113 lines
3.8 KiB
ReStructuredText
113 lines
3.8 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`glob` --- Unix style pathname pattern expansion
|
|
=====================================================
|
|
|
|
.. module:: glob
|
|
:synopsis: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion.
|
|
|
|
**Source code:** :source:`Lib/glob.py`
|
|
|
|
.. index:: single: filenames; pathname expansion
|
|
|
|
--------------
|
|
|
|
.. index::
|
|
single: * (asterisk); in glob-style wildcards
|
|
single: ? (question mark); in glob-style wildcards
|
|
single: [] (square brackets); in glob-style wildcards
|
|
single: ! (exclamation); in glob-style wildcards
|
|
single: - (minus); in glob-style wildcards
|
|
single: . (dot); in glob-style wildcards
|
|
|
|
The :mod:`glob` module finds all the pathnames matching a specified pattern
|
|
according to the rules used by the Unix shell, although results are returned in
|
|
arbitrary order. No tilde expansion is done, but ``*``, ``?``, and character
|
|
ranges expressed with ``[]`` will be correctly matched. This is done by using
|
|
the :func:`os.scandir` and :func:`fnmatch.fnmatch` functions in concert, and
|
|
not by actually invoking a subshell. Note that unlike :func:`fnmatch.fnmatch`,
|
|
:mod:`glob` treats filenames beginning with a dot (``.``) as special cases.
|
|
(For tilde and shell variable expansion, use :func:`os.path.expanduser` and
|
|
:func:`os.path.expandvars`.)
|
|
|
|
For a literal match, wrap the meta-characters in brackets.
|
|
For example, ``'[?]'`` matches the character ``'?'``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
The :mod:`pathlib` module offers high-level path objects.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: glob(pathname, *, recursive=False)
|
|
|
|
Return a possibly-empty list of path names that match *pathname*, which must be
|
|
a string containing a path specification. *pathname* can be either absolute
|
|
(like :file:`/usr/src/Python-1.5/Makefile`) or relative (like
|
|
:file:`../../Tools/\*/\*.gif`), and can contain shell-style wildcards. Broken
|
|
symlinks are included in the results (as in the shell).
|
|
|
|
.. index::
|
|
single: **; in glob-style wildcards
|
|
|
|
If *recursive* is true, the pattern "``**``" will match any files and zero or
|
|
more directories, subdirectories and symbolic links to directories. If the
|
|
pattern is followed by an :data:`os.sep` or :data:`os.altsep` then files will not
|
|
match.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
Using the "``**``" pattern in large directory trees may consume
|
|
an inordinate amount of time.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
Support for recursive globs using "``**``".
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: iglob(pathname, *, recursive=False)
|
|
|
|
Return an :term:`iterator` which yields the same values as :func:`glob`
|
|
without actually storing them all simultaneously.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: escape(pathname)
|
|
|
|
Escape all special characters (``'?'``, ``'*'`` and ``'['``).
|
|
This is useful if you want to match an arbitrary literal string that may
|
|
have special characters in it. Special characters in drive/UNC
|
|
sharepoints are not escaped, e.g. on Windows
|
|
``escape('//?/c:/Quo vadis?.txt')`` returns ``'//?/c:/Quo vadis[?].txt'``.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
For example, consider a directory containing the following files:
|
|
:file:`1.gif`, :file:`2.txt`, :file:`card.gif` and a subdirectory :file:`sub`
|
|
which contains only the file :file:`3.txt`. :func:`glob` will produce
|
|
the following results. Notice how any leading components of the path are
|
|
preserved. ::
|
|
|
|
>>> import glob
|
|
>>> glob.glob('./[0-9].*')
|
|
['./1.gif', './2.txt']
|
|
>>> glob.glob('*.gif')
|
|
['1.gif', 'card.gif']
|
|
>>> glob.glob('?.gif')
|
|
['1.gif']
|
|
>>> glob.glob('**/*.txt', recursive=True)
|
|
['2.txt', 'sub/3.txt']
|
|
>>> glob.glob('./**/', recursive=True)
|
|
['./', './sub/']
|
|
|
|
If the directory contains files starting with ``.`` they won't be matched by
|
|
default. For example, consider a directory containing :file:`card.gif` and
|
|
:file:`.card.gif`::
|
|
|
|
>>> import glob
|
|
>>> glob.glob('*.gif')
|
|
['card.gif']
|
|
>>> glob.glob('.c*')
|
|
['.card.gif']
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
Module :mod:`fnmatch`
|
|
Shell-style filename (not path) expansion
|
|
|