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cpython/Lib/pickle.py

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"""\
Pickling Algorithm
------------------
This module implements a basic but powerful algorithm for "pickling" (a.k.a.
serializing, marshalling or flattening) nearly arbitrary Python objects.
This is a more primitive notion than persistency -- although pickle
reads and writes file objects, it does not handle the issue of naming
persistent objects, nor the (even more complicated) area of concurrent
access to persistent objects. The pickle module can transform a complex
object into a byte stream and it can transform the byte stream into
an object with the same internal structure. The most obvious thing to
do with these byte streams is to write them onto a file, but it is also
conceivable to send them across a network or store them in a database.
Unlike the built-in marshal module, pickle handles the following correctly:
- recursive objects
- pointer sharing
- classes and class instances
Pickle is Python-specific. This has the advantage that there are no
restrictions imposed by external standards such as CORBA (which probably
can't represent pointer sharing or recursive objects); however it means
that non-Python programs may not be able to reconstruct pickled Python
objects.
Pickle uses a printable ASCII representation. This is slightly more
voluminous than a binary representation. However, small integers actually
take *less* space when represented as minimal-size decimal strings than
when represented as 32-bit binary numbers, and strings are only much longer
if they contain control characters or 8-bit characters. The big advantage
of using printable ASCII (and of some other characteristics of pickle's
representation) is that for debugging or recovery purposes it is possible
for a human to read the pickled file with a standard text editor. (I could
have gone a step further and used a notation like S-expressions, but the
parser would have been considerably more complicated and slower, and the
files would probably have become much larger.)
Pickle doesn't handle code objects, which marshal does.
I suppose pickle could, and maybe it should, but there's probably no
great need for it right now (as long as marshal continues to be used
for reading and writing code objects), and at least this avoids
the possibility of smuggling Trojan horses into a program.
For the benefit of persistency modules written using pickle, it supports
the notion of a reference to an object outside the pickled data stream.
Such objects are referenced by a name, which is an arbitrary string of
printable ASCII characters. The resolution of such names is not defined
by the pickle module -- the persistent object module will have to implement
a method "persistent_load". To write references to persistent objects,
the persistent module must define a method "persistent_id" which returns
either None or the persistent ID of the object.
There are some restrictions on the pickling of class instances.
First of all, the class must be defined at the top level in a module.
Next, it must normally be possible to create class instances by
calling the class without arguments. Usually, this is best
accomplished by providing default values for all arguments to its
__init__ method (if it has one). If this is undesirable, the
class can define a method __getinitargs__, which should return a
*tuple* containing the arguments to be passed to the class
constructor.
Classes can influence how their instances are pickled -- if the class defines
the method __getstate__, it is called and the return state is pickled
as the contents for the instance, and if the class defines the
method __setstate__, it is called with the unpickled state. (Note
that these methods can also be used to implement copying class instances.)
If there is no __getstate__ method, the instance's __dict__
is pickled. If there is no __setstate__ method, the pickled object
must be a dictionary and its items are assigned to the new instance's
dictionary. (If a class defines both __getstate__ and __setstate__,
the state object needn't be a dictionary -- these methods can do what they
want.)
Note that when class instances are pickled, their class's code and data
is not pickled along with them. Only the instance data is pickled.
This is done on purpose, so you can fix bugs in a class or add methods and
still load objects that were created with an earlier version of the
class. If you plan to have long-lived objects that will see many versions
of a class, it may be worth to put a version number in the objects so
that suitable conversions can be made by the class's __setstate__ method.
The interface is as follows:
To pickle an object x onto a file f, open for writing:
p = pickle.Pickler(f)
p.dump(x)
To unpickle an object x from a file f, open for reading:
u = pickle.Unpickler(f)
x = u.load()
The Pickler class only calls the method f.write with a string argument
(XXX possibly the interface should pass f.write instead of f).
The Unpickler calls the methods f.read(with an integer argument)
and f.readline(without argument), both returning a string.
It is explicitly allowed to pass non-file objects here, as long as they
have the right methods.
The following types can be pickled:
- None
- integers, long integers, floating point numbers
- strings
- tuples, lists and dictionaries containing only picklable objects
- class instances whose __dict__ or __setstate__() is picklable
- classes
Attempts to pickle unpicklable objects will raise an exception
after having written an unspecified number of bytes to the file argument.
It is possible to make multiple calls to Pickler.dump() or to
Unpickler.load(), as long as there is a one-to-one correspondence
between pickler and Unpickler objects and between dump and load calls
for any pair of corresponding Pickler and Unpicklers. WARNING: this
is intended for pickleing multiple objects without intervening modifications
to the objects or their parts. If you modify an object and then pickle
it again using the same Pickler instance, the object is not pickled
again -- a reference to it is pickled and the Unpickler will return
the old value, not the modified one. (XXX There are two problems here:
(a) detecting changes, and (b) marshalling a minimal set of changes.
I have no answers. Garbage Collection may also become a problem here.)
"""
__version__ = "1.8" # Code version
from types import *
from copy_reg import *
import string, marshal
format_version = "1.2" # File format version we write
compatible_formats = ["1.0", "1.1"] # Old format versions we can read
mdumps = marshal.dumps
mloads = marshal.loads
PicklingError = "pickle.PicklingError"
UnpicklingError = "pickle.UnpicklingError"
MARK = '('
STOP = '.'
POP = '0'
POP_MARK = '1'
DUP = '2'
FLOAT = 'F'
INT = 'I'
BININT = 'J'
BININT1 = 'K'
LONG = 'L'
BININT2 = 'M'
NONE = 'N'
PERSID = 'P'
BINPERSID = 'Q'
REDUCE = 'R'
STRING = 'S'
BINSTRING = 'T'
SHORT_BINSTRING = 'U'
APPEND = 'a'
BUILD = 'b'
GLOBAL = 'c'
DICT = 'd'
EMPTY_DICT = '}'
APPENDS = 'e'
GET = 'g'
BINGET = 'h'
INST = 'i'
LONG_BINGET = 'j'
LIST = 'l'
EMPTY_LIST = ']'
OBJ = 'o'
PUT = 'p'
BINPUT = 'q'
LONG_BINPUT = 'r'
SETITEM = 's'
TUPLE = 't'
EMPTY_TUPLE = ')'
SETITEMS = 'u'
class Pickler:
def __init__(self, file, bin = 0):
self.write = file.write
self.memo = {}
self.bin = bin
def dump(self, object):
self.save(object)
self.write(STOP)
def dump_special(self, callable, args, state = None):
if (type(args) is not TupleType):
raise PicklingError, "Second argument to dump_special " \
"must be a tuple"
self.save_reduce(callable, args, state)
self.write(STOP)
def put(self, i):
if (self.bin):
s = mdumps(i)[1:]
if (i < 256):
return BINPUT + s[0]
return LONG_BINPUT + s
return PUT + `i` + '\n'
def get(self, i):
if (self.bin):
s = mdumps(i)[1:]
if (i < 256):
return BINGET + s[0]
return LONG_BINGET + s
return GET + `i` + '\n'
def save(self, object, pers_save = 0):
memo = self.memo
if (not pers_save):
pid = self.persistent_id(object)
if (pid is not None):
self.save_pers(pid)
return
d = id(object)
t = type(object)
if ((t is TupleType) and (len(object) == 0)):
if (self.bin):
self.save_empty_tuple(object)
else:
self.save_tuple(object)
return
if memo.has_key(d):
self.write(self.get(memo[d][0]))
return
try:
f = self.dispatch[t]
except KeyError:
pid = self.inst_persistent_id(object)
if pid is not None:
self.save_pers(pid)
return
try:
reduce = dispatch_table[t]
except KeyError:
try:
reduce = object.__reduce__
except AttributeError:
raise PicklingError, \
"can't pickle %s objects" % `t.__name__`
else:
tup = reduce()
else:
tup = reduce(object)
if (type(tup) is not TupleType):
raise PicklingError, "Value returned by %s must be a " \
"tuple" % reduce
l = len(tup)
if ((l != 2) and (l != 3)):
raise PicklingError, "tuple returned by %s must contain " \
"only two or three elements" % reduce
callable = tup[0]
arg_tup = tup[1]
if (l > 2):
state = tup[2]
else:
state = None
if (type(arg_tup) is not TupleType):
raise PicklingError, "Second element of tuple returned " \
"by %s must be a tuple" % reduce
self.save_reduce(callable, arg_tup, state)
return
f(self, object)
def persistent_id(self, object):
return None
def inst_persistent_id(self, object):
return None
def save_pers(self, pid):
if (not self.bin):
self.write(PERSID + str(pid) + '\n')
else:
self.save(pid, 1)
self.write(BINPERSID)
def save_reduce(self, callable, arg_tup, state = None):
write = self.write
save = self.save
save(callable)
save(arg_tup)
write(REDUCE)
if (state is not None):
save(state)
write(BUILD)
dispatch = {}
def save_none(self, object):
self.write(NONE)
dispatch[NoneType] = save_none
def save_int(self, object):
if (self.bin):
i = mdumps(object)[1:]
if (i[-2:] == '\000\000'):
if (i[-3] == '\000'):
self.write(BININT1 + i[:-3])
return
self.write(BININT2 + i[:-2])
return
self.write(BININT + i)
else:
self.write(INT + `object` + '\n')
dispatch[IntType] = save_int
def save_long(self, object):
self.write(LONG + `object` + '\n')
dispatch[LongType] = save_long
def save_float(self, object):
self.write(FLOAT + `object` + '\n')
dispatch[FloatType] = save_float
def save_string(self, object):
d = id(object)
memo = self.memo
if (self.bin):
l = len(object)
s = mdumps(l)[1:]
if (l < 256):
self.write(SHORT_BINSTRING + s[0] + object)
else:
self.write(BINSTRING + s + object)
else:
self.write(STRING + `object` + '\n')
memo_len = len(memo)
self.write(self.put(memo_len))
memo[d] = (memo_len, object)
dispatch[StringType] = save_string
def save_tuple(self, object):
write = self.write
save = self.save
memo = self.memo
d = id(object)
write(MARK)
for element in object:
save(element)
if (len(object) and memo.has_key(d)):
if (self.bin):
write(POP_MARK + self.get(memo[d][0]))
return
write(POP * (len(object) + 1) + self.get(mem[d][0]))
return
memo_len = len(memo)
self.write(TUPLE + self.put(memo_len))
memo[d] = (memo_len, object)
dispatch[TupleType] = save_tuple
def save_empty_tuple(self, object):
self.write(EMPTY_TUPLE)
def save_list(self, object):
d = id(object)
write = self.write
save = self.save
memo = self.memo
if (self.bin):
write(EMPTY_LIST)
else:
write(MARK + LIST)
memo_len = len(memo)
write(self.put(memo_len))
memo[d] = (memo_len, object)
using_appends = (self.bin and (len(object) > 1))
if (using_appends):
write(MARK)
for element in object:
save(element)
if (not using_appends):
write(APPEND)
if (using_appends):
write(APPENDS)
dispatch[ListType] = save_list
def save_dict(self, object):
d = id(object)
write = self.write
save = self.save
memo = self.memo
if (self.bin):
write(EMPTY_DICT)
else:
write(MARK + DICT)
memo_len = len(memo)
self.write(self.put(memo_len))
memo[d] = (memo_len, object)
using_setitems = (self.bin and (len(object) > 1))
if (using_setitems):
write(MARK)
items = object.items()
for key, value in items:
save(key)
save(value)
if (not using_setitems):
write(SETITEM)
if (using_setitems):
write(SETITEMS)
dispatch[DictionaryType] = save_dict
def save_inst(self, object):
d = id(object)
cls = object.__class__
memo = self.memo
write = self.write
save = self.save
if hasattr(object, '__getinitargs__'):
args = object.__getinitargs__()
len(args) # XXX Assert it's a sequence
_keep_alive(args, memo)
else:
args = ()
write(MARK)
if (self.bin):
save(cls)
for arg in args:
save(arg)
memo_len = len(memo)
if (self.bin):
write(OBJ + self.put(memo_len))
else:
module = whichmodule(cls, cls.__name__)
name = cls.__name__
write(INST + module + '\n' + name + '\n' +
self.put(memo_len))
memo[d] = (memo_len, object)
try:
getstate = object.__getstate__
except AttributeError:
stuff = object.__dict__
else:
stuff = getstate()
_keep_alive(stuff, memo)
save(stuff)
write(BUILD)
dispatch[InstanceType] = save_inst
def save_global(self, object, name = None):
write = self.write
memo = self.memo
if (name is None):
name = object.__name__
module = whichmodule(object, name)
memo_len = len(memo)
write(GLOBAL + module + '\n' + name + '\n' +
self.put(memo_len))
memo[id(object)] = (memo_len, object)
dispatch[ClassType] = save_global
dispatch[FunctionType] = save_global
dispatch[BuiltinFunctionType] = save_global
def _keep_alive(x, memo):
"""Keeps a reference to the object x in the memo.
Because we remember objects by their id, we have
to assure that possibly temporary objects are kept
alive by referencing them.
We store a reference at the id of the memo, which should
normally not be used unless someone tries to deepcopy
the memo itself...
"""
try:
memo[id(memo)].append(x)
except KeyError:
# aha, this is the first one :-)
memo[id(memo)]=[x]
classmap = {}
def whichmodule(cls, clsname):
"""Figure out the module in which a class occurs.
Search sys.modules for the module.
Cache in classmap.
Return a module name.
If the class cannot be found, return __main__.
"""
if classmap.has_key(cls):
return classmap[cls]
import sys
for name, module in sys.modules.items():
if name != '__main__' and \
hasattr(module, clsname) and \
getattr(module, clsname) is cls:
break
else:
name = '__main__'
classmap[cls] = name
return name
class Unpickler:
def __init__(self, file):
self.readline = file.readline
self.read = file.read
self.memo = {}
def load(self):
self.mark = ['spam'] # Any new unique object
self.stack = []
self.append = self.stack.append
read = self.read
dispatch = self.dispatch
try:
while 1:
key = read(1)
dispatch[key](self)
except STOP, value:
return value
def marker(self):
stack = self.stack
mark = self.mark
k = len(stack)-1
while stack[k] is not mark: k = k-1
return k
dispatch = {}
def load_eof(self):
raise EOFError
dispatch[''] = load_eof
def load_persid(self):
pid = self.readline()[:-1]
self.append(self.persistent_load(pid))
dispatch[PERSID] = load_persid
def load_binpersid(self):
stack = self.stack
pid = stack[-1]
del stack[-1]
self.append(self.persistent_load(pid))
dispatch[BINPERSID] = load_binpersid
def load_none(self):
self.append(None)
dispatch[NONE] = load_none
def load_int(self):
self.append(string.atoi(self.readline()[:-1], 0))
dispatch[INT] = load_int
def load_binint(self):
self.append(mloads('i' + self.read(4)))
dispatch[BININT] = load_binint
def load_binint1(self):
self.append(mloads('i' + self.read(1) + '\000\000\000'))
dispatch[BININT1] = load_binint1
def load_binint2(self):
self.append(mloads('i' + self.read(2) + '\000\000'))
dispatch[BININT2] = load_binint2
def load_long(self):
self.append(string.atol(self.readline()[:-1], 0))
dispatch[LONG] = load_long
def load_float(self):
self.append(string.atof(self.readline()[:-1]))
dispatch[FLOAT] = load_float
def load_string(self):
self.append(eval(self.readline()[:-1],
{'__builtins__': {}})) # Let's be careful
dispatch[STRING] = load_string
def load_binstring(self):
len = mloads('i' + self.read(4))
self.append(self.read(len))
dispatch[BINSTRING] = load_binstring
def load_short_binstring(self):
len = mloads('i' + self.read(1) + '\000\000\000')
self.append(self.read(len))
dispatch[SHORT_BINSTRING] = load_short_binstring
def load_tuple(self):
k = self.marker()
self.stack[k:] = [tuple(self.stack[k+1:])]
dispatch[TUPLE] = load_tuple
def load_empty_tuple(self):
self.stack.append(())
dispatch[EMPTY_TUPLE] = load_empty_tuple
def load_empty_list(self):
self.stack.append([])
dispatch[EMPTY_LIST] = load_empty_list
def load_empty_dictionary(self):
self.stack.append({})
dispatch[EMPTY_DICT] = load_empty_dictionary
def load_list(self):
k = self.marker()
self.stack[k:] = [self.stack[k+1:]]
dispatch[LIST] = load_list
def load_dict(self):
k = self.marker()
d = {}
items = self.stack[k+1:]
for i in range(0, len(items), 2):
key = items[i]
value = items[i+1]
d[key] = value
self.stack[k:] = [d]
dispatch[DICT] = load_dict
def load_inst(self):
k = self.marker()
args = tuple(self.stack[k+1:])
del self.stack[k:]
module = self.readline()[:-1]
name = self.readline()[:-1]
klass = self.find_class(module, name)
## if (type(klass) is not ClassType):
## raise SystemError, "Imported object %s from module %s is " \
## "not a class" % (name, module)
value = apply(klass, args)
self.append(value)
dispatch[INST] = load_inst
def load_obj(self):
stack = self.stack
k = self.marker()
klass = stack[k + 1]
del stack[k + 1]
args = tuple(stack[k + 1:])
del stack[k:]
value = apply(klass, args)
self.append(value)
dispatch[OBJ] = load_obj
def load_global(self):
module = self.readline()[:-1]
name = self.readline()[:-1]
klass = self.find_class(module, name)
self.append(klass)
dispatch[GLOBAL] = load_global
def find_class(self, module, name):
env = {}
try:
exec 'from %s import %s' % (module, name) in env
except ImportError:
raise SystemError, \
"Failed to import class %s from module %s" % \
(name, module)
klass = env[name]
return klass
def load_reduce(self):
stack = self.stack
callable = stack[-2]
arg_tup = stack[-1]
del stack[-2:]
if (type(callable) is not ClassType):
if (not safe_constructors.has_key(callable)):
try:
safe = callable.__safe_for_unpickling__
except AttributeError:
safe = None
if (not safe):
raise UnpicklingError, "%s is not safe for " \
"unpickling" % callable
value = apply(callable, arg_tup)
self.append(value)
dispatch[REDUCE] = load_reduce
def load_pop(self):
del self.stack[-1]
dispatch[POP] = load_pop
def load_pop_mark(self):
k = self.marker()
del self.stack[k:]
dispatch[POP_MARK] = load_pop_mark
def load_dup(self):
self.append(stack[-1])
dispatch[DUP] = load_dup
def load_get(self):
self.append(self.memo[self.readline()[:-1]])
dispatch[GET] = load_get
def load_binget(self):
i = mloads('i' + self.read(1) + '\000\000\000')
self.append(self.memo[`i`])
dispatch[BINGET] = load_binget
def load_long_binget(self):
i = mloads('i' + self.read(4))
self.append(self.memo[`i`])
dispatch[LONG_BINGET] = load_long_binget
def load_put(self):
self.memo[self.readline()[:-1]] = self.stack[-1]
dispatch[PUT] = load_put
def load_binput(self):
i = mloads('i' + self.read(1) + '\000\000\000')
self.memo[`i`] = self.stack[-1]
dispatch[BINPUT] = load_binput
def load_long_binput(self):
i = mloads('i' + self.read(4))
self.memo[`i`] = self.stack[-1]
dispatch[LONG_BINPUT] = load_long_binput
def load_append(self):
stack = self.stack
value = stack[-1]
del stack[-1]
list = stack[-1]
list.append(value)
dispatch[APPEND] = load_append
def load_appends(self):
stack = self.stack
mark = self.marker()
list = stack[mark - 1]
for i in range(mark + 1, len(stack)):
list.append(stack[i])
del stack[mark:]
dispatch[APPENDS] = load_appends
def load_setitem(self):
stack = self.stack
value = stack[-1]
key = stack[-2]
del stack[-2:]
dict = stack[-1]
dict[key] = value
dispatch[SETITEM] = load_setitem
def load_setitems(self):
stack = self.stack
mark = self.marker()
dict = stack[mark - 1]
for i in range(mark + 1, len(stack), 2):
dict[stack[i]] = stack[i + 1]
del stack[mark:]
dispatch[SETITEMS] = load_setitems
def load_build(self):
stack = self.stack
value = stack[-1]
del stack[-1]
inst = stack[-1]
try:
setstate = inst.__setstate__
except AttributeError:
inst.__dict__.update(value)
else:
setstate(value)
dispatch[BUILD] = load_build
def load_mark(self):
self.append(self.mark)
dispatch[MARK] = load_mark
def load_stop(self):
value = self.stack[-1]
del self.stack[-1]
raise STOP, value
dispatch[STOP] = load_stop
# Shorthands
from StringIO import StringIO
def dump(object, file, bin = 0):
Pickler(file, bin).dump(object)
def dumps(object, bin = 0):
file = StringIO()
Pickler(file, bin).dump(object)
return file.getvalue()
def load(file):
return Unpickler(file).load()
def loads(str):
file = StringIO(str)
return Unpickler(file).load()
# The rest is used for testing only
class C:
def __cmp__(self, other):
return cmp(self.__dict__, other.__dict__)
def test():
fn = 'out'
c = C()
c.foo = 1
c.bar = 2
x = [0, 1, 2, 3]
y = ('abc', 'abc', c, c)
x.append(y)
x.append(y)
x.append(5)
f = open(fn, 'w')
F = Pickler(f)
F.dump(x)
f.close()
f = open(fn, 'r')
U = Unpickler(f)
x2 = U.load()
print x
print x2
print x == x2
print map(id, x)
print map(id, x2)
print F.memo
print U.memo
if __name__ == '__main__':
test()
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