MIMEBase` class always adds a :mailheader:`Content-Type` header
|
|
(based on *_maintype*, *_subtype*, and *_params*), and a
|
|
:mailheader:`MIME-Version` header (always set to ``1.0``).
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Added *policy* keyword-only parameter.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: email.mime.nonmultipart
|
|
|
|
.. class:: MIMENonMultipart()
|
|
|
|
Module: :mod:`email.mime.nonmultipart`
|
|
|
|
A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.base.MIMEBase`, this is an intermediate base
|
|
class for MIME messages that are not :mimetype:`multipart`. The primary
|
|
purpose of this class is to prevent the use of the
|
|
:meth:`~email.message.Message.attach` method, which only makes sense for
|
|
:mimetype:`multipart` messages. If :meth:`~email.message.Message.attach`
|
|
is called, a :exc:`~email.errors.MultipartConversionError` exception is raised.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: email.mime.multipart
|
|
|
|
.. class:: MIMEMultipart(_subtype='mixed', boundary=None, _subparts=None, \
|
|
*, policy=compat32, **_params)
|
|
|
|
Module: :mod:`email.mime.multipart`
|
|
|
|
A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.base.MIMEBase`, this is an intermediate base
|
|
class for MIME messages that are :mimetype:`multipart`. Optional *_subtype*
|
|
defaults to :mimetype:`mixed`, but can be used to specify the subtype of the
|
|
message. A :mailheader:`Content-Type` header of :mimetype:`multipart/_subtype`
|
|
will be added to the message object. A :mailheader:`MIME-Version` header will
|
|
also be added.
|
|
|
|
Optional *boundary* is the multipart boundary string. When ``None`` (the
|
|
default), the boundary is calculated when needed (for example, when the
|
|
message is serialized).
|
|
|
|
*_subparts* is a sequence of initial subparts for the payload. It must be
|
|
possible to convert this sequence to a list. You can always attach new subparts
|
|
to the message by using the :meth:`Message.attach
|
|
<email.message.Message.attach>` method.
|
|
|
|
Optional *policy* argument defaults to :class:`compat32 <email.policy.Compat32>`.
|
|
|
|
Additional parameters for the :mailheader:`Content-Type` header are taken from
|
|
the keyword arguments, or passed into the *_params* argument, which is a keyword
|
|
dictionary.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Added *policy* keyword-only parameter.
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: email.mime.application
|
|
|
|
.. class:: MIMEApplication(_data, _subtype='octet-stream', \
|
|
_encoder=email.encoders.encode_base64, \
|
|
*, policy=compat32, **_params)
|
|
|
|
Module: :mod:`email.mime.application`
|
|
|
|
A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart`, the
|
|
:class:`MIMEApplication` class is used to represent MIME message objects of
|
|
major type :mimetype:`application`. *_data* is a string containing the raw
|
|
byte data. Optional *_subtype* specifies the MIME subtype and defaults to
|
|
:mimetype:`octet-stream`.
|
|
|
|
Optional *_encoder* is a callable (i.e. function) which will perform the actual
|
|
encoding of the data for transport. This callable takes one argument, which is
|
|
the :class:`MIMEApplication` instance. It should use
|
|
:meth:`~email.message.Message.get_payload` and
|
|
:meth:`~email.message.Message.set_payload` to change the payload to encoded
|
|
form. It should also add
|
|
any :mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Encoding` or other headers to the message
|
|
object as necessary. The default encoding is base64. See the
|
|
:mod:`email.encoders` module for a list of the built-in encoders.
|
|
|
|
Optional *policy* argument defaults to :class:`compat32 <email.policy.Compat32>`.
|
|
|
|
*_params* are passed straight through to the base class constructor.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Added *policy* keyword-only parameter.
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: email.mime.audio
|
|
|
|
.. class:: MIMEAudio(_audiodata, _subtype=None, \
|
|
_encoder=email.encoders.encode_base64, \
|
|
*, policy=compat32, **_params)
|
|
|
|
Module: :mod:`email.mime.audio`
|
|
|
|
A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart`, the
|
|
:class:`MIMEAudio` class is used to create MIME message objects of major type
|
|
:mimetype:`audio`. *_audiodata* is a string containing the raw audio data. If
|
|
this data can be decoded by the standard Python module :mod:`sndhdr`, then the
|
|
subtype will be automatically included in the :mailheader:`Content-Type` header.
|
|
Otherwise you can explicitly specify the audio subtype via the *_subtype*
|
|
argument. If the minor type could not be guessed and *_subtype* was not given,
|
|
then :exc:`TypeError` is raised.
|
|
|
|
Optional *_encoder* is a callable (i.e. function) which will perform the actual
|
|
encoding of the audio data for transport. This callable takes one argument,
|
|
which is the :class:`MIMEAudio` instance. It should use
|
|
:meth:`~email.message.Message.get_payload` and
|
|
:meth:`~email.message.Message.set_payload` to change the payload to encoded
|
|
form. It should also add
|
|
any :mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Encoding` or other headers to the message
|
|
object as necessary. The default encoding is base64. See the
|
|
:mod:`email.encoders` module for a list of the built-in encoders.
|
|
|
|
Optional *policy* argument defaults to :class:`compat32 <email.policy.Compat32>`.
|
|
|
|
*_params* are passed straight through to the base class constructor.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Added *policy* keyword-only parameter.
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: email.mime.image
|
|
|
|
.. class:: MIMEImage(_imagedata, _subtype=None, \
|
|
_encoder=email.encoders.encode_base64, \
|
|
*, policy=compat32, **_params)
|
|
|
|
Module: :mod:`email.mime.image`
|
|
|
|
A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart`, the
|
|
:class:`MIMEImage` class is used to create MIME message objects of major type
|
|
:mimetype:`image`. *_imagedata* is a string containing the raw image data. If
|
|
this data can be decoded by the standard Python module :mod:`imghdr`, then the
|
|
subtype will be automatically included in the :mailheader:`Content-Type` header.
|
|
Otherwise you can explicitly specify the image subtype via the *_subtype*
|
|
argument. If the minor type could not be guessed and *_subtype* was not given,
|
|
then :exc:`TypeError` is raised.
|
|
|
|
Optional *_encoder* is a callable (i.e. function) which will perform the actual
|
|
encoding of the image data for transport. This callable takes one argument,
|
|
which is the :class:`MIMEImage` instance. It should use
|
|
:meth:`~email.message.Message.get_payload` and
|
|
:meth:`~email.message.Message.set_payload` to change the payload to encoded
|
|
form. It should also add
|
|
any :mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Encoding` or other headers to the message
|
|
object as necessary. The default encoding is base64. See the
|
|
:mod:`email.encoders` module for a list of the built-in encoders.
|
|
|
|
Optional *policy* argument defaults to :class:`compat32 <email.policy.Compat32>`.
|
|
|
|
*_params* are passed straight through to the :class:`~email.mime.base.MIMEBase`
|
|
constructor.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Added *policy* keyword-only parameter.
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: email.mime.message
|
|
|
|
.. class:: MIMEMessage(_msg, _subtype='rfc822', *, policy=compat32)
|
|
|
|
Module: :mod:`email.mime.message`
|
|
|
|
A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart`, the
|
|
:class:`MIMEMessage` class is used to create MIME objects of main type
|
|
:mimetype:`message`. *_msg* is used as the payload, and must be an instance
|
|
of class :class:`~email.message.Message` (or a subclass thereof), otherwise
|
|
a :exc:`TypeError` is raised.
|
|
|
|
Optional *_subtype* sets the subtype of the message; it defaults to
|
|
:mimetype:`rfc822`.
|
|
|
|
Optional *policy* argument defaults to :class:`compat32 <email.policy.Compat32>`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Added *policy* keyword-only parameter.
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: email.mime.text
|
|
|
|
.. class:: MIMEText(_text, _subtype='plain', _charset=None, *, policy=compat32)
|
|
|
|
Module: :mod:`email.mime.text`
|
|
|
|
A subclass of :class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart`, the
|
|
:class:`MIMEText` class is used to create MIME objects of major type
|
|
:mimetype:`text`. *_text* is the string for the payload. *_subtype* is the
|
|
minor type and defaults to :mimetype:`plain`. *_charset* is the character
|
|
set of the text and is passed as an argument to the
|
|
:class:`~email.mime.nonmultipart.MIMENonMultipart` constructor; it defaults
|
|
to ``us-ascii`` if the string contains only ``ascii`` code points, and
|
|
``utf-8`` otherwise. The *_charset* parameter accepts either a string or a
|
|
:class:`~email.charset.Charset` instance.
|
|
|
|
Unless the *_charset* argument is explicitly set to ``None``, the
|
|
MIMEText object created will have both a :mailheader:`Content-Type` header
|
|
with a ``charset`` parameter, and a :mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Endcoding`
|
|
header. This means that a subsequent ``set_payload`` call will not result
|
|
in an encoded payload, even if a charset is passed in the ``set_payload``
|
|
command. You can "reset" this behavior by deleting the
|
|
``Content-Transfer-Encoding`` header, after which a ``set_payload`` call
|
|
will automatically encode the new payload (and add a new
|
|
:mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Encoding` header).
|
|
|
|
Optional *policy* argument defaults to :class:`compat32 <email.policy.Compat32>`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
*_charset* also accepts :class:`~email.charset.Charset` instances.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
Added *policy* keyword-only parameter.
|