150 lines
5.9 KiB
TeX
150 lines
5.9 KiB
TeX
\section{\module{shutil} ---
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High-level file operations}
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\declaremodule{standard}{shutil}
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\modulesynopsis{High-level file operations, including copying.}
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\sectionauthor{Fred L. Drake, Jr.}{fdrake@acm.org}
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% partly based on the docstrings
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The \module{shutil} module offers a number of high-level operations on
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files and collections of files. In particular, functions are provided
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which support file copying and removal.
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\index{file!copying}
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\index{copying files}
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\strong{Caveat:} On MacOS, the resource fork and other metadata are
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not used. For file copies, this means that resources will be lost and
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file type and creator codes will not be correct.
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\begin{funcdesc}{copyfile}{src, dst}
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Copy the contents of the file named \var{src} to a file named
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\var{dst}. The destination location must be writable; otherwise,
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an \exception{IOError} exception will be raised.
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If \var{dst} already exists, it will be replaced.
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Special files such as character or block devices
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and pipes cannot be copied with this function. \var{src} and
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\var{dst} are path names given as strings.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{copyfileobj}{fsrc, fdst\optional{, length}}
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Copy the contents of the file-like object \var{fsrc} to the
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file-like object \var{fdst}. The integer \var{length}, if given,
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is the buffer size. In particular, a negative \var{length} value
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means to copy the data without looping over the source data in
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chunks; by default the data is read in chunks to avoid uncontrolled
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memory consumption.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{copymode}{src, dst}
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Copy the permission bits from \var{src} to \var{dst}. The file
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contents, owner, and group are unaffected. \var{src} and \var{dst}
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are path names given as strings.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{copystat}{src, dst}
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Copy the permission bits, last access time, and last modification
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time from \var{src} to \var{dst}. The file contents, owner, and
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group are unaffected. \var{src} and \var{dst} are path names given
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as strings.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{copy}{src, dst}
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Copy the file \var{src} to the file or directory \var{dst}. If
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\var{dst} is a directory, a file with the same basename as \var{src}
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is created (or overwritten) in the directory specified. Permission
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bits are copied. \var{src} and \var{dst} are path names given as
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strings.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{copy2}{src, dst}
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Similar to \function{copy()}, but last access time and last
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modification time are copied as well. This is similar to the
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\UNIX{} command \program{cp} \programopt{-p}.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{copytree}{src, dst\optional{, symlinks}}
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Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at \var{src}. The
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destination directory, named by \var{dst}, must not already exist;
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it will be created as well as missing parent directories.
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Permissions and times of directories are copied with \function{copystat()},
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individual files are copied using \function{copy2()}.
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If \var{symlinks} is true, symbolic links in
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the source tree are represented as symbolic links in the new tree;
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if false or omitted, the contents of the linked files are copied to
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the new tree. If exception(s) occur, an \exception{Error} is raised
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with a list of reasons.
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The source code for this should be considered an example rather than
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a tool.
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\versionchanged[\exception{Error} is raised if any exceptions occur during
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copying, rather than printing a message]{2.3}
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\versionchanged[Create intermediate directories needed to create \var{dst},
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rather than raising an error. Copy permissions and times of
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directories using \function{copystat()}]{2.5}
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{rmtree}{path\optional{, ignore_errors\optional{, onerror}}}
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Delete an entire directory tree.\index{directory!deleting}
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If \var{ignore_errors} is true,
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errors resulting from failed removals will be ignored; if false or
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omitted, such errors are handled by calling a handler specified by
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\var{onerror} or, if that is omitted, they raise an exception.
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If \var{onerror} is provided, it must be a callable that accepts
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three parameters: \var{function}, \var{path}, and \var{excinfo}.
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The first parameter, \var{function}, is the function which raised
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the exception; it will be \function{os.listdir()}, \function{os.remove()} or
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\function{os.rmdir()}. The second parameter, \var{path}, will be
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the path name passed to \var{function}. The third parameter,
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\var{excinfo}, will be the exception information return by
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\function{sys.exc_info()}. Exceptions raised by \var{onerror} will
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not be caught.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{move}{src, dst}
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Recursively move a file or directory to another location.
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If the destination is on our current filesystem, then simply use
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rename. Otherwise, copy src to the dst and then remove src.
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\versionadded{2.3}
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{excdesc}{Error}
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This exception collects exceptions that raised during a mult-file
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operation. For \function{copytree}, the exception argument is a
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list of 3-tuples (\var{srcname}, \var{dstname}, \var{exception}).
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\versionadded{2.3}
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\end{excdesc}
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\subsection{Example \label{shutil-example}}
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This example is the implementation of the \function{copytree()}
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function, described above, with the docstring omitted. It
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demonstrates many of the other functions provided by this module.
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\begin{verbatim}
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def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=0):
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names = os.listdir(src)
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os.mkdir(dst)
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for name in names:
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srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
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dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
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try:
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if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
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linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
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os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
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elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
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copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks)
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else:
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copy2(srcname, dstname)
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except (IOError, os.error) as why:
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print "Can't copy %s to %s: %s" % (`srcname`, `dstname`, str(why))
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\end{verbatim}
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