655 lines
37 KiB
ReStructuredText
655 lines
37 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`httplib` --- HTTP protocol client
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=======================================
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.. module:: httplib
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:synopsis: HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets).
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.. note::
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The :mod:`httplib` module has been renamed to :mod:`http.client` in Python
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3. The :term:`2to3` tool will automatically adapt imports when converting
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your sources to Python 3.
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.. index::
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pair: HTTP; protocol
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single: HTTP; httplib (standard module)
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.. index:: module: urllib
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**Source code:** :source:`Lib/httplib.py`
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--------------
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This module defines classes which implement the client side of the HTTP and
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HTTPS protocols. It is normally not used directly --- the module :mod:`urllib`
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uses it to handle URLs that use HTTP and HTTPS.
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.. seealso::
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The `Requests package <http://requests.readthedocs.org/>`_
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is recommended for a higher-level HTTP client interface.
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.. note::
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HTTPS support is only available if the :mod:`socket` module was compiled with
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SSL support.
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.. note::
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The public interface for this module changed substantially in Python 2.0. The
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:class:`HTTP` class is retained only for backward compatibility with 1.5.2. It
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should not be used in new code. Refer to the online docstrings for usage.
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The module provides the following classes:
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.. class:: HTTPConnection(host[, port[, strict[, timeout[, source_address]]]])
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An :class:`HTTPConnection` instance represents one transaction with an HTTP
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server. It should be instantiated passing it a host and optional port
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number. If no port number is passed, the port is extracted from the host
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string if it has the form ``host:port``, else the default HTTP port (80) is
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used. When true, the optional parameter *strict* (which defaults to a false
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value) causes ``BadStatusLine`` to
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be raised if the status line can't be parsed as a valid HTTP/1.0 or 1.1
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status line. If the optional *timeout* parameter is given, blocking
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operations (like connection attempts) will timeout after that many seconds
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(if it is not given, the global default timeout setting is used).
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The optional *source_address* parameter may be a tuple of a (host, port)
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to use as the source address the HTTP connection is made from.
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For example, the following calls all create instances that connect to the server
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at the same host and port::
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>>> h1 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl')
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>>> h2 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl:80')
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>>> h3 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl', 80)
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>>> h3 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl', 80, timeout=10)
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.. versionadded:: 2.0
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.. versionchanged:: 2.6
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*timeout* was added.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.7
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*source_address* was added.
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.. class:: HTTPSConnection(host[, port[, key_file[, cert_file[, strict[, timeout[, source_address[, context]]]]]]])
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A subclass of :class:`HTTPConnection` that uses SSL for communication with
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secure servers. Default port is ``443``. If *context* is specified, it must
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be a :class:`ssl.SSLContext` instance describing the various SSL options.
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*key_file* and *cert_file* are deprecated, please use
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:meth:`ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain` instead, or let
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:func:`ssl.create_default_context` select the system's trusted CA
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certificates for you.
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Please read :ref:`ssl-security` for more information on best practices.
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.. versionadded:: 2.0
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.. versionchanged:: 2.6
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*timeout* was added.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.7
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*source_address* was added.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.7.9
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*context* was added.
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This class now performs all the necessary certificate and hostname checks
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by default. To revert to the previous, unverified, behavior
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:func:`ssl._create_unverified_context` can be passed to the *context*
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parameter.
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.. class:: HTTPResponse(sock, debuglevel=0, strict=0)
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Class whose instances are returned upon successful connection. Not instantiated
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directly by user.
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.. versionadded:: 2.0
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.. class:: HTTPMessage
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An :class:`HTTPMessage` instance is used to hold the headers from an HTTP
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response. It is implemented using the :class:`mimetools.Message` class and
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provides utility functions to deal with HTTP Headers. It is not directly
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instantiated by the users.
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The following exceptions are raised as appropriate:
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.. exception:: HTTPException
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The base class of the other exceptions in this module. It is a subclass of
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:exc:`Exception`.
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.. versionadded:: 2.0
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.. exception:: NotConnected
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A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`.
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.. versionadded:: 2.0
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.. exception:: InvalidURL
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A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`, raised if a port is given and is either
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non-numeric or empty.
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.. versionadded:: 2.3
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.. exception:: UnknownProtocol
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A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`.
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.. versionadded:: 2.0
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.. exception:: UnknownTransferEncoding
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A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`.
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.. versionadded:: 2.0
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.. exception:: UnimplementedFileMode
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A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`.
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.. versionadded:: 2.0
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.. exception:: IncompleteRead
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A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`.
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.. versionadded:: 2.0
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.. exception:: ImproperConnectionState
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A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`.
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.. versionadded:: 2.0
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.. exception:: CannotSendRequest
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A subclass of :exc:`ImproperConnectionState`.
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.. versionadded:: 2.0
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.. exception:: CannotSendHeader
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A subclass of :exc:`ImproperConnectionState`.
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.. versionadded:: 2.0
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.. exception:: ResponseNotReady
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A subclass of :exc:`ImproperConnectionState`.
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.. versionadded:: 2.0
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.. exception:: BadStatusLine
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A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`. Raised if a server responds with a HTTP
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status code that we don't understand.
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.. versionadded:: 2.0
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The constants defined in this module are:
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.. data:: HTTP_PORT
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The default port for the HTTP protocol (always ``80``).
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.. data:: HTTPS_PORT
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The default port for the HTTPS protocol (always ``443``).
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and also the following constants for integer status codes:
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| Constant | Value | Definition |
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+==========================================+=========+=======================================================================+
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| :const:`CONTINUE` | ``100`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.1.1 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.1.1>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS` | ``101`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.1.2 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.1.2>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`PROCESSING` | ``102`` | WEBDAV, `RFC 2518, Section 10.1 |
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| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_102>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`OK` | ``200`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.2.1 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.1>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`CREATED` | ``201`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.2>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`ACCEPTED` | ``202`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.3>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION` | ``203`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.4>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`NO_CONTENT` | ``204`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`RESET_CONTENT` | ``205`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`PARTIAL_CONTENT` | ``206`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`MULTI_STATUS` | ``207`` | WEBDAV `RFC 2518, Section 10.2 |
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| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_207>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`IM_USED` | ``226`` | Delta encoding in HTTP, |
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| | | :rfc:`3229`, Section 10.4.1 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`MULTIPLE_CHOICES` | ``300`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`MOVED_PERMANENTLY` | ``301`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`FOUND` | ``302`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`SEE_OTHER` | ``303`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`NOT_MODIFIED` | ``304`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`USE_PROXY` | ``305`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`TEMPORARY_REDIRECT` | ``307`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.3.8 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`BAD_REQUEST` | ``400`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`UNAUTHORIZED` | ``401`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`PAYMENT_REQUIRED` | ``402`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`FORBIDDEN` | ``403`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`NOT_FOUND` | ``404`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.5 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED` | ``405`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`NOT_ACCEPTABLE` | ``406`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED` | ``407`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.8 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.8>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`REQUEST_TIMEOUT` | ``408`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.9 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`CONFLICT` | ``409`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.10 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`GONE` | ``410`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.11 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.11>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`LENGTH_REQUIRED` | ``411`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.12 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.12>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`PRECONDITION_FAILED` | ``412`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.13 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.13>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE` | ``413`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.14 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.14>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG` | ``414`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.15 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE` | ``415`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.16 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE` | ``416`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.17 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.17>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`EXPECTATION_FAILED` | ``417`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.18 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.18>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY` | ``422`` | WEBDAV, `RFC 2518, Section 10.3 |
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| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_422>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`LOCKED` | ``423`` | WEBDAV `RFC 2518, Section 10.4 |
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| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_423>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`FAILED_DEPENDENCY` | ``424`` | WEBDAV, `RFC 2518, Section 10.5 |
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| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_424>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`UPGRADE_REQUIRED` | ``426`` | HTTP Upgrade to TLS, |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR` | ``500`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.1>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`NOT_IMPLEMENTED` | ``501`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.5.2 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.2>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`BAD_GATEWAY` | ``502`` | HTTP/1.1 `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.5.3 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.3>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE` | ``503`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.5.4 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.4>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`GATEWAY_TIMEOUT` | ``504`` | HTTP/1.1 `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.5.5 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.5>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED` | ``505`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.5.6 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.6>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE` | ``507`` | WEBDAV, `RFC 2518, Section 10.6 |
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| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_507>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`NOT_EXTENDED` | ``510`` | An HTTP Extension Framework, |
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| | | :rfc:`2774`, Section 7 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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.. data:: responses
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This dictionary maps the HTTP 1.1 status codes to the W3C names.
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Example: ``httplib.responses[httplib.NOT_FOUND]`` is ``'Not Found'``.
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.. versionadded:: 2.5
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.. _httpconnection-objects:
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HTTPConnection Objects
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----------------------
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:class:`HTTPConnection` instances have the following methods:
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.request(method, url[, body[, headers]])
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This will send a request to the server using the HTTP request method *method*
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and the selector *url*. If the *body* argument is present, it should be a
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string of data to send after the headers are finished. Alternatively, it may
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be an open file object, in which case the contents of the file is sent; this
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file object should support ``fileno()`` and ``read()`` methods. The
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*headers* argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send with
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the request.
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If one is not provided in *headers*, a ``Content-Length`` header is added
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automatically for all methods if the length of the body can be determined,
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either from the length of the ``str`` representation, or from the reported
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size of the file on disk. If *body* is ``None`` the header is not set except
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for methods that expect a body (``PUT``, ``POST``, and ``PATCH``) in which
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case it is set to ``0``.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.6
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*body* can be a file object.
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.getresponse()
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Should be called after a request is sent to get the response from the server.
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Returns an :class:`HTTPResponse` instance.
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.. note::
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Note that you must have read the whole response before you can send a new
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request to the server.
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.set_debuglevel(level)
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Set the debugging level (the amount of debugging output printed). The default
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debug level is ``0``, meaning no debugging output is printed.
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.set_tunnel(host,port=None, headers=None)
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Set the host and the port for HTTP Connect Tunnelling. Normally used when
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it is required to do HTTPS Connection through a proxy server.
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The headers argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send
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with the CONNECT request.
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.. versionadded:: 2.7
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.connect()
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Connect to the server specified when the object was created.
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.close()
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Close the connection to the server.
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As an alternative to using the :meth:`request` method described above, you can
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also send your request step by step, by using the four functions below.
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.putrequest(request, selector[, skip_host[, skip_accept_encoding]])
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This should be the first call after the connection to the server has been made.
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It sends a line to the server consisting of the *request* string, the *selector*
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string, and the HTTP version (``HTTP/1.1``). To disable automatic sending of
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``Host:`` or ``Accept-Encoding:`` headers (for example to accept additional
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content encodings), specify *skip_host* or *skip_accept_encoding* with non-False
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values.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.4
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*skip_accept_encoding* argument added.
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.putheader(header, argument[, ...])
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Send an :rfc:`822`\ -style header to the server. It sends a line to the server
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consisting of the header, a colon and a space, and the first argument. If more
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arguments are given, continuation lines are sent, each consisting of a tab and
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an argument.
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.endheaders(message_body=None)
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Send a blank line to the server, signalling the end of the headers. The
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optional *message_body* argument can be used to pass a message body
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associated with the request. The message body will be sent in the same
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packet as the message headers if it is string, otherwise it is sent in a
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separate packet.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.7
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*message_body* was added.
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.send(data)
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Send data to the server. This should be used directly only after the
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:meth:`endheaders` method has been called and before :meth:`getresponse` is
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called.
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.. _httpresponse-objects:
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|
|
HTTPResponse Objects
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|
--------------------
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:class:`HTTPResponse` instances have the following methods and attributes:
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.. method:: HTTPResponse.read([amt])
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Reads and returns the response body, or up to the next *amt* bytes.
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.. method:: HTTPResponse.getheader(name[, default])
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Get the contents of the header *name*, or *default* if there is no matching
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header.
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.. method:: HTTPResponse.getheaders()
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Return a list of (header, value) tuples.
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.. versionadded:: 2.4
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.. method:: HTTPResponse.fileno()
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Returns the ``fileno`` of the underlying socket.
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.. attribute:: HTTPResponse.msg
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A :class:`mimetools.Message` instance containing the response headers.
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.. attribute:: HTTPResponse.version
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HTTP protocol version used by server. 10 for HTTP/1.0, 11 for HTTP/1.1.
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.. attribute:: HTTPResponse.status
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Status code returned by server.
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.. attribute:: HTTPResponse.reason
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Reason phrase returned by server.
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.. _httplib-examples:
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|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
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|
|
Here is an example session that uses the ``GET`` method::
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|
|
>>> import httplib
|
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>>> conn = httplib.HTTPSConnection("www.python.org")
|
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>>> conn.request("GET", "/")
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>>> r1 = conn.getresponse()
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>>> print r1.status, r1.reason
|
|
200 OK
|
|
>>> data1 = r1.read()
|
|
>>> conn.request("GET", "/")
|
|
>>> r2 = conn.getresponse()
|
|
>>> print r2.status, r2.reason
|
|
404 Not Found
|
|
>>> data2 = r2.read()
|
|
>>> conn.close()
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|
|
Here is an example session that uses the ``HEAD`` method. Note that the
|
|
``HEAD`` method never returns any data. ::
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|
|
>>> import httplib
|
|
>>> conn = httplib.HTTPSConnection("www.python.org")
|
|
>>> conn.request("HEAD","/")
|
|
>>> res = conn.getresponse()
|
|
>>> print res.status, res.reason
|
|
200 OK
|
|
>>> data = res.read()
|
|
>>> print len(data)
|
|
0
|
|
>>> data == ''
|
|
True
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|
|
|
Here is an example session that shows how to ``POST`` requests::
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|
|
|
>>> import httplib, urllib
|
|
>>> params = urllib.urlencode({'@number': 12524, '@type': 'issue', '@action': 'show'})
|
|
>>> headers = {"Content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
|
|
... "Accept": "text/plain"}
|
|
>>> conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("bugs.python.org")
|
|
>>> conn.request("POST", "", params, headers)
|
|
>>> response = conn.getresponse()
|
|
>>> print response.status, response.reason
|
|
302 Found
|
|
>>> data = response.read()
|
|
>>> data
|
|
'Redirecting to <a href="http://bugs.python.org/issue12524">http://bugs.python.org/issue12524</a>'
|
|
>>> conn.close()
|
|
|
|
Client side ``HTTP PUT`` requests are very similar to ``POST`` requests. The
|
|
difference lies only the server side where HTTP server will allow resources to
|
|
be created via ``PUT`` request. Here is an example session that shows how to do
|
|
``PUT`` request using httplib::
|
|
|
|
>>> # This creates an HTTP message
|
|
>>> # with the content of BODY as the enclosed representation
|
|
>>> # for the resource http://localhost:8080/foobar
|
|
...
|
|
>>> import httplib
|
|
>>> BODY = "***filecontents***"
|
|
>>> conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("localhost", 8080)
|
|
>>> conn.request("PUT", "/file", BODY)
|
|
>>> response = conn.getresponse()
|
|
>>> print response.status, response.reason
|
|
200, OK
|
|
|