961 lines
34 KiB
ReStructuredText
961 lines
34 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. highlight:: sh
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.. ATTENTION: You probably should update Misc/python.man, too, if you modify
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this file.
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.. _using-on-general:
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Command line and environment
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============================
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The CPython interpreter scans the command line and the environment for various
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settings.
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.. impl-detail::
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Other implementations' command line schemes may differ. See
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:ref:`implementations` for further resources.
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.. _using-on-cmdline:
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Command line
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------------
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When invoking Python, you may specify any of these options::
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python [-bBdEhiIOqsSuvVWx?] [-c command | -m module-name | script | - ] [args]
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The most common use case is, of course, a simple invocation of a script::
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python myscript.py
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.. _using-on-interface-options:
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Interface options
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell, but provides some
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additional methods of invocation:
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* When called with standard input connected to a tty device, it prompts for
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commands and executes them until an EOF (an end-of-file character, you can
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produce that with :kbd:`Ctrl-D` on UNIX or :kbd:`Ctrl-Z, Enter` on Windows) is read.
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* When called with a file name argument or with a file as standard input, it
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reads and executes a script from that file.
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* When called with a directory name argument, it reads and executes an
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appropriately named script from that directory.
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* When called with ``-c command``, it executes the Python statement(s) given as
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*command*. Here *command* may contain multiple statements separated by
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newlines. Leading whitespace is significant in Python statements!
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* When called with ``-m module-name``, the given module is located on the
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Python module path and executed as a script.
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In non-interactive mode, the entire input is parsed before it is executed.
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An interface option terminates the list of options consumed by the interpreter,
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all consecutive arguments will end up in :data:`sys.argv` -- note that the first
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element, subscript zero (``sys.argv[0]``), is a string reflecting the program's
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source.
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.. cmdoption:: -c <command>
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Execute the Python code in *command*. *command* can be one or more
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statements separated by newlines, with significant leading whitespace as in
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normal module code.
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If this option is given, the first element of :data:`sys.argv` will be
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``"-c"`` and the current directory will be added to the start of
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:data:`sys.path` (allowing modules in that directory to be imported as top
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level modules).
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.. audit-event:: cpython.run_command command cmdoption-c
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.. cmdoption:: -m <module-name>
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Search :data:`sys.path` for the named module and execute its contents as
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the :mod:`__main__` module.
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Since the argument is a *module* name, you must not give a file extension
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(``.py``). The module name should be a valid absolute Python module name, but
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the implementation may not always enforce this (e.g. it may allow you to
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use a name that includes a hyphen).
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Package names (including namespace packages) are also permitted. When a
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package name is supplied instead
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of a normal module, the interpreter will execute ``<pkg>.__main__`` as
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the main module. This behaviour is deliberately similar to the handling
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of directories and zipfiles that are passed to the interpreter as the
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script argument.
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.. note::
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This option cannot be used with built-in modules and extension modules
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written in C, since they do not have Python module files. However, it
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can still be used for precompiled modules, even if the original source
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file is not available.
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If this option is given, the first element of :data:`sys.argv` will be the
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full path to the module file (while the module file is being located, the
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first element will be set to ``"-m"``). As with the :option:`-c` option,
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the current directory will be added to the start of :data:`sys.path`.
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:option:`-I` option can be used to run the script in isolated mode where
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:data:`sys.path` contains neither the current directory nor the user's
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site-packages directory. All :envvar:`PYTHON*` environment variables are
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ignored, too.
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Many standard library modules contain code that is invoked on their execution
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as a script. An example is the :mod:`timeit` module::
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python -m timeit -s 'setup here' 'benchmarked code here'
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python -m timeit -h # for details
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.. audit-event:: cpython.run_module module-name cmdoption-m
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.. seealso::
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:func:`runpy.run_module`
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Equivalent functionality directly available to Python code
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:pep:`338` -- Executing modules as scripts
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.. versionchanged:: 3.1
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Supply the package name to run a ``__main__`` submodule.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.4
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namespace packages are also supported
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.. _cmdarg-dash:
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.. describe:: -
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Read commands from standard input (:data:`sys.stdin`). If standard input is
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a terminal, :option:`-i` is implied.
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If this option is given, the first element of :data:`sys.argv` will be
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``"-"`` and the current directory will be added to the start of
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:data:`sys.path`.
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.. audit-event:: cpython.run_stdin "" ""
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.. _cmdarg-script:
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.. describe:: <script>
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Execute the Python code contained in *script*, which must be a filesystem
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path (absolute or relative) referring to either a Python file, a directory
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containing a ``__main__.py`` file, or a zipfile containing a
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``__main__.py`` file.
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If this option is given, the first element of :data:`sys.argv` will be the
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script name as given on the command line.
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If the script name refers directly to a Python file, the directory
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containing that file is added to the start of :data:`sys.path`, and the
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file is executed as the :mod:`__main__` module.
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If the script name refers to a directory or zipfile, the script name is
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added to the start of :data:`sys.path` and the ``__main__.py`` file in
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that location is executed as the :mod:`__main__` module.
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:option:`-I` option can be used to run the script in isolated mode where
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:data:`sys.path` contains neither the script's directory nor the user's
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site-packages directory. All :envvar:`PYTHON*` environment variables are
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ignored, too.
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.. audit-event:: cpython.run_file filename
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.. seealso::
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:func:`runpy.run_path`
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Equivalent functionality directly available to Python code
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If no interface option is given, :option:`-i` is implied, ``sys.argv[0]`` is
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an empty string (``""``) and the current directory will be added to the
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start of :data:`sys.path`. Also, tab-completion and history editing is
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automatically enabled, if available on your platform (see
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:ref:`rlcompleter-config`).
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.. seealso:: :ref:`tut-invoking`
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.. versionchanged:: 3.4
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Automatic enabling of tab-completion and history editing.
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Generic options
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. cmdoption:: -?
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-h
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--help
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Print a short description of all command line options.
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.. cmdoption:: -V
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--version
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Print the Python version number and exit. Example output could be:
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.. code-block:: none
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Python 3.8.0b2+
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When given twice, print more information about the build, like:
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.. code-block:: none
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Python 3.8.0b2+ (3.8:0c076caaa8, Apr 20 2019, 21:55:00)
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[GCC 6.2.0 20161005]
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.. versionadded:: 3.6
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The ``-VV`` option.
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.. _using-on-misc-options:
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Miscellaneous options
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. cmdoption:: -b
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Issue a warning when comparing :class:`bytes` or :class:`bytearray` with
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:class:`str` or :class:`bytes` with :class:`int`. Issue an error when the
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option is given twice (:option:`!-bb`).
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.. versionchanged:: 3.5
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Affects comparisons of :class:`bytes` with :class:`int`.
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.. cmdoption:: -B
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If given, Python won't try to write ``.pyc`` files on the
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import of source modules. See also :envvar:`PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE`.
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.. cmdoption:: --check-hash-based-pycs default|always|never
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Control the validation behavior of hash-based ``.pyc`` files. See
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:ref:`pyc-invalidation`. When set to ``default``, checked and unchecked
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hash-based bytecode cache files are validated according to their default
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semantics. When set to ``always``, all hash-based ``.pyc`` files, whether
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checked or unchecked, are validated against their corresponding source
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file. When set to ``never``, hash-based ``.pyc`` files are not validated
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against their corresponding source files.
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The semantics of timestamp-based ``.pyc`` files are unaffected by this
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option.
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.. cmdoption:: -d
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Turn on parser debugging output (for expert only, depending on compilation
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options). See also :envvar:`PYTHONDEBUG`.
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.. cmdoption:: -E
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Ignore all :envvar:`PYTHON*` environment variables, e.g.
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:envvar:`PYTHONPATH` and :envvar:`PYTHONHOME`, that might be set.
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.. cmdoption:: -i
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When a script is passed as first argument or the :option:`-c` option is used,
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enter interactive mode after executing the script or the command, even when
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:data:`sys.stdin` does not appear to be a terminal. The
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:envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP` file is not read.
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This can be useful to inspect global variables or a stack trace when a script
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raises an exception. See also :envvar:`PYTHONINSPECT`.
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.. cmdoption:: -I
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Run Python in isolated mode. This also implies -E and -s.
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In isolated mode :data:`sys.path` contains neither the script's directory nor
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the user's site-packages directory. All :envvar:`PYTHON*` environment
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variables are ignored, too. Further restrictions may be imposed to prevent
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the user from injecting malicious code.
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.. versionadded:: 3.4
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.. cmdoption:: -O
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Remove assert statements and any code conditional on the value of
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:const:`__debug__`. Augment the filename for compiled
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(:term:`bytecode`) files by adding ``.opt-1`` before the ``.pyc``
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extension (see :pep:`488`). See also :envvar:`PYTHONOPTIMIZE`.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.5
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Modify ``.pyc`` filenames according to :pep:`488`.
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.. cmdoption:: -OO
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Do :option:`-O` and also discard docstrings. Augment the filename
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for compiled (:term:`bytecode`) files by adding ``.opt-2`` before the
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``.pyc`` extension (see :pep:`488`).
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.. versionchanged:: 3.5
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Modify ``.pyc`` filenames according to :pep:`488`.
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.. cmdoption:: -q
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Don't display the copyright and version messages even in interactive mode.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. cmdoption:: -R
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Turn on hash randomization. This option only has an effect if the
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:envvar:`PYTHONHASHSEED` environment variable is set to ``0``, since hash
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randomization is enabled by default.
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On previous versions of Python, this option turns on hash randomization,
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so that the :meth:`__hash__` values of str and bytes objects
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are "salted" with an unpredictable random value. Although they remain
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constant within an individual Python process, they are not predictable
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between repeated invocations of Python.
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Hash randomization is intended to provide protection against a
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denial-of-service caused by carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the worst
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case performance of a dict construction, O(n^2) complexity. See
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http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for details.
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:envvar:`PYTHONHASHSEED` allows you to set a fixed value for the hash
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seed secret.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.7
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The option is no longer ignored.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2.3
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.. cmdoption:: -s
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Don't add the :data:`user site-packages directory <site.USER_SITE>` to
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:data:`sys.path`.
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.. seealso::
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:pep:`370` -- Per user site-packages directory
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.. cmdoption:: -S
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Disable the import of the module :mod:`site` and the site-dependent
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manipulations of :data:`sys.path` that it entails. Also disable these
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manipulations if :mod:`site` is explicitly imported later (call
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:func:`site.main` if you want them to be triggered).
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.. cmdoption:: -u
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Force the stdout and stderr streams to be unbuffered. This option has no
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effect on the stdin stream.
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See also :envvar:`PYTHONUNBUFFERED`.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.7
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The text layer of the stdout and stderr streams now is unbuffered.
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.. cmdoption:: -v
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Print a message each time a module is initialized, showing the place
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(filename or built-in module) from which it is loaded. When given twice
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(:option:`!-vv`), print a message for each file that is checked for when
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searching for a module. Also provides information on module cleanup at exit.
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See also :envvar:`PYTHONVERBOSE`.
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.. _using-on-warnings:
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.. cmdoption:: -W arg
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Warning control. Python's warning machinery by default prints warning
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messages to :data:`sys.stderr`. A typical warning message has the following
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form:
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.. code-block:: none
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file:line: category: message
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By default, each warning is printed once for each source line where it
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occurs. This option controls how often warnings are printed.
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Multiple :option:`-W` options may be given; when a warning matches more than
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one option, the action for the last matching option is performed. Invalid
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:option:`-W` options are ignored (though, a warning message is printed about
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invalid options when the first warning is issued).
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Warnings can also be controlled using the :envvar:`PYTHONWARNINGS`
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environment variable and from within a Python program using the
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:mod:`warnings` module.
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The simplest settings apply a particular action unconditionally to all
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warnings emitted by a process (even those that are otherwise ignored by
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default)::
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-Wdefault # Warn once per call location
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-Werror # Convert to exceptions
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-Walways # Warn every time
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-Wmodule # Warn once per calling module
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-Wonce # Warn once per Python process
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-Wignore # Never warn
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The action names can be abbreviated as desired (e.g. ``-Wi``, ``-Wd``,
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``-Wa``, ``-We``) and the interpreter will resolve them to the appropriate
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action name.
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See :ref:`warning-filter` and :ref:`describing-warning-filters` for more
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details.
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.. cmdoption:: -x
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Skip the first line of the source, allowing use of non-Unix forms of
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``#!cmd``. This is intended for a DOS specific hack only.
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.. cmdoption:: -X
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Reserved for various implementation-specific options. CPython currently
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defines the following possible values:
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* ``-X faulthandler`` to enable :mod:`faulthandler`;
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* ``-X showrefcount`` to output the total reference count and number of used
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memory blocks when the program finishes or after each statement in the
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interactive interpreter. This only works on debug builds.
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* ``-X tracemalloc`` to start tracing Python memory allocations using the
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:mod:`tracemalloc` module. By default, only the most recent frame is
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stored in a traceback of a trace. Use ``-X tracemalloc=NFRAME`` to start
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tracing with a traceback limit of *NFRAME* frames. See the
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:func:`tracemalloc.start` for more information.
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* ``-X showalloccount`` to output the total count of allocated objects for
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each type when the program finishes. This only works when Python was built with
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``COUNT_ALLOCS`` defined.
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* ``-X importtime`` to show how long each import takes. It shows module
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name, cumulative time (including nested imports) and self time (excluding
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nested imports). Note that its output may be broken in multi-threaded
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application. Typical usage is ``python3 -X importtime -c 'import
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asyncio'``. See also :envvar:`PYTHONPROFILEIMPORTTIME`.
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* ``-X dev``: enable CPython's "development mode", introducing additional
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runtime checks which are too expensive to be enabled by default. It should
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not be more verbose than the default if the code is correct: new warnings
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are only emitted when an issue is detected. Effect of the developer mode:
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* Add ``default`` warning filter, as :option:`-W` ``default``.
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* Install debug hooks on memory allocators: see the
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:c:func:`PyMem_SetupDebugHooks` C function.
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* Enable the :mod:`faulthandler` module to dump the Python traceback
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on a crash.
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* Enable :ref:`asyncio debug mode <asyncio-debug-mode>`.
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* Set the :attr:`~sys.flags.dev_mode` attribute of :attr:`sys.flags` to
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``True``.
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* :class:`io.IOBase` destructor logs ``close()`` exceptions.
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* ``-X utf8`` enables UTF-8 mode for operating system interfaces, overriding
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the default locale-aware mode. ``-X utf8=0`` explicitly disables UTF-8
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mode (even when it would otherwise activate automatically).
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See :envvar:`PYTHONUTF8` for more details.
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* ``-X pycache_prefix=PATH`` enables writing ``.pyc`` files to a parallel
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tree rooted at the given directory instead of to the code tree. See also
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:envvar:`PYTHONPYCACHEPREFIX`.
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It also allows passing arbitrary values and retrieving them through the
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:data:`sys._xoptions` dictionary.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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The :option:`-X` option was added.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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The ``-X faulthandler`` option.
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.. versionadded:: 3.4
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The ``-X showrefcount`` and ``-X tracemalloc`` options.
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.. versionadded:: 3.6
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The ``-X showalloccount`` option.
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.. versionadded:: 3.7
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The ``-X importtime``, ``-X dev`` and ``-X utf8`` options.
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.. versionadded:: 3.8
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The ``-X pycache_prefix`` option. The ``-X dev`` option now logs
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``close()`` exceptions in :class:`io.IOBase` destructor.
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Options you shouldn't use
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. cmdoption:: -J
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Reserved for use by Jython_.
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.. _Jython: http://www.jython.org/
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.. _using-on-envvars:
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Environment variables
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---------------------
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These environment variables influence Python's behavior, they are processed
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before the command-line switches other than -E or -I. It is customary that
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command-line switches override environmental variables where there is a
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conflict.
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.. envvar:: PYTHONHOME
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Change the location of the standard Python libraries. By default, the
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libraries are searched in :file:`{prefix}/lib/python{version}` and
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:file:`{exec_prefix}/lib/python{version}`, where :file:`{prefix}` and
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:file:`{exec_prefix}` are installation-dependent directories, both defaulting
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to :file:`/usr/local`.
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When :envvar:`PYTHONHOME` is set to a single directory, its value replaces
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both :file:`{prefix}` and :file:`{exec_prefix}`. To specify different values
|
|
for these, set :envvar:`PYTHONHOME` to :file:`{prefix}:{exec_prefix}`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONPATH
|
|
|
|
Augment the default search path for module files. The format is the same as
|
|
the shell's :envvar:`PATH`: one or more directory pathnames separated by
|
|
:data:`os.pathsep` (e.g. colons on Unix or semicolons on Windows).
|
|
Non-existent directories are silently ignored.
|
|
|
|
In addition to normal directories, individual :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` entries
|
|
may refer to zipfiles containing pure Python modules (in either source or
|
|
compiled form). Extension modules cannot be imported from zipfiles.
|
|
|
|
The default search path is installation dependent, but generally begins with
|
|
:file:`{prefix}/lib/python{version}` (see :envvar:`PYTHONHOME` above). It
|
|
is *always* appended to :envvar:`PYTHONPATH`.
|
|
|
|
An additional directory will be inserted in the search path in front of
|
|
:envvar:`PYTHONPATH` as described above under
|
|
:ref:`using-on-interface-options`. The search path can be manipulated from
|
|
within a Python program as the variable :data:`sys.path`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONSTARTUP
|
|
|
|
If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in that file are
|
|
executed before the first prompt is displayed in interactive mode. The file
|
|
is executed in the same namespace where interactive commands are executed so
|
|
that objects defined or imported in it can be used without qualification in
|
|
the interactive session. You can also change the prompts :data:`sys.ps1` and
|
|
:data:`sys.ps2` and the hook :data:`sys.__interactivehook__` in this file.
|
|
|
|
.. audit-event:: cpython.run_startup filename PYTHONSTARTUP
|
|
|
|
Raises an :ref:`auditing event <auditing>` ``cpython.run_startup`` with
|
|
the filename as the argument when called on startup.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONOPTIMIZE
|
|
|
|
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
|
|
:option:`-O` option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying
|
|
:option:`-O` multiple times.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONBREAKPOINT
|
|
|
|
If this is set, it names a callable using dotted-path notation. The module
|
|
containing the callable will be imported and then the callable will be run
|
|
by the default implementation of :func:`sys.breakpointhook` which itself is
|
|
called by built-in :func:`breakpoint`. If not set, or set to the empty
|
|
string, it is equivalent to the value "pdb.set_trace". Setting this to the
|
|
string "0" causes the default implementation of :func:`sys.breakpointhook`
|
|
to do nothing but return immediately.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONDEBUG
|
|
|
|
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
|
|
:option:`-d` option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying
|
|
:option:`-d` multiple times.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONINSPECT
|
|
|
|
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
|
|
:option:`-i` option.
|
|
|
|
This variable can also be modified by Python code using :data:`os.environ`
|
|
to force inspect mode on program termination.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONUNBUFFERED
|
|
|
|
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
|
|
:option:`-u` option.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONVERBOSE
|
|
|
|
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the
|
|
:option:`-v` option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying
|
|
:option:`-v` multiple times.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONCASEOK
|
|
|
|
If this is set, Python ignores case in :keyword:`import` statements. This
|
|
only works on Windows and OS X.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE
|
|
|
|
If this is set to a non-empty string, Python won't try to write ``.pyc``
|
|
files on the import of source modules. This is equivalent to
|
|
specifying the :option:`-B` option.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONPYCACHEPREFIX
|
|
|
|
If this is set, Python will write ``.pyc`` files in a mirror directory tree
|
|
at this path, instead of in ``__pycache__`` directories within the source
|
|
tree. This is equivalent to specifying the :option:`-X`
|
|
``pycache_prefix=PATH`` option.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONHASHSEED
|
|
|
|
If this variable is not set or set to ``random``, a random value is used
|
|
to seed the hashes of str and bytes objects.
|
|
|
|
If :envvar:`PYTHONHASHSEED` is set to an integer value, it is used as a fixed
|
|
seed for generating the hash() of the types covered by the hash
|
|
randomization.
|
|
|
|
Its purpose is to allow repeatable hashing, such as for selftests for the
|
|
interpreter itself, or to allow a cluster of python processes to share hash
|
|
values.
|
|
|
|
The integer must be a decimal number in the range [0,4294967295]. Specifying
|
|
the value 0 will disable hash randomization.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.2.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONIOENCODING
|
|
|
|
If this is set before running the interpreter, it overrides the encoding used
|
|
for stdin/stdout/stderr, in the syntax ``encodingname:errorhandler``. Both
|
|
the ``encodingname`` and the ``:errorhandler`` parts are optional and have
|
|
the same meaning as in :func:`str.encode`.
|
|
|
|
For stderr, the ``:errorhandler`` part is ignored; the handler will always be
|
|
``'backslashreplace'``.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
|
|
The ``encodingname`` part is now optional.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
On Windows, the encoding specified by this variable is ignored for interactive
|
|
console buffers unless :envvar:`PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSSTDIO` is also specified.
|
|
Files and pipes redirected through the standard streams are not affected.
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONNOUSERSITE
|
|
|
|
If this is set, Python won't add the :data:`user site-packages directory
|
|
<site.USER_SITE>` to :data:`sys.path`.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:pep:`370` -- Per user site-packages directory
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONUSERBASE
|
|
|
|
Defines the :data:`user base directory <site.USER_BASE>`, which is used to
|
|
compute the path of the :data:`user site-packages directory <site.USER_SITE>`
|
|
and :ref:`Distutils installation paths <inst-alt-install-user>` for
|
|
``python setup.py install --user``.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:pep:`370` -- Per user site-packages directory
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONEXECUTABLE
|
|
|
|
If this environment variable is set, ``sys.argv[0]`` will be set to its
|
|
value instead of the value got through the C runtime. Only works on
|
|
Mac OS X.
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONWARNINGS
|
|
|
|
This is equivalent to the :option:`-W` option. If set to a comma
|
|
separated string, it is equivalent to specifying :option:`-W` multiple
|
|
times, with filters later in the list taking precedence over those earlier
|
|
in the list.
|
|
|
|
The simplest settings apply a particular action unconditionally to all
|
|
warnings emitted by a process (even those that are otherwise ignored by
|
|
default)::
|
|
|
|
PYTHONWARNINGS=default # Warn once per call location
|
|
PYTHONWARNINGS=error # Convert to exceptions
|
|
PYTHONWARNINGS=always # Warn every time
|
|
PYTHONWARNINGS=module # Warn once per calling module
|
|
PYTHONWARNINGS=once # Warn once per Python process
|
|
PYTHONWARNINGS=ignore # Never warn
|
|
|
|
See :ref:`warning-filter` and :ref:`describing-warning-filters` for more
|
|
details.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONFAULTHANDLER
|
|
|
|
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string,
|
|
:func:`faulthandler.enable` is called at startup: install a handler for
|
|
:const:`SIGSEGV`, :const:`SIGFPE`, :const:`SIGABRT`, :const:`SIGBUS` and
|
|
:const:`SIGILL` signals to dump the Python traceback. This is equivalent to
|
|
:option:`-X` ``faulthandler`` option.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONTRACEMALLOC
|
|
|
|
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, start tracing
|
|
Python memory allocations using the :mod:`tracemalloc` module. The value of
|
|
the variable is the maximum number of frames stored in a traceback of a
|
|
trace. For example, ``PYTHONTRACEMALLOC=1`` stores only the most recent
|
|
frame. See the :func:`tracemalloc.start` for more information.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONPROFILEIMPORTTIME
|
|
|
|
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, Python will
|
|
show how long each import takes. This is exactly equivalent to setting
|
|
``-X importtime`` on the command line.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG
|
|
|
|
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, enable the
|
|
:ref:`debug mode <asyncio-debug-mode>` of the :mod:`asyncio` module.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONMALLOC
|
|
|
|
Set the Python memory allocators and/or install debug hooks.
|
|
|
|
Set the family of memory allocators used by Python:
|
|
|
|
* ``default``: use the :ref:`default memory allocators
|
|
<default-memory-allocators>`.
|
|
* ``malloc``: use the :c:func:`malloc` function of the C library
|
|
for all domains (:c:data:`PYMEM_DOMAIN_RAW`, :c:data:`PYMEM_DOMAIN_MEM`,
|
|
:c:data:`PYMEM_DOMAIN_OBJ`).
|
|
* ``pymalloc``: use the :ref:`pymalloc allocator <pymalloc>` for
|
|
:c:data:`PYMEM_DOMAIN_MEM` and :c:data:`PYMEM_DOMAIN_OBJ` domains and use
|
|
the :c:func:`malloc` function for the :c:data:`PYMEM_DOMAIN_RAW` domain.
|
|
|
|
Install debug hooks:
|
|
|
|
* ``debug``: install debug hooks on top of the :ref:`default memory
|
|
allocators <default-memory-allocators>`.
|
|
* ``malloc_debug``: same as ``malloc`` but also install debug hooks.
|
|
* ``pymalloc_debug``: same as ``pymalloc`` but also install debug hooks.
|
|
|
|
See the :ref:`default memory allocators <default-memory-allocators>` and the
|
|
:c:func:`PyMem_SetupDebugHooks` function (install debug hooks on Python
|
|
memory allocators).
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
|
|
Added the ``"default"`` allocator.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.6
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONMALLOCSTATS
|
|
|
|
If set to a non-empty string, Python will print statistics of the
|
|
:ref:`pymalloc memory allocator <pymalloc>` every time a new pymalloc object
|
|
arena is created, and on shutdown.
|
|
|
|
This variable is ignored if the :envvar:`PYTHONMALLOC` environment variable
|
|
is used to force the :c:func:`malloc` allocator of the C library, or if
|
|
Python is configured without ``pymalloc`` support.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
This variable can now also be used on Python compiled in release mode.
|
|
It now has no effect if set to an empty string.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSFSENCODING
|
|
|
|
If set to a non-empty string, the default filesystem encoding and errors mode
|
|
will revert to their pre-3.6 values of 'mbcs' and 'replace', respectively.
|
|
Otherwise, the new defaults 'utf-8' and 'surrogatepass' are used.
|
|
|
|
This may also be enabled at runtime with
|
|
:func:`sys._enablelegacywindowsfsencoding()`.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Windows.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.6
|
|
See :pep:`529` for more details.
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSSTDIO
|
|
|
|
If set to a non-empty string, does not use the new console reader and
|
|
writer. This means that Unicode characters will be encoded according to
|
|
the active console code page, rather than using utf-8.
|
|
|
|
This variable is ignored if the standard streams are redirected (to files
|
|
or pipes) rather than referring to console buffers.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Windows.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.6
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE
|
|
|
|
If set to the value ``0``, causes the main Python command line application
|
|
to skip coercing the legacy ASCII-based C and POSIX locales to a more
|
|
capable UTF-8 based alternative.
|
|
|
|
If this variable is *not* set (or is set to a value other than ``0``), the
|
|
``LC_ALL`` locale override environment variable is also not set, and the
|
|
current locale reported for the ``LC_CTYPE`` category is either the default
|
|
``C`` locale, or else the explicitly ASCII-based ``POSIX`` locale, then the
|
|
Python CLI will attempt to configure the following locales for the
|
|
``LC_CTYPE`` category in the order listed before loading the interpreter
|
|
runtime:
|
|
|
|
* ``C.UTF-8``
|
|
* ``C.utf8``
|
|
* ``UTF-8``
|
|
|
|
If setting one of these locale categories succeeds, then the ``LC_CTYPE``
|
|
environment variable will also be set accordingly in the current process
|
|
environment before the Python runtime is initialized. This ensures that in
|
|
addition to being seen by both the interpreter itself and other locale-aware
|
|
components running in the same process (such as the GNU ``readline``
|
|
library), the updated setting is also seen in subprocesses (regardless of
|
|
whether or not those processes are running a Python interpreter), as well as
|
|
in operations that query the environment rather than the current C locale
|
|
(such as Python's own :func:`locale.getdefaultlocale`).
|
|
|
|
Configuring one of these locales (either explicitly or via the above
|
|
implicit locale coercion) automatically enables the ``surrogateescape``
|
|
:ref:`error handler <error-handlers>` for :data:`sys.stdin` and
|
|
:data:`sys.stdout` (:data:`sys.stderr` continues to use ``backslashreplace``
|
|
as it does in any other locale). This stream handling behavior can be
|
|
overridden using :envvar:`PYTHONIOENCODING` as usual.
|
|
|
|
For debugging purposes, setting ``PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=warn`` will cause
|
|
Python to emit warning messages on ``stderr`` if either the locale coercion
|
|
activates, or else if a locale that *would* have triggered coercion is
|
|
still active when the Python runtime is initialized.
|
|
|
|
Also note that even when locale coercion is disabled, or when it fails to
|
|
find a suitable target locale, :envvar:`PYTHONUTF8` will still activate by
|
|
default in legacy ASCII-based locales. Both features must be disabled in
|
|
order to force the interpreter to use ``ASCII`` instead of ``UTF-8`` for
|
|
system interfaces.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: \*nix.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
See :pep:`538` for more details.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONDEVMODE
|
|
|
|
If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, enable the
|
|
CPython "development mode". See the :option:`-X` ``dev`` option.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONUTF8
|
|
|
|
If set to ``1``, enables the interpreter's UTF-8 mode, where ``UTF-8`` is
|
|
used as the text encoding for system interfaces, regardless of the
|
|
current locale setting.
|
|
|
|
This means that:
|
|
|
|
* :func:`sys.getfilesystemencoding()` returns ``'UTF-8'`` (the locale
|
|
encoding is ignored).
|
|
* :func:`locale.getpreferredencoding()` returns ``'UTF-8'`` (the locale
|
|
encoding is ignored, and the function's ``do_setlocale`` parameter has no
|
|
effect).
|
|
* :data:`sys.stdin`, :data:`sys.stdout`, and :data:`sys.stderr` all use
|
|
UTF-8 as their text encoding, with the ``surrogateescape``
|
|
:ref:`error handler <error-handlers>` being enabled for :data:`sys.stdin`
|
|
and :data:`sys.stdout` (:data:`sys.stderr` continues to use
|
|
``backslashreplace`` as it does in the default locale-aware mode)
|
|
|
|
As a consequence of the changes in those lower level APIs, other higher
|
|
level APIs also exhibit different default behaviours:
|
|
|
|
* Command line arguments, environment variables and filenames are decoded
|
|
to text using the UTF-8 encoding.
|
|
* :func:`os.fsdecode()` and :func:`os.fsencode()` use the UTF-8 encoding.
|
|
* :func:`open()`, :func:`io.open()`, and :func:`codecs.open()` use the UTF-8
|
|
encoding by default. However, they still use the strict error handler by
|
|
default so that attempting to open a binary file in text mode is likely
|
|
to raise an exception rather than producing nonsense data.
|
|
|
|
Note that the standard stream settings in UTF-8 mode can be overridden by
|
|
:envvar:`PYTHONIOENCODING` (just as they can be in the default locale-aware
|
|
mode).
|
|
|
|
If set to ``0``, the interpreter runs in its default locale-aware mode.
|
|
|
|
Setting any other non-empty string causes an error during interpreter
|
|
initialisation.
|
|
|
|
If this environment variable is not set at all, then the interpreter defaults
|
|
to using the current locale settings, *unless* the current locale is
|
|
identified as a legacy ASCII-based locale
|
|
(as described for :envvar:`PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE`), and locale coercion is
|
|
either disabled or fails. In such legacy locales, the interpreter will
|
|
default to enabling UTF-8 mode unless explicitly instructed not to do so.
|
|
|
|
Also available as the :option:`-X` ``utf8`` option.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
See :pep:`540` for more details.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Debug-mode variables
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
Setting these variables only has an effect in a debug build of Python.
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONTHREADDEBUG
|
|
|
|
If set, Python will print threading debug info.
|
|
|
|
Need Python configured with the ``--with-pydebug`` build option.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. envvar:: PYTHONDUMPREFS
|
|
|
|
If set, Python will dump objects and reference counts still alive after
|
|
shutting down the interpreter.
|
|
|
|
Need Python configured with the ``--with-trace-refs`` build option.
|