4040 lines
136 KiB
Python
4040 lines
136 KiB
Python
#
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# turtle.py: a Tkinter based turtle graphics module for Python
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# Version 1.0.1 - 24. 9. 2009
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#
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# Copyright (C) 2006 - 2010 Gregor Lingl
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# email: glingl@aon.at
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#
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# This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
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# warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
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# arising from the use of this software.
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#
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# Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
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# including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
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# freely, subject to the following restrictions:
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#
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# 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
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# claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
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# in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
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# appreciated but is not required.
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# 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
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# misrepresented as being the original software.
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# 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
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"""
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Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to
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kids. It was part of the original Logo programming language developed
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by Wally Feurzig and Seymour Papert in 1966.
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Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. After an ``import turtle``, give it
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the command turtle.forward(15), and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in
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the direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the
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command turtle.right(25), and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise.
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By combining together these and similar commands, intricate shapes and
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pictures can easily be drawn.
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----- turtle.py
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This module is an extended reimplementation of turtle.py from the
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Python standard distribution up to Python 2.5. (See: http://www.python.org)
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It tries to keep the merits of turtle.py and to be (nearly) 100%
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compatible with it. This means in the first place to enable the
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learning programmer to use all the commands, classes and methods
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interactively when using the module from within IDLE run with
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the -n switch.
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Roughly it has the following features added:
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- Better animation of the turtle movements, especially of turning the
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turtle. So the turtles can more easily be used as a visual feedback
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instrument by the (beginning) programmer.
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- Different turtle shapes, gif-images as turtle shapes, user defined
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and user controllable turtle shapes, among them compound
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(multicolored) shapes. Turtle shapes can be stretched and tilted, which
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makes turtles very versatile geometrical objects.
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- Fine control over turtle movement and screen updates via delay(),
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and enhanced tracer() and speed() methods.
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- Aliases for the most commonly used commands, like fd for forward etc.,
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following the early Logo traditions. This reduces the boring work of
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typing long sequences of commands, which often occur in a natural way
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when kids try to program fancy pictures on their first encounter with
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turtle graphics.
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- Turtles now have an undo()-method with configurable undo-buffer.
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- Some simple commands/methods for creating event driven programs
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(mouse-, key-, timer-events). Especially useful for programming games.
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- A scrollable Canvas class. The default scrollable Canvas can be
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extended interactively as needed while playing around with the turtle(s).
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- A TurtleScreen class with methods controlling background color or
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background image, window and canvas size and other properties of the
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TurtleScreen.
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- There is a method, setworldcoordinates(), to install a user defined
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coordinate-system for the TurtleScreen.
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- The implementation uses a 2-vector class named Vec2D, derived from tuple.
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This class is public, so it can be imported by the application programmer,
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which makes certain types of computations very natural and compact.
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- Appearance of the TurtleScreen and the Turtles at startup/import can be
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configured by means of a turtle.cfg configuration file.
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The default configuration mimics the appearance of the old turtle module.
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- If configured appropriately the module reads in docstrings from a docstring
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dictionary in some different language, supplied separately and replaces
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the English ones by those read in. There is a utility function
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write_docstringdict() to write a dictionary with the original (English)
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docstrings to disc, so it can serve as a template for translations.
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Behind the scenes there are some features included with possible
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extensions in in mind. These will be commented and documented elsewhere.
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"""
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_ver = "turtle 1.0b1 - for Python 2.6 - 30. 5. 2008, 18:08"
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#print _ver
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import Tkinter as TK
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import types
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import math
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import time
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import os
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from os.path import isfile, split, join
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from copy import deepcopy
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from math import * ## for compatibility with old turtle module
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_tg_classes = ['ScrolledCanvas', 'TurtleScreen', 'Screen',
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'RawTurtle', 'Turtle', 'RawPen', 'Pen', 'Shape', 'Vec2D']
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_tg_screen_functions = ['addshape', 'bgcolor', 'bgpic', 'bye',
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'clearscreen', 'colormode', 'delay', 'exitonclick', 'getcanvas',
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'getshapes', 'listen', 'mode', 'onkey', 'onscreenclick', 'ontimer',
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'register_shape', 'resetscreen', 'screensize', 'setup',
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'setworldcoordinates', 'title', 'tracer', 'turtles', 'update',
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'window_height', 'window_width']
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_tg_turtle_functions = ['back', 'backward', 'begin_fill', 'begin_poly', 'bk',
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'circle', 'clear', 'clearstamp', 'clearstamps', 'clone', 'color',
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'degrees', 'distance', 'dot', 'down', 'end_fill', 'end_poly', 'fd',
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'fill', 'fillcolor', 'forward', 'get_poly', 'getpen', 'getscreen',
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'getturtle', 'goto', 'heading', 'hideturtle', 'home', 'ht', 'isdown',
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'isvisible', 'left', 'lt', 'onclick', 'ondrag', 'onrelease', 'pd',
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'pen', 'pencolor', 'pendown', 'pensize', 'penup', 'pos', 'position',
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'pu', 'radians', 'right', 'reset', 'resizemode', 'rt',
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'seth', 'setheading', 'setpos', 'setposition', 'settiltangle',
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'setundobuffer', 'setx', 'sety', 'shape', 'shapesize', 'showturtle',
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'speed', 'st', 'stamp', 'tilt', 'tiltangle', 'towards', 'tracer',
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'turtlesize', 'undo', 'undobufferentries', 'up', 'width',
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'window_height', 'window_width', 'write', 'xcor', 'ycor']
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_tg_utilities = ['write_docstringdict', 'done', 'mainloop']
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_math_functions = ['acos', 'asin', 'atan', 'atan2', 'ceil', 'cos', 'cosh',
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'e', 'exp', 'fabs', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'hypot', 'ldexp', 'log',
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'log10', 'modf', 'pi', 'pow', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh']
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__all__ = (_tg_classes + _tg_screen_functions + _tg_turtle_functions +
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_tg_utilities + _math_functions)
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_alias_list = ['addshape', 'backward', 'bk', 'fd', 'ht', 'lt', 'pd', 'pos',
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'pu', 'rt', 'seth', 'setpos', 'setposition', 'st',
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'turtlesize', 'up', 'width']
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_CFG = {"width" : 0.5, # Screen
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"height" : 0.75,
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"canvwidth" : 400,
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"canvheight": 300,
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"leftright": None,
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"topbottom": None,
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"mode": "standard", # TurtleScreen
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"colormode": 1.0,
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"delay": 10,
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"undobuffersize": 1000, # RawTurtle
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"shape": "classic",
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"pencolor" : "black",
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"fillcolor" : "black",
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"resizemode" : "noresize",
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"visible" : True,
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"language": "english", # docstrings
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"exampleturtle": "turtle",
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"examplescreen": "screen",
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"title": "Python Turtle Graphics",
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"using_IDLE": False
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}
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##print "cwd:", os.getcwd()
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##print "__file__:", __file__
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##
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##def show(dictionary):
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## print "=========================="
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## for key in sorted(dictionary.keys()):
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## print key, ":", dictionary[key]
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## print "=========================="
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## print
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def config_dict(filename):
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"""Convert content of config-file into dictionary."""
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f = open(filename, "r")
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cfglines = f.readlines()
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f.close()
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cfgdict = {}
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for line in cfglines:
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line = line.strip()
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if not line or line.startswith("#"):
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continue
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try:
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key, value = line.split("=")
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except:
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print "Bad line in config-file %s:\n%s" % (filename,line)
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continue
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key = key.strip()
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value = value.strip()
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if value in ["True", "False", "None", "''", '""']:
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value = eval(value)
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else:
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try:
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if "." in value:
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value = float(value)
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else:
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value = int(value)
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except:
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pass # value need not be converted
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cfgdict[key] = value
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return cfgdict
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def readconfig(cfgdict):
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"""Read config-files, change configuration-dict accordingly.
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If there is a turtle.cfg file in the current working directory,
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read it from there. If this contains an importconfig-value,
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say 'myway', construct filename turtle_mayway.cfg else use
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turtle.cfg and read it from the import-directory, where
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turtle.py is located.
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Update configuration dictionary first according to config-file,
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in the import directory, then according to config-file in the
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current working directory.
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If no config-file is found, the default configuration is used.
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"""
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default_cfg = "turtle.cfg"
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cfgdict1 = {}
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cfgdict2 = {}
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if isfile(default_cfg):
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cfgdict1 = config_dict(default_cfg)
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#print "1. Loading config-file %s from: %s" % (default_cfg, os.getcwd())
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if "importconfig" in cfgdict1:
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default_cfg = "turtle_%s.cfg" % cfgdict1["importconfig"]
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try:
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head, tail = split(__file__)
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cfg_file2 = join(head, default_cfg)
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except:
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cfg_file2 = ""
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if isfile(cfg_file2):
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#print "2. Loading config-file %s:" % cfg_file2
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cfgdict2 = config_dict(cfg_file2)
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## show(_CFG)
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## show(cfgdict2)
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_CFG.update(cfgdict2)
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## show(_CFG)
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## show(cfgdict1)
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_CFG.update(cfgdict1)
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## show(_CFG)
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try:
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readconfig(_CFG)
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except:
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print "No configfile read, reason unknown"
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class Vec2D(tuple):
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"""A 2 dimensional vector class, used as a helper class
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for implementing turtle graphics.
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May be useful for turtle graphics programs also.
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Derived from tuple, so a vector is a tuple!
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Provides (for a, b vectors, k number):
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a+b vector addition
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a-b vector subtraction
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a*b inner product
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k*a and a*k multiplication with scalar
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|a| absolute value of a
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a.rotate(angle) rotation
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"""
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def __new__(cls, x, y):
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return tuple.__new__(cls, (x, y))
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def __add__(self, other):
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return Vec2D(self[0]+other[0], self[1]+other[1])
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def __mul__(self, other):
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if isinstance(other, Vec2D):
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return self[0]*other[0]+self[1]*other[1]
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return Vec2D(self[0]*other, self[1]*other)
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def __rmul__(self, other):
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if isinstance(other, int) or isinstance(other, float):
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return Vec2D(self[0]*other, self[1]*other)
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def __sub__(self, other):
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return Vec2D(self[0]-other[0], self[1]-other[1])
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def __neg__(self):
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return Vec2D(-self[0], -self[1])
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def __abs__(self):
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return (self[0]**2 + self[1]**2)**0.5
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def rotate(self, angle):
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"""rotate self counterclockwise by angle
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"""
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perp = Vec2D(-self[1], self[0])
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angle = angle * math.pi / 180.0
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c, s = math.cos(angle), math.sin(angle)
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return Vec2D(self[0]*c+perp[0]*s, self[1]*c+perp[1]*s)
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def __getnewargs__(self):
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return (self[0], self[1])
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def __repr__(self):
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return "(%.2f,%.2f)" % self
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##############################################################################
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### From here up to line : Tkinter - Interface for turtle.py ###
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### May be replaced by an interface to some different graphics toolkit ###
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##############################################################################
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## helper functions for Scrolled Canvas, to forward Canvas-methods
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## to ScrolledCanvas class
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def __methodDict(cls, _dict):
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"""helper function for Scrolled Canvas"""
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baseList = list(cls.__bases__)
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baseList.reverse()
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for _super in baseList:
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__methodDict(_super, _dict)
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for key, value in cls.__dict__.items():
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if type(value) == types.FunctionType:
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_dict[key] = value
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def __methods(cls):
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"""helper function for Scrolled Canvas"""
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_dict = {}
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__methodDict(cls, _dict)
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return _dict.keys()
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__stringBody = (
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'def %(method)s(self, *args, **kw): return ' +
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'self.%(attribute)s.%(method)s(*args, **kw)')
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def __forwardmethods(fromClass, toClass, toPart, exclude = ()):
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"""Helper functions for Scrolled Canvas, used to forward
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ScrolledCanvas-methods to Tkinter.Canvas class.
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"""
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_dict = {}
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__methodDict(toClass, _dict)
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for ex in _dict.keys():
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if ex[:1] == '_' or ex[-1:] == '_':
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del _dict[ex]
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for ex in exclude:
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if ex in _dict:
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del _dict[ex]
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for ex in __methods(fromClass):
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if ex in _dict:
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del _dict[ex]
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for method, func in _dict.items():
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d = {'method': method, 'func': func}
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if type(toPart) == types.StringType:
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execString = \
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__stringBody % {'method' : method, 'attribute' : toPart}
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exec execString in d
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fromClass.__dict__[method] = d[method]
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class ScrolledCanvas(TK.Frame):
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"""Modeled after the scrolled canvas class from Grayons's Tkinter book.
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Used as the default canvas, which pops up automatically when
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using turtle graphics functions or the Turtle class.
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"""
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def __init__(self, master, width=500, height=350,
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canvwidth=600, canvheight=500):
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TK.Frame.__init__(self, master, width=width, height=height)
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self._rootwindow = self.winfo_toplevel()
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self.width, self.height = width, height
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self.canvwidth, self.canvheight = canvwidth, canvheight
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self.bg = "white"
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self._canvas = TK.Canvas(master, width=width, height=height,
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bg=self.bg, relief=TK.SUNKEN, borderwidth=2)
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self.hscroll = TK.Scrollbar(master, command=self._canvas.xview,
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orient=TK.HORIZONTAL)
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self.vscroll = TK.Scrollbar(master, command=self._canvas.yview)
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self._canvas.configure(xscrollcommand=self.hscroll.set,
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yscrollcommand=self.vscroll.set)
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self.rowconfigure(0, weight=1, minsize=0)
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self.columnconfigure(0, weight=1, minsize=0)
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self._canvas.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0,
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column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
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self.vscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0,
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column=1, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
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self.hscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=1,
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column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
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self.reset()
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self._rootwindow.bind('<Configure>', self.onResize)
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def reset(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg = None):
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"""Adjust canvas and scrollbars according to given canvas size."""
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if canvwidth:
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self.canvwidth = canvwidth
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if canvheight:
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self.canvheight = canvheight
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if bg:
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self.bg = bg
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self._canvas.config(bg=bg,
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scrollregion=(-self.canvwidth//2, -self.canvheight//2,
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self.canvwidth//2, self.canvheight//2))
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self._canvas.xview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvwidth - self.width + 30) /
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self.canvwidth)
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self._canvas.yview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvheight- self.height + 30) /
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self.canvheight)
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self.adjustScrolls()
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def adjustScrolls(self):
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""" Adjust scrollbars according to window- and canvas-size.
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"""
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cwidth = self._canvas.winfo_width()
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cheight = self._canvas.winfo_height()
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self._canvas.xview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvwidth-cwidth)/self.canvwidth)
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self._canvas.yview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvheight-cheight)/self.canvheight)
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if cwidth < self.canvwidth or cheight < self.canvheight:
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self.hscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=1,
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column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
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self.vscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0,
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column=1, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
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else:
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self.hscroll.grid_forget()
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self.vscroll.grid_forget()
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def onResize(self, event):
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"""self-explanatory"""
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self.adjustScrolls()
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def bbox(self, *args):
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""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
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"""
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return self._canvas.bbox(*args)
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def cget(self, *args, **kwargs):
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""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
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"""
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return self._canvas.cget(*args, **kwargs)
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def config(self, *args, **kwargs):
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""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
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"""
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self._canvas.config(*args, **kwargs)
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def bind(self, *args, **kwargs):
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""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
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"""
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self._canvas.bind(*args, **kwargs)
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def unbind(self, *args, **kwargs):
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""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
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"""
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self._canvas.unbind(*args, **kwargs)
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def focus_force(self):
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""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
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"""
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self._canvas.focus_force()
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__forwardmethods(ScrolledCanvas, TK.Canvas, '_canvas')
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class _Root(TK.Tk):
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"""Root class for Screen based on Tkinter."""
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def __init__(self):
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TK.Tk.__init__(self)
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def setupcanvas(self, width, height, cwidth, cheight):
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self._canvas = ScrolledCanvas(self, width, height, cwidth, cheight)
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self._canvas.pack(expand=1, fill="both")
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def _getcanvas(self):
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return self._canvas
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def set_geometry(self, width, height, startx, starty):
|
|
self.geometry("%dx%d%+d%+d"%(width, height, startx, starty))
|
|
|
|
def ondestroy(self, destroy):
|
|
self.wm_protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", destroy)
|
|
|
|
def win_width(self):
|
|
return self.winfo_screenwidth()
|
|
|
|
def win_height(self):
|
|
return self.winfo_screenheight()
|
|
|
|
Canvas = TK.Canvas
|
|
|
|
|
|
class TurtleScreenBase(object):
|
|
"""Provide the basic graphics functionality.
|
|
Interface between Tkinter and turtle.py.
|
|
|
|
To port turtle.py to some different graphics toolkit
|
|
a corresponding TurtleScreenBase class has to be implemented.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
@staticmethod
|
|
def _blankimage():
|
|
"""return a blank image object
|
|
"""
|
|
img = TK.PhotoImage(width=1, height=1)
|
|
img.blank()
|
|
return img
|
|
|
|
@staticmethod
|
|
def _image(filename):
|
|
"""return an image object containing the
|
|
imagedata from a gif-file named filename.
|
|
"""
|
|
return TK.PhotoImage(file=filename)
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self, cv):
|
|
self.cv = cv
|
|
if isinstance(cv, ScrolledCanvas):
|
|
w = self.cv.canvwidth
|
|
h = self.cv.canvheight
|
|
else: # expected: ordinary TK.Canvas
|
|
w = int(self.cv.cget("width"))
|
|
h = int(self.cv.cget("height"))
|
|
self.cv.config(scrollregion = (-w//2, -h//2, w//2, h//2 ))
|
|
self.canvwidth = w
|
|
self.canvheight = h
|
|
self.xscale = self.yscale = 1.0
|
|
|
|
def _createpoly(self):
|
|
"""Create an invisible polygon item on canvas self.cv)
|
|
"""
|
|
return self.cv.create_polygon((0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0), fill="", outline="")
|
|
|
|
def _drawpoly(self, polyitem, coordlist, fill=None,
|
|
outline=None, width=None, top=False):
|
|
"""Configure polygonitem polyitem according to provided
|
|
arguments:
|
|
coordlist is sequence of coordinates
|
|
fill is filling color
|
|
outline is outline color
|
|
top is a boolean value, which specifies if polyitem
|
|
will be put on top of the canvas' displaylist so it
|
|
will not be covered by other items.
|
|
"""
|
|
cl = []
|
|
for x, y in coordlist:
|
|
cl.append(x * self.xscale)
|
|
cl.append(-y * self.yscale)
|
|
self.cv.coords(polyitem, *cl)
|
|
if fill is not None:
|
|
self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, fill=fill)
|
|
if outline is not None:
|
|
self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, outline=outline)
|
|
if width is not None:
|
|
self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, width=width)
|
|
if top:
|
|
self.cv.tag_raise(polyitem)
|
|
|
|
def _createline(self):
|
|
"""Create an invisible line item on canvas self.cv)
|
|
"""
|
|
return self.cv.create_line(0, 0, 0, 0, fill="", width=2,
|
|
capstyle = TK.ROUND)
|
|
|
|
def _drawline(self, lineitem, coordlist=None,
|
|
fill=None, width=None, top=False):
|
|
"""Configure lineitem according to provided arguments:
|
|
coordlist is sequence of coordinates
|
|
fill is drawing color
|
|
width is width of drawn line.
|
|
top is a boolean value, which specifies if polyitem
|
|
will be put on top of the canvas' displaylist so it
|
|
will not be covered by other items.
|
|
"""
|
|
if coordlist is not None:
|
|
cl = []
|
|
for x, y in coordlist:
|
|
cl.append(x * self.xscale)
|
|
cl.append(-y * self.yscale)
|
|
self.cv.coords(lineitem, *cl)
|
|
if fill is not None:
|
|
self.cv.itemconfigure(lineitem, fill=fill)
|
|
if width is not None:
|
|
self.cv.itemconfigure(lineitem, width=width)
|
|
if top:
|
|
self.cv.tag_raise(lineitem)
|
|
|
|
def _delete(self, item):
|
|
"""Delete graphics item from canvas.
|
|
If item is"all" delete all graphics items.
|
|
"""
|
|
self.cv.delete(item)
|
|
|
|
def _update(self):
|
|
"""Redraw graphics items on canvas
|
|
"""
|
|
self.cv.update()
|
|
|
|
def _delay(self, delay):
|
|
"""Delay subsequent canvas actions for delay ms."""
|
|
self.cv.after(delay)
|
|
|
|
def _iscolorstring(self, color):
|
|
"""Check if the string color is a legal Tkinter color string.
|
|
"""
|
|
try:
|
|
rgb = self.cv.winfo_rgb(color)
|
|
ok = True
|
|
except TK.TclError:
|
|
ok = False
|
|
return ok
|
|
|
|
def _bgcolor(self, color=None):
|
|
"""Set canvas' backgroundcolor if color is not None,
|
|
else return backgroundcolor."""
|
|
if color is not None:
|
|
self.cv.config(bg = color)
|
|
self._update()
|
|
else:
|
|
return self.cv.cget("bg")
|
|
|
|
def _write(self, pos, txt, align, font, pencolor):
|
|
"""Write txt at pos in canvas with specified font
|
|
and color.
|
|
Return text item and x-coord of right bottom corner
|
|
of text's bounding box."""
|
|
x, y = pos
|
|
x = x * self.xscale
|
|
y = y * self.yscale
|
|
anchor = {"left":"sw", "center":"s", "right":"se" }
|
|
item = self.cv.create_text(x-1, -y, text = txt, anchor = anchor[align],
|
|
fill = pencolor, font = font)
|
|
x0, y0, x1, y1 = self.cv.bbox(item)
|
|
self.cv.update()
|
|
return item, x1-1
|
|
|
|
## def _dot(self, pos, size, color):
|
|
## """may be implemented for some other graphics toolkit"""
|
|
|
|
def _onclick(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None):
|
|
"""Bind fun to mouse-click event on turtle.
|
|
fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates
|
|
of the clicked point on the canvas.
|
|
num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1
|
|
"""
|
|
if fun is None:
|
|
self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "<Button-%s>" % num)
|
|
else:
|
|
def eventfun(event):
|
|
x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale,
|
|
-self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale)
|
|
fun(x, y)
|
|
self.cv.tag_bind(item, "<Button-%s>" % num, eventfun, add)
|
|
|
|
def _onrelease(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None):
|
|
"""Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on turtle.
|
|
fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates
|
|
of the point on the canvas where mouse button is released.
|
|
num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1
|
|
|
|
If a turtle is clicked, first _onclick-event will be performed,
|
|
then _onscreensclick-event.
|
|
"""
|
|
if fun is None:
|
|
self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "<Button%s-ButtonRelease>" % num)
|
|
else:
|
|
def eventfun(event):
|
|
x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale,
|
|
-self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale)
|
|
fun(x, y)
|
|
self.cv.tag_bind(item, "<Button%s-ButtonRelease>" % num,
|
|
eventfun, add)
|
|
|
|
def _ondrag(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None):
|
|
"""Bind fun to mouse-move-event (with pressed mouse button) on turtle.
|
|
fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the
|
|
actual mouse position on the canvas.
|
|
num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1
|
|
|
|
Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a
|
|
mouse-click event on that turtle.
|
|
"""
|
|
if fun is None:
|
|
self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "<Button%s-Motion>" % num)
|
|
else:
|
|
def eventfun(event):
|
|
try:
|
|
x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale,
|
|
-self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale)
|
|
fun(x, y)
|
|
except:
|
|
pass
|
|
self.cv.tag_bind(item, "<Button%s-Motion>" % num, eventfun, add)
|
|
|
|
def _onscreenclick(self, fun, num=1, add=None):
|
|
"""Bind fun to mouse-click event on canvas.
|
|
fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates
|
|
of the clicked point on the canvas.
|
|
num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1
|
|
|
|
If a turtle is clicked, first _onclick-event will be performed,
|
|
then _onscreensclick-event.
|
|
"""
|
|
if fun is None:
|
|
self.cv.unbind("<Button-%s>" % num)
|
|
else:
|
|
def eventfun(event):
|
|
x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale,
|
|
-self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale)
|
|
fun(x, y)
|
|
self.cv.bind("<Button-%s>" % num, eventfun, add)
|
|
|
|
def _onkey(self, fun, key):
|
|
"""Bind fun to key-release event of key.
|
|
Canvas must have focus. See method listen
|
|
"""
|
|
if fun is None:
|
|
self.cv.unbind("<KeyRelease-%s>" % key, None)
|
|
else:
|
|
def eventfun(event):
|
|
fun()
|
|
self.cv.bind("<KeyRelease-%s>" % key, eventfun)
|
|
|
|
def _listen(self):
|
|
"""Set focus on canvas (in order to collect key-events)
|
|
"""
|
|
self.cv.focus_force()
|
|
|
|
def _ontimer(self, fun, t):
|
|
"""Install a timer, which calls fun after t milliseconds.
|
|
"""
|
|
if t == 0:
|
|
self.cv.after_idle(fun)
|
|
else:
|
|
self.cv.after(t, fun)
|
|
|
|
def _createimage(self, image):
|
|
"""Create and return image item on canvas.
|
|
"""
|
|
return self.cv.create_image(0, 0, image=image)
|
|
|
|
def _drawimage(self, item, (x, y), image):
|
|
"""Configure image item as to draw image object
|
|
at position (x,y) on canvas)
|
|
"""
|
|
self.cv.coords(item, (x * self.xscale, -y * self.yscale))
|
|
self.cv.itemconfig(item, image=image)
|
|
|
|
def _setbgpic(self, item, image):
|
|
"""Configure image item as to draw image object
|
|
at center of canvas. Set item to the first item
|
|
in the displaylist, so it will be drawn below
|
|
any other item ."""
|
|
self.cv.itemconfig(item, image=image)
|
|
self.cv.tag_lower(item)
|
|
|
|
def _type(self, item):
|
|
"""Return 'line' or 'polygon' or 'image' depending on
|
|
type of item.
|
|
"""
|
|
return self.cv.type(item)
|
|
|
|
def _pointlist(self, item):
|
|
"""returns list of coordinate-pairs of points of item
|
|
Example (for insiders):
|
|
>>> from turtle import *
|
|
>>> getscreen()._pointlist(getturtle().turtle._item)
|
|
[(0.0, 9.9999999999999982), (0.0, -9.9999999999999982),
|
|
(9.9999999999999982, 0.0)]
|
|
>>> """
|
|
cl = self.cv.coords(item)
|
|
pl = [(cl[i], -cl[i+1]) for i in range(0, len(cl), 2)]
|
|
return pl
|
|
|
|
def _setscrollregion(self, srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2):
|
|
self.cv.config(scrollregion=(srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2))
|
|
|
|
def _rescale(self, xscalefactor, yscalefactor):
|
|
items = self.cv.find_all()
|
|
for item in items:
|
|
coordinates = self.cv.coords(item)
|
|
newcoordlist = []
|
|
while coordinates:
|
|
x, y = coordinates[:2]
|
|
newcoordlist.append(x * xscalefactor)
|
|
newcoordlist.append(y * yscalefactor)
|
|
coordinates = coordinates[2:]
|
|
self.cv.coords(item, *newcoordlist)
|
|
|
|
def _resize(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None):
|
|
"""Resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Does
|
|
not alter the drawing window.
|
|
"""
|
|
# needs amendment
|
|
if not isinstance(self.cv, ScrolledCanvas):
|
|
return self.canvwidth, self.canvheight
|
|
if canvwidth is canvheight is bg is None:
|
|
return self.cv.canvwidth, self.cv.canvheight
|
|
if canvwidth is not None:
|
|
self.canvwidth = canvwidth
|
|
if canvheight is not None:
|
|
self.canvheight = canvheight
|
|
self.cv.reset(canvwidth, canvheight, bg)
|
|
|
|
def _window_size(self):
|
|
""" Return the width and height of the turtle window.
|
|
"""
|
|
width = self.cv.winfo_width()
|
|
if width <= 1: # the window isn't managed by a geometry manager
|
|
width = self.cv['width']
|
|
height = self.cv.winfo_height()
|
|
if height <= 1: # the window isn't managed by a geometry manager
|
|
height = self.cv['height']
|
|
return width, height
|
|
|
|
|
|
##############################################################################
|
|
### End of Tkinter - interface ###
|
|
##############################################################################
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Terminator (Exception):
|
|
"""Will be raised in TurtleScreen.update, if _RUNNING becomes False.
|
|
|
|
Thus stops execution of turtle graphics script. Main purpose: use in
|
|
in the Demo-Viewer turtle.Demo.py.
|
|
"""
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
|
|
class TurtleGraphicsError(Exception):
|
|
"""Some TurtleGraphics Error
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Shape(object):
|
|
"""Data structure modeling shapes.
|
|
|
|
attribute _type is one of "polygon", "image", "compound"
|
|
attribute _data is - depending on _type a poygon-tuple,
|
|
an image or a list constructed using the addcomponent method.
|
|
"""
|
|
def __init__(self, type_, data=None):
|
|
self._type = type_
|
|
if type_ == "polygon":
|
|
if isinstance(data, list):
|
|
data = tuple(data)
|
|
elif type_ == "image":
|
|
if isinstance(data, str):
|
|
if data.lower().endswith(".gif") and isfile(data):
|
|
data = TurtleScreen._image(data)
|
|
# else data assumed to be Photoimage
|
|
elif type_ == "compound":
|
|
data = []
|
|
else:
|
|
raise TurtleGraphicsError("There is no shape type %s" % type_)
|
|
self._data = data
|
|
|
|
def addcomponent(self, poly, fill, outline=None):
|
|
"""Add component to a shape of type compound.
|
|
|
|
Arguments: poly is a polygon, i. e. a tuple of number pairs.
|
|
fill is the fillcolor of the component,
|
|
outline is the outline color of the component.
|
|
|
|
call (for a Shapeobject namend s):
|
|
-- s.addcomponent(((0,0), (10,10), (-10,10)), "red", "blue")
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> poly = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5))
|
|
>>> s = Shape("compound")
|
|
>>> s.addcomponent(poly, "red", "blue")
|
|
### .. add more components and then use register_shape()
|
|
"""
|
|
if self._type != "compound":
|
|
raise TurtleGraphicsError("Cannot add component to %s Shape"
|
|
% self._type)
|
|
if outline is None:
|
|
outline = fill
|
|
self._data.append([poly, fill, outline])
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Tbuffer(object):
|
|
"""Ring buffer used as undobuffer for RawTurtle objects."""
|
|
def __init__(self, bufsize=10):
|
|
self.bufsize = bufsize
|
|
self.buffer = [[None]] * bufsize
|
|
self.ptr = -1
|
|
self.cumulate = False
|
|
def reset(self, bufsize=None):
|
|
if bufsize is None:
|
|
for i in range(self.bufsize):
|
|
self.buffer[i] = [None]
|
|
else:
|
|
self.bufsize = bufsize
|
|
self.buffer = [[None]] * bufsize
|
|
self.ptr = -1
|
|
def push(self, item):
|
|
if self.bufsize > 0:
|
|
if not self.cumulate:
|
|
self.ptr = (self.ptr + 1) % self.bufsize
|
|
self.buffer[self.ptr] = item
|
|
else:
|
|
self.buffer[self.ptr].append(item)
|
|
def pop(self):
|
|
if self.bufsize > 0:
|
|
item = self.buffer[self.ptr]
|
|
if item is None:
|
|
return None
|
|
else:
|
|
self.buffer[self.ptr] = [None]
|
|
self.ptr = (self.ptr - 1) % self.bufsize
|
|
return (item)
|
|
def nr_of_items(self):
|
|
return self.bufsize - self.buffer.count([None])
|
|
def __repr__(self):
|
|
return str(self.buffer) + " " + str(self.ptr)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase):
|
|
"""Provides screen oriented methods like setbg etc.
|
|
|
|
Only relies upon the methods of TurtleScreenBase and NOT
|
|
upon components of the underlying graphics toolkit -
|
|
which is Tkinter in this case.
|
|
"""
|
|
# _STANDARD_DELAY = 5
|
|
_RUNNING = True
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self, cv, mode=_CFG["mode"],
|
|
colormode=_CFG["colormode"], delay=_CFG["delay"]):
|
|
self._shapes = {
|
|
"arrow" : Shape("polygon", ((-10,0), (10,0), (0,10))),
|
|
"turtle" : Shape("polygon", ((0,16), (-2,14), (-1,10), (-4,7),
|
|
(-7,9), (-9,8), (-6,5), (-7,1), (-5,-3), (-8,-6),
|
|
(-6,-8), (-4,-5), (0,-7), (4,-5), (6,-8), (8,-6),
|
|
(5,-3), (7,1), (6,5), (9,8), (7,9), (4,7), (1,10),
|
|
(2,14))),
|
|
"circle" : Shape("polygon", ((10,0), (9.51,3.09), (8.09,5.88),
|
|
(5.88,8.09), (3.09,9.51), (0,10), (-3.09,9.51),
|
|
(-5.88,8.09), (-8.09,5.88), (-9.51,3.09), (-10,0),
|
|
(-9.51,-3.09), (-8.09,-5.88), (-5.88,-8.09),
|
|
(-3.09,-9.51), (-0.00,-10.00), (3.09,-9.51),
|
|
(5.88,-8.09), (8.09,-5.88), (9.51,-3.09))),
|
|
"square" : Shape("polygon", ((10,-10), (10,10), (-10,10),
|
|
(-10,-10))),
|
|
"triangle" : Shape("polygon", ((10,-5.77), (0,11.55),
|
|
(-10,-5.77))),
|
|
"classic": Shape("polygon", ((0,0),(-5,-9),(0,-7),(5,-9))),
|
|
"blank" : Shape("image", self._blankimage())
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
self._bgpics = {"nopic" : ""}
|
|
|
|
TurtleScreenBase.__init__(self, cv)
|
|
self._mode = mode
|
|
self._delayvalue = delay
|
|
self._colormode = _CFG["colormode"]
|
|
self._keys = []
|
|
self.clear()
|
|
|
|
def clear(self):
|
|
"""Delete all drawings and all turtles from the TurtleScreen.
|
|
|
|
Reset empty TurtleScreen to its initial state: white background,
|
|
no backgroundimage, no eventbindings and tracing on.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
screen.clear()
|
|
|
|
Note: this method is not available as function.
|
|
"""
|
|
self._delayvalue = _CFG["delay"]
|
|
self._colormode = _CFG["colormode"]
|
|
self._delete("all")
|
|
self._bgpic = self._createimage("")
|
|
self._bgpicname = "nopic"
|
|
self._tracing = 1
|
|
self._updatecounter = 0
|
|
self._turtles = []
|
|
self.bgcolor("white")
|
|
for btn in 1, 2, 3:
|
|
self.onclick(None, btn)
|
|
for key in self._keys[:]:
|
|
self.onkey(None, key)
|
|
Turtle._pen = None
|
|
|
|
def mode(self, mode=None):
|
|
"""Set turtle-mode ('standard', 'logo' or 'world') and perform reset.
|
|
|
|
Optional argument:
|
|
mode -- on of the strings 'standard', 'logo' or 'world'
|
|
|
|
Mode 'standard' is compatible with turtle.py.
|
|
Mode 'logo' is compatible with most Logo-Turtle-Graphics.
|
|
Mode 'world' uses userdefined 'worldcoordinates'. *Attention*: in
|
|
this mode angles appear distorted if x/y unit-ratio doesn't equal 1.
|
|
If mode is not given, return the current mode.
|
|
|
|
Mode Initial turtle heading positive angles
|
|
------------|-------------------------|-------------------
|
|
'standard' to the right (east) counterclockwise
|
|
'logo' upward (north) clockwise
|
|
|
|
Examples:
|
|
>>> mode('logo') # resets turtle heading to north
|
|
>>> mode()
|
|
'logo'
|
|
"""
|
|
if mode is None:
|
|
return self._mode
|
|
mode = mode.lower()
|
|
if mode not in ["standard", "logo", "world"]:
|
|
raise TurtleGraphicsError("No turtle-graphics-mode %s" % mode)
|
|
self._mode = mode
|
|
if mode in ["standard", "logo"]:
|
|
self._setscrollregion(-self.canvwidth//2, -self.canvheight//2,
|
|
self.canvwidth//2, self.canvheight//2)
|
|
self.xscale = self.yscale = 1.0
|
|
self.reset()
|
|
|
|
def setworldcoordinates(self, llx, lly, urx, ury):
|
|
"""Set up a user defined coordinate-system.
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
llx -- a number, x-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas
|
|
lly -- a number, y-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas
|
|
urx -- a number, x-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas
|
|
ury -- a number, y-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas
|
|
|
|
Set up user coodinat-system and switch to mode 'world' if necessary.
|
|
This performs a screen.reset. If mode 'world' is already active,
|
|
all drawings are redrawn according to the new coordinates.
|
|
|
|
But ATTENTION: in user-defined coordinatesystems angles may appear
|
|
distorted. (see Screen.mode())
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.setworldcoordinates(-10,-0.5,50,1.5)
|
|
>>> for _ in range(36):
|
|
left(10)
|
|
forward(0.5)
|
|
"""
|
|
if self.mode() != "world":
|
|
self.mode("world")
|
|
xspan = float(urx - llx)
|
|
yspan = float(ury - lly)
|
|
wx, wy = self._window_size()
|
|
self.screensize(wx-20, wy-20)
|
|
oldxscale, oldyscale = self.xscale, self.yscale
|
|
self.xscale = self.canvwidth / xspan
|
|
self.yscale = self.canvheight / yspan
|
|
srx1 = llx * self.xscale
|
|
sry1 = -ury * self.yscale
|
|
srx2 = self.canvwidth + srx1
|
|
sry2 = self.canvheight + sry1
|
|
self._setscrollregion(srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2)
|
|
self._rescale(self.xscale/oldxscale, self.yscale/oldyscale)
|
|
self.update()
|
|
|
|
def register_shape(self, name, shape=None):
|
|
"""Adds a turtle shape to TurtleScreen's shapelist.
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
(1) name is the name of a gif-file and shape is None.
|
|
Installs the corresponding image shape.
|
|
!! Image-shapes DO NOT rotate when turning the turtle,
|
|
!! so they do not display the heading of the turtle!
|
|
(2) name is an arbitrary string and shape is a tuple
|
|
of pairs of coordinates. Installs the corresponding
|
|
polygon shape
|
|
(3) name is an arbitrary string and shape is a
|
|
(compound) Shape object. Installs the corresponding
|
|
compound shape.
|
|
To use a shape, you have to issue the command shape(shapename).
|
|
|
|
call: register_shape("turtle.gif")
|
|
--or: register_shape("tri", ((0,0), (10,10), (-10,10)))
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.register_shape("triangle", ((5,-3),(0,5),(-5,-3)))
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
if shape is None:
|
|
# image
|
|
if name.lower().endswith(".gif"):
|
|
shape = Shape("image", self._image(name))
|
|
else:
|
|
raise TurtleGraphicsError("Bad arguments for register_shape.\n"
|
|
+ "Use help(register_shape)" )
|
|
elif isinstance(shape, tuple):
|
|
shape = Shape("polygon", shape)
|
|
## else shape assumed to be Shape-instance
|
|
self._shapes[name] = shape
|
|
# print "shape added:" , self._shapes
|
|
|
|
def _colorstr(self, color):
|
|
"""Return color string corresponding to args.
|
|
|
|
Argument may be a string or a tuple of three
|
|
numbers corresponding to actual colormode,
|
|
i.e. in the range 0<=n<=colormode.
|
|
|
|
If the argument doesn't represent a color,
|
|
an error is raised.
|
|
"""
|
|
if len(color) == 1:
|
|
color = color[0]
|
|
if isinstance(color, str):
|
|
if self._iscolorstring(color) or color == "":
|
|
return color
|
|
else:
|
|
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color string: %s" % str(color))
|
|
try:
|
|
r, g, b = color
|
|
except:
|
|
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color arguments: %s" % str(color))
|
|
if self._colormode == 1.0:
|
|
r, g, b = [round(255.0*x) for x in (r, g, b)]
|
|
if not ((0 <= r <= 255) and (0 <= g <= 255) and (0 <= b <= 255)):
|
|
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color sequence: %s" % str(color))
|
|
return "#%02x%02x%02x" % (r, g, b)
|
|
|
|
def _color(self, cstr):
|
|
if not cstr.startswith("#"):
|
|
return cstr
|
|
if len(cstr) == 7:
|
|
cl = [int(cstr[i:i+2], 16) for i in (1, 3, 5)]
|
|
elif len(cstr) == 4:
|
|
cl = [16*int(cstr[h], 16) for h in cstr[1:]]
|
|
else:
|
|
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad colorstring: %s" % cstr)
|
|
return tuple([c * self._colormode/255 for c in cl])
|
|
|
|
def colormode(self, cmode=None):
|
|
"""Return the colormode or set it to 1.0 or 255.
|
|
|
|
Optional argument:
|
|
cmode -- one of the values 1.0 or 255
|
|
|
|
r, g, b values of colortriples have to be in range 0..cmode.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.colormode()
|
|
1.0
|
|
>>> screen.colormode(255)
|
|
>>> turtle.pencolor(240,160,80)
|
|
"""
|
|
if cmode is None:
|
|
return self._colormode
|
|
if cmode == 1.0:
|
|
self._colormode = float(cmode)
|
|
elif cmode == 255:
|
|
self._colormode = int(cmode)
|
|
|
|
def reset(self):
|
|
"""Reset all Turtles on the Screen to their initial state.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.reset()
|
|
"""
|
|
for turtle in self._turtles:
|
|
turtle._setmode(self._mode)
|
|
turtle.reset()
|
|
|
|
def turtles(self):
|
|
"""Return the list of turtles on the screen.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.turtles()
|
|
[<turtle.Turtle object at 0x00E11FB0>]
|
|
"""
|
|
return self._turtles
|
|
|
|
def bgcolor(self, *args):
|
|
"""Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.
|
|
|
|
Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers
|
|
in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.bgcolor("orange")
|
|
>>> screen.bgcolor()
|
|
'orange'
|
|
>>> screen.bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)
|
|
>>> screen.bgcolor()
|
|
'#800080'
|
|
"""
|
|
if args:
|
|
color = self._colorstr(args)
|
|
else:
|
|
color = None
|
|
color = self._bgcolor(color)
|
|
if color is not None:
|
|
color = self._color(color)
|
|
return color
|
|
|
|
def tracer(self, n=None, delay=None):
|
|
"""Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings.
|
|
|
|
Optional arguments:
|
|
n -- nonnegative integer
|
|
delay -- nonnegative integer
|
|
|
|
If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed.
|
|
(Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.)
|
|
Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay())
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.tracer(8, 25)
|
|
>>> dist = 2
|
|
>>> for i in range(200):
|
|
fd(dist)
|
|
rt(90)
|
|
dist += 2
|
|
"""
|
|
if n is None:
|
|
return self._tracing
|
|
self._tracing = int(n)
|
|
self._updatecounter = 0
|
|
if delay is not None:
|
|
self._delayvalue = int(delay)
|
|
if self._tracing:
|
|
self.update()
|
|
|
|
def delay(self, delay=None):
|
|
""" Return or set the drawing delay in milliseconds.
|
|
|
|
Optional argument:
|
|
delay -- positive integer
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.delay(15)
|
|
>>> screen.delay()
|
|
15
|
|
"""
|
|
if delay is None:
|
|
return self._delayvalue
|
|
self._delayvalue = int(delay)
|
|
|
|
def _incrementudc(self):
|
|
"Increment upadate counter."""
|
|
if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING:
|
|
TurtleScreen._RUNNNING = True
|
|
raise Terminator
|
|
if self._tracing > 0:
|
|
self._updatecounter += 1
|
|
self._updatecounter %= self._tracing
|
|
|
|
def update(self):
|
|
"""Perform a TurtleScreen update.
|
|
"""
|
|
tracing = self._tracing
|
|
self._tracing = True
|
|
for t in self.turtles():
|
|
t._update_data()
|
|
t._drawturtle()
|
|
self._tracing = tracing
|
|
self._update()
|
|
|
|
def window_width(self):
|
|
""" Return the width of the turtle window.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.window_width()
|
|
640
|
|
"""
|
|
return self._window_size()[0]
|
|
|
|
def window_height(self):
|
|
""" Return the height of the turtle window.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.window_height()
|
|
480
|
|
"""
|
|
return self._window_size()[1]
|
|
|
|
def getcanvas(self):
|
|
"""Return the Canvas of this TurtleScreen.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Screen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> cv = screen.getcanvas()
|
|
>>> cv
|
|
<turtle.ScrolledCanvas instance at 0x010742D8>
|
|
"""
|
|
return self.cv
|
|
|
|
def getshapes(self):
|
|
"""Return a list of names of all currently available turtle shapes.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.getshapes()
|
|
['arrow', 'blank', 'circle', ... , 'turtle']
|
|
"""
|
|
return sorted(self._shapes.keys())
|
|
|
|
def onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None):
|
|
"""Bind fun to mouse-click event on canvas.
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
fun -- a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the
|
|
clicked point on the canvas.
|
|
num -- the number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen
|
|
and a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
|
|
>>> screen.onclick(turtle.goto)
|
|
|
|
### Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will
|
|
### make the turtle move to the clicked point.
|
|
>>> screen.onclick(None)
|
|
|
|
### event-binding will be removed
|
|
"""
|
|
self._onscreenclick(fun, btn, add)
|
|
|
|
def onkey(self, fun, key):
|
|
"""Bind fun to key-release event of key.
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
fun -- a function with no arguments
|
|
key -- a string: key (e.g. "a") or key-symbol (e.g. "space")
|
|
|
|
In order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen
|
|
must have focus. (See method listen.)
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen
|
|
and a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
|
|
>>> def f():
|
|
fd(50)
|
|
lt(60)
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> screen.onkey(f, "Up")
|
|
>>> screen.listen()
|
|
|
|
### Subsequently the turtle can be moved by
|
|
### repeatedly pressing the up-arrow key,
|
|
### consequently drawing a hexagon
|
|
"""
|
|
if fun is None:
|
|
if key in self._keys:
|
|
self._keys.remove(key)
|
|
elif key not in self._keys:
|
|
self._keys.append(key)
|
|
self._onkey(fun, key)
|
|
|
|
def listen(self, xdummy=None, ydummy=None):
|
|
"""Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events)
|
|
|
|
No arguments.
|
|
Dummy arguments are provided in order
|
|
to be able to pass listen to the onclick method.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.listen()
|
|
"""
|
|
self._listen()
|
|
|
|
def ontimer(self, fun, t=0):
|
|
"""Install a timer, which calls fun after t milliseconds.
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
fun -- a function with no arguments.
|
|
t -- a number >= 0
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
|
|
>>> running = True
|
|
>>> def f():
|
|
if running:
|
|
fd(50)
|
|
lt(60)
|
|
screen.ontimer(f, 250)
|
|
|
|
>>> f() ### makes the turtle marching around
|
|
>>> running = False
|
|
"""
|
|
self._ontimer(fun, t)
|
|
|
|
def bgpic(self, picname=None):
|
|
"""Set background image or return name of current backgroundimage.
|
|
|
|
Optional argument:
|
|
picname -- a string, name of a gif-file or "nopic".
|
|
|
|
If picname is a filename, set the corresponding image as background.
|
|
If picname is "nopic", delete backgroundimage, if present.
|
|
If picname is None, return the filename of the current backgroundimage.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.bgpic()
|
|
'nopic'
|
|
>>> screen.bgpic("landscape.gif")
|
|
>>> screen.bgpic()
|
|
'landscape.gif'
|
|
"""
|
|
if picname is None:
|
|
return self._bgpicname
|
|
if picname not in self._bgpics:
|
|
self._bgpics[picname] = self._image(picname)
|
|
self._setbgpic(self._bgpic, self._bgpics[picname])
|
|
self._bgpicname = picname
|
|
|
|
def screensize(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None):
|
|
"""Resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on.
|
|
|
|
Optional arguments:
|
|
canvwidth -- positive integer, new width of canvas in pixels
|
|
canvheight -- positive integer, new height of canvas in pixels
|
|
bg -- colorstring or color-tuple, new backgroundcolor
|
|
If no arguments are given, return current (canvaswidth, canvasheight)
|
|
|
|
Do not alter the drawing window. To observe hidden parts of
|
|
the canvas use the scrollbars. (Can make visible those parts
|
|
of a drawing, which were outside the canvas before!)
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.screensize(2000,1500)
|
|
### e. g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-)
|
|
"""
|
|
return self._resize(canvwidth, canvheight, bg)
|
|
|
|
onscreenclick = onclick
|
|
resetscreen = reset
|
|
clearscreen = clear
|
|
addshape = register_shape
|
|
|
|
class TNavigator(object):
|
|
"""Navigation part of the RawTurtle.
|
|
Implements methods for turtle movement.
|
|
"""
|
|
START_ORIENTATION = {
|
|
"standard": Vec2D(1.0, 0.0),
|
|
"world" : Vec2D(1.0, 0.0),
|
|
"logo" : Vec2D(0.0, 1.0) }
|
|
DEFAULT_MODE = "standard"
|
|
DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET = 0
|
|
DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT = 1
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self, mode=DEFAULT_MODE):
|
|
self._angleOffset = self.DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET
|
|
self._angleOrient = self.DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT
|
|
self._mode = mode
|
|
self.undobuffer = None
|
|
self.degrees()
|
|
self._mode = None
|
|
self._setmode(mode)
|
|
TNavigator.reset(self)
|
|
|
|
def reset(self):
|
|
"""reset turtle to its initial values
|
|
|
|
Will be overwritten by parent class
|
|
"""
|
|
self._position = Vec2D(0.0, 0.0)
|
|
self._orient = TNavigator.START_ORIENTATION[self._mode]
|
|
|
|
def _setmode(self, mode=None):
|
|
"""Set turtle-mode to 'standard', 'world' or 'logo'.
|
|
"""
|
|
if mode is None:
|
|
return self._mode
|
|
if mode not in ["standard", "logo", "world"]:
|
|
return
|
|
self._mode = mode
|
|
if mode in ["standard", "world"]:
|
|
self._angleOffset = 0
|
|
self._angleOrient = 1
|
|
else: # mode == "logo":
|
|
self._angleOffset = self._fullcircle/4.
|
|
self._angleOrient = -1
|
|
|
|
def _setDegreesPerAU(self, fullcircle):
|
|
"""Helper function for degrees() and radians()"""
|
|
self._fullcircle = fullcircle
|
|
self._degreesPerAU = 360/fullcircle
|
|
if self._mode == "standard":
|
|
self._angleOffset = 0
|
|
else:
|
|
self._angleOffset = fullcircle/4.
|
|
|
|
def degrees(self, fullcircle=360.0):
|
|
""" Set angle measurement units to degrees.
|
|
|
|
Optional argument:
|
|
fullcircle - a number
|
|
|
|
Set angle measurement units, i. e. set number
|
|
of 'degrees' for a full circle. Dafault value is
|
|
360 degrees.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
90
|
|
|
|
Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon,
|
|
grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.)
|
|
>>> turtle.degrees(400.0)
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
100
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
self._setDegreesPerAU(fullcircle)
|
|
|
|
def radians(self):
|
|
""" Set the angle measurement units to radians.
|
|
|
|
No arguments.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
90
|
|
>>> turtle.radians()
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
1.5707963267948966
|
|
"""
|
|
self._setDegreesPerAU(2*math.pi)
|
|
|
|
def _go(self, distance):
|
|
"""move turtle forward by specified distance"""
|
|
ende = self._position + self._orient * distance
|
|
self._goto(ende)
|
|
|
|
def _rotate(self, angle):
|
|
"""Turn turtle counterclockwise by specified angle if angle > 0."""
|
|
angle *= self._degreesPerAU
|
|
self._orient = self._orient.rotate(angle)
|
|
|
|
def _goto(self, end):
|
|
"""move turtle to position end."""
|
|
self._position = end
|
|
|
|
def forward(self, distance):
|
|
"""Move the turtle forward by the specified distance.
|
|
|
|
Aliases: forward | fd
|
|
|
|
Argument:
|
|
distance -- a number (integer or float)
|
|
|
|
Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction
|
|
the turtle is headed.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
(0.00, 0.00)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(25)
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
(25.00,0.00)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
(-50.00,0.00)
|
|
"""
|
|
self._go(distance)
|
|
|
|
def back(self, distance):
|
|
"""Move the turtle backward by distance.
|
|
|
|
Aliases: back | backward | bk
|
|
|
|
Argument:
|
|
distance -- a number
|
|
|
|
Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the
|
|
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
(0.00, 0.00)
|
|
>>> turtle.backward(30)
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
(-30.00, 0.00)
|
|
"""
|
|
self._go(-distance)
|
|
|
|
def right(self, angle):
|
|
"""Turn turtle right by angle units.
|
|
|
|
Aliases: right | rt
|
|
|
|
Argument:
|
|
angle -- a number (integer or float)
|
|
|
|
Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
|
|
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
|
|
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
22.0
|
|
>>> turtle.right(45)
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
337.0
|
|
"""
|
|
self._rotate(-angle)
|
|
|
|
def left(self, angle):
|
|
"""Turn turtle left by angle units.
|
|
|
|
Aliases: left | lt
|
|
|
|
Argument:
|
|
angle -- a number (integer or float)
|
|
|
|
Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
|
|
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
|
|
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
22.0
|
|
>>> turtle.left(45)
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
67.0
|
|
"""
|
|
self._rotate(angle)
|
|
|
|
def pos(self):
|
|
"""Return the turtle's current location (x,y), as a Vec2D-vector.
|
|
|
|
Aliases: pos | position
|
|
|
|
No arguments.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.pos()
|
|
(0.00, 240.00)
|
|
"""
|
|
return self._position
|
|
|
|
def xcor(self):
|
|
""" Return the turtle's x coordinate.
|
|
|
|
No arguments.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> reset()
|
|
>>> turtle.left(60)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> print turtle.xcor()
|
|
50.0
|
|
"""
|
|
return self._position[0]
|
|
|
|
def ycor(self):
|
|
""" Return the turtle's y coordinate
|
|
---
|
|
No arguments.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> reset()
|
|
>>> turtle.left(60)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> print turtle.ycor()
|
|
86.6025403784
|
|
"""
|
|
return self._position[1]
|
|
|
|
|
|
def goto(self, x, y=None):
|
|
"""Move turtle to an absolute position.
|
|
|
|
Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers
|
|
y -- a number None
|
|
|
|
call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates
|
|
--or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
|
|
--or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
|
|
|
|
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,
|
|
a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> tp = turtle.pos()
|
|
>>> tp
|
|
(0.00, 0.00)
|
|
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
|
|
>>> turtle.pos()
|
|
(60.00,30.00)
|
|
>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
|
|
>>> turtle.pos()
|
|
(20.00,80.00)
|
|
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
|
|
>>> turtle.pos()
|
|
(0.00,0.00)
|
|
"""
|
|
if y is None:
|
|
self._goto(Vec2D(*x))
|
|
else:
|
|
self._goto(Vec2D(x, y))
|
|
|
|
def home(self):
|
|
"""Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0).
|
|
|
|
No arguments.
|
|
|
|
Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0) and set its
|
|
heading to its start-orientation (which depends on mode).
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.home()
|
|
"""
|
|
self.goto(0, 0)
|
|
self.setheading(0)
|
|
|
|
def setx(self, x):
|
|
"""Set the turtle's first coordinate to x
|
|
|
|
Argument:
|
|
x -- a number (integer or float)
|
|
|
|
Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, leave second coordinate
|
|
unchanged.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
(0.00, 240.00)
|
|
>>> turtle.setx(10)
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
(10.00, 240.00)
|
|
"""
|
|
self._goto(Vec2D(x, self._position[1]))
|
|
|
|
def sety(self, y):
|
|
"""Set the turtle's second coordinate to y
|
|
|
|
Argument:
|
|
y -- a number (integer or float)
|
|
|
|
Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, second coordinate remains
|
|
unchanged.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
(0.00, 40.00)
|
|
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
(0.00, -10.00)
|
|
"""
|
|
self._goto(Vec2D(self._position[0], y))
|
|
|
|
def distance(self, x, y=None):
|
|
"""Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y) in turtle step units.
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
|
|
y -- a number None None
|
|
|
|
call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
|
|
--or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
|
|
--or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
|
|
--or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.pos()
|
|
(0.00, 0.00)
|
|
>>> turtle.distance(30,40)
|
|
50.0
|
|
>>> pen = Turtle()
|
|
>>> pen.forward(77)
|
|
>>> turtle.distance(pen)
|
|
77.0
|
|
"""
|
|
if y is not None:
|
|
pos = Vec2D(x, y)
|
|
if isinstance(x, Vec2D):
|
|
pos = x
|
|
elif isinstance(x, tuple):
|
|
pos = Vec2D(*x)
|
|
elif isinstance(x, TNavigator):
|
|
pos = x._position
|
|
return abs(pos - self._position)
|
|
|
|
def towards(self, x, y=None):
|
|
"""Return the angle of the line from the turtle's position to (x, y).
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
|
|
y -- a number None None
|
|
|
|
call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
|
|
--or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
|
|
--or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
|
|
--or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
|
|
|
|
Return the angle, between the line from turtle-position to position
|
|
specified by x, y and the turtle's start orientation. (Depends on
|
|
modes - "standard" or "logo")
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.pos()
|
|
(10.00, 10.00)
|
|
>>> turtle.towards(0,0)
|
|
225.0
|
|
"""
|
|
if y is not None:
|
|
pos = Vec2D(x, y)
|
|
if isinstance(x, Vec2D):
|
|
pos = x
|
|
elif isinstance(x, tuple):
|
|
pos = Vec2D(*x)
|
|
elif isinstance(x, TNavigator):
|
|
pos = x._position
|
|
x, y = pos - self._position
|
|
result = round(math.atan2(y, x)*180.0/math.pi, 10) % 360.0
|
|
result /= self._degreesPerAU
|
|
return (self._angleOffset + self._angleOrient*result) % self._fullcircle
|
|
|
|
def heading(self):
|
|
""" Return the turtle's current heading.
|
|
|
|
No arguments.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.left(67)
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
67.0
|
|
"""
|
|
x, y = self._orient
|
|
result = round(math.atan2(y, x)*180.0/math.pi, 10) % 360.0
|
|
result /= self._degreesPerAU
|
|
return (self._angleOffset + self._angleOrient*result) % self._fullcircle
|
|
|
|
def setheading(self, to_angle):
|
|
"""Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
|
|
|
|
Aliases: setheading | seth
|
|
|
|
Argument:
|
|
to_angle -- a number (integer or float)
|
|
|
|
Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
|
|
Here are some common directions in degrees:
|
|
|
|
standard - mode: logo-mode:
|
|
-------------------|--------------------
|
|
0 - east 0 - north
|
|
90 - north 90 - east
|
|
180 - west 180 - south
|
|
270 - south 270 - west
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.setheading(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
90
|
|
"""
|
|
angle = (to_angle - self.heading())*self._angleOrient
|
|
full = self._fullcircle
|
|
angle = (angle+full/2.)%full - full/2.
|
|
self._rotate(angle)
|
|
|
|
def circle(self, radius, extent = None, steps = None):
|
|
""" Draw a circle with given radius.
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
radius -- a number
|
|
extent (optional) -- a number
|
|
steps (optional) -- an integer
|
|
|
|
Draw a circle with given radius. The center is radius units left
|
|
of the turtle; extent - an angle - determines which part of the
|
|
circle is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle.
|
|
If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the
|
|
current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction
|
|
if radius is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally
|
|
the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of extent.
|
|
|
|
As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon,
|
|
steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given,
|
|
it will be calculated automatically. Maybe used to draw regular
|
|
polygons.
|
|
|
|
call: circle(radius) # full circle
|
|
--or: circle(radius, extent) # arc
|
|
--or: circle(radius, extent, steps)
|
|
--or: circle(radius, steps=6) # 6-sided polygon
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.circle(50)
|
|
>>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # semicircle
|
|
"""
|
|
if self.undobuffer:
|
|
self.undobuffer.push(["seq"])
|
|
self.undobuffer.cumulate = True
|
|
speed = self.speed()
|
|
if extent is None:
|
|
extent = self._fullcircle
|
|
if steps is None:
|
|
frac = abs(extent)/self._fullcircle
|
|
steps = 1+int(min(11+abs(radius)/6.0, 59.0)*frac)
|
|
w = 1.0 * extent / steps
|
|
w2 = 0.5 * w
|
|
l = 2.0 * radius * math.sin(w2*math.pi/180.0*self._degreesPerAU)
|
|
if radius < 0:
|
|
l, w, w2 = -l, -w, -w2
|
|
tr = self.tracer()
|
|
dl = self._delay()
|
|
if speed == 0:
|
|
self.tracer(0, 0)
|
|
else:
|
|
self.speed(0)
|
|
self._rotate(w2)
|
|
for i in range(steps):
|
|
self.speed(speed)
|
|
self._go(l)
|
|
self.speed(0)
|
|
self._rotate(w)
|
|
self._rotate(-w2)
|
|
if speed == 0:
|
|
self.tracer(tr, dl)
|
|
self.speed(speed)
|
|
if self.undobuffer:
|
|
self.undobuffer.cumulate = False
|
|
|
|
## three dummy methods to be implemented by child class:
|
|
|
|
def speed(self, s=0):
|
|
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
|
|
def tracer(self, a=None, b=None):
|
|
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
|
|
def _delay(self, n=None):
|
|
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
|
|
|
|
fd = forward
|
|
bk = back
|
|
backward = back
|
|
rt = right
|
|
lt = left
|
|
position = pos
|
|
setpos = goto
|
|
setposition = goto
|
|
seth = setheading
|
|
|
|
|
|
class TPen(object):
|
|
"""Drawing part of the RawTurtle.
|
|
Implements drawing properties.
|
|
"""
|
|
def __init__(self, resizemode=_CFG["resizemode"]):
|
|
self._resizemode = resizemode # or "user" or "noresize"
|
|
self.undobuffer = None
|
|
TPen._reset(self)
|
|
|
|
def _reset(self, pencolor=_CFG["pencolor"],
|
|
fillcolor=_CFG["fillcolor"]):
|
|
self._pensize = 1
|
|
self._shown = True
|
|
self._pencolor = pencolor
|
|
self._fillcolor = fillcolor
|
|
self._drawing = True
|
|
self._speed = 3
|
|
self._stretchfactor = (1, 1)
|
|
self._tilt = 0
|
|
self._outlinewidth = 1
|
|
### self.screen = None # to override by child class
|
|
|
|
def resizemode(self, rmode=None):
|
|
"""Set resizemode to one of the values: "auto", "user", "noresize".
|
|
|
|
(Optional) Argument:
|
|
rmode -- one of the strings "auto", "user", "noresize"
|
|
|
|
Different resizemodes have the following effects:
|
|
- "auto" adapts the appearance of the turtle
|
|
corresponding to the value of pensize.
|
|
- "user" adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the
|
|
values of stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline),
|
|
which are set by shapesize()
|
|
- "noresize" no adaption of the turtle's appearance takes place.
|
|
If no argument is given, return current resizemode.
|
|
resizemode("user") is called by a call of shapesize with arguments.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.resizemode("noresize")
|
|
>>> turtle.resizemode()
|
|
'noresize'
|
|
"""
|
|
if rmode is None:
|
|
return self._resizemode
|
|
rmode = rmode.lower()
|
|
if rmode in ["auto", "user", "noresize"]:
|
|
self.pen(resizemode=rmode)
|
|
|
|
def pensize(self, width=None):
|
|
"""Set or return the line thickness.
|
|
|
|
Aliases: pensize | width
|
|
|
|
Argument:
|
|
width -- positive number
|
|
|
|
Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set
|
|
to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with
|
|
the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize
|
|
is returned.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.pensize()
|
|
1
|
|
turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn
|
|
"""
|
|
if width is None:
|
|
return self._pensize
|
|
self.pen(pensize=width)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def penup(self):
|
|
"""Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
|
|
|
|
Aliases: penup | pu | up
|
|
|
|
No argument
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.penup()
|
|
"""
|
|
if not self._drawing:
|
|
return
|
|
self.pen(pendown=False)
|
|
|
|
def pendown(self):
|
|
"""Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
|
|
|
|
Aliases: pendown | pd | down
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.pendown()
|
|
"""
|
|
if self._drawing:
|
|
return
|
|
self.pen(pendown=True)
|
|
|
|
def isdown(self):
|
|
"""Return True if pen is down, False if it's up.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.penup()
|
|
>>> turtle.isdown()
|
|
False
|
|
>>> turtle.pendown()
|
|
>>> turtle.isdown()
|
|
True
|
|
"""
|
|
return self._drawing
|
|
|
|
def speed(self, speed=None):
|
|
""" Return or set the turtle's speed.
|
|
|
|
Optional argument:
|
|
speed -- an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below)
|
|
|
|
Set the turtle's speed to an integer value in the range 0 .. 10.
|
|
If no argument is given: return current speed.
|
|
|
|
If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5,
|
|
speed is set to 0.
|
|
Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues in the following way:
|
|
'fastest' : 0
|
|
'fast' : 10
|
|
'normal' : 6
|
|
'slow' : 3
|
|
'slowest' : 1
|
|
speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of
|
|
line drawing and turtle turning.
|
|
|
|
Attention:
|
|
speed = 0 : *no* animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump
|
|
and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.speed(3)
|
|
"""
|
|
speeds = {'fastest':0, 'fast':10, 'normal':6, 'slow':3, 'slowest':1 }
|
|
if speed is None:
|
|
return self._speed
|
|
if speed in speeds:
|
|
speed = speeds[speed]
|
|
elif 0.5 < speed < 10.5:
|
|
speed = int(round(speed))
|
|
else:
|
|
speed = 0
|
|
self.pen(speed=speed)
|
|
|
|
def color(self, *args):
|
|
"""Return or set the pencolor and fillcolor.
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
Several input formats are allowed.
|
|
They use 0, 1, 2, or 3 arguments as follows:
|
|
|
|
color()
|
|
Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor
|
|
as a pair of color specification strings as are returned
|
|
by pencolor and fillcolor.
|
|
color(colorstring), color((r,g,b)), color(r,g,b)
|
|
inputs as in pencolor, set both, fillcolor and pencolor,
|
|
to the given value.
|
|
color(colorstring1, colorstring2),
|
|
color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2))
|
|
equivalent to pencolor(colorstring1) and fillcolor(colorstring2)
|
|
and analogously, if the other input format is used.
|
|
|
|
If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon
|
|
is drawn with the newly set colors.
|
|
For mor info see: pencolor, fillcolor
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.color('red', 'green')
|
|
>>> turtle.color()
|
|
('red', 'green')
|
|
>>> colormode(255)
|
|
>>> color((40, 80, 120), (160, 200, 240))
|
|
>>> color()
|
|
('#285078', '#a0c8f0')
|
|
"""
|
|
if args:
|
|
l = len(args)
|
|
if l == 1:
|
|
pcolor = fcolor = args[0]
|
|
elif l == 2:
|
|
pcolor, fcolor = args
|
|
elif l == 3:
|
|
pcolor = fcolor = args
|
|
pcolor = self._colorstr(pcolor)
|
|
fcolor = self._colorstr(fcolor)
|
|
self.pen(pencolor=pcolor, fillcolor=fcolor)
|
|
else:
|
|
return self._color(self._pencolor), self._color(self._fillcolor)
|
|
|
|
def pencolor(self, *args):
|
|
""" Return or set the pencolor.
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
Four input formats are allowed:
|
|
- pencolor()
|
|
Return the current pencolor as color specification string,
|
|
possibly in hex-number format (see example).
|
|
May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
|
|
- pencolor(colorstring)
|
|
s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
|
|
- pencolor((r, g, b))
|
|
*a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
|
|
and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
|
|
where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
|
|
- pencolor(r, g, b)
|
|
r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
|
|
are in the range 0..colormode
|
|
|
|
If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn
|
|
with the newly set pencolor.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.pencolor('brown')
|
|
>>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55)
|
|
>>> turtle.pencolor(tup)
|
|
>>> turtle.pencolor()
|
|
'#33cc8c'
|
|
"""
|
|
if args:
|
|
color = self._colorstr(args)
|
|
if color == self._pencolor:
|
|
return
|
|
self.pen(pencolor=color)
|
|
else:
|
|
return self._color(self._pencolor)
|
|
|
|
def fillcolor(self, *args):
|
|
""" Return or set the fillcolor.
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
Four input formats are allowed:
|
|
- fillcolor()
|
|
Return the current fillcolor as color specification string,
|
|
possibly in hex-number format (see example).
|
|
May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
|
|
- fillcolor(colorstring)
|
|
s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
|
|
- fillcolor((r, g, b))
|
|
*a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
|
|
and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
|
|
where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
|
|
- fillcolor(r, g, b)
|
|
r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
|
|
are in the range 0..colormode
|
|
|
|
If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn
|
|
with the newly set fillcolor.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.fillcolor('violet')
|
|
>>> col = turtle.pencolor()
|
|
>>> turtle.fillcolor(col)
|
|
>>> turtle.fillcolor(0, .5, 0)
|
|
"""
|
|
if args:
|
|
color = self._colorstr(args)
|
|
if color == self._fillcolor:
|
|
return
|
|
self.pen(fillcolor=color)
|
|
else:
|
|
return self._color(self._fillcolor)
|
|
|
|
def showturtle(self):
|
|
"""Makes the turtle visible.
|
|
|
|
Aliases: showturtle | st
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
|
|
>>> turtle.showturtle()
|
|
"""
|
|
self.pen(shown=True)
|
|
|
|
def hideturtle(self):
|
|
"""Makes the turtle invisible.
|
|
|
|
Aliases: hideturtle | ht
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
It's a good idea to do this while you're in the
|
|
middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding
|
|
the turtle speeds up the drawing observably.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
|
|
"""
|
|
self.pen(shown=False)
|
|
|
|
def isvisible(self):
|
|
"""Return True if the Turtle is shown, False if it's hidden.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
|
|
>>> print turtle.isvisible():
|
|
False
|
|
"""
|
|
return self._shown
|
|
|
|
def pen(self, pen=None, **pendict):
|
|
"""Return or set the pen's attributes.
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
pen -- a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys.
|
|
**pendict -- one or more keyword-arguments with the below
|
|
listed keys as keywords.
|
|
|
|
Return or set the pen's attributes in a 'pen-dictionary'
|
|
with the following key/value pairs:
|
|
"shown" : True/False
|
|
"pendown" : True/False
|
|
"pencolor" : color-string or color-tuple
|
|
"fillcolor" : color-string or color-tuple
|
|
"pensize" : positive number
|
|
"speed" : number in range 0..10
|
|
"resizemode" : "auto" or "user" or "noresize"
|
|
"stretchfactor": (positive number, positive number)
|
|
"outline" : positive number
|
|
"tilt" : number
|
|
|
|
This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent
|
|
pen()-call to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one
|
|
or more of these attributes can be provided as keyword-arguments.
|
|
This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10)
|
|
>>> turtle.pen()
|
|
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
|
|
'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'black',
|
|
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3}
|
|
>>> penstate=turtle.pen()
|
|
>>> turtle.color("yellow","")
|
|
>>> turtle.penup()
|
|
>>> turtle.pen()
|
|
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
|
|
'pencolor': 'yellow', 'pendown': False, 'fillcolor': '',
|
|
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3}
|
|
>>> p.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green")
|
|
>>> p.pen()
|
|
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
|
|
'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'green',
|
|
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3}
|
|
"""
|
|
_pd = {"shown" : self._shown,
|
|
"pendown" : self._drawing,
|
|
"pencolor" : self._pencolor,
|
|
"fillcolor" : self._fillcolor,
|
|
"pensize" : self._pensize,
|
|
"speed" : self._speed,
|
|
"resizemode" : self._resizemode,
|
|
"stretchfactor" : self._stretchfactor,
|
|
"outline" : self._outlinewidth,
|
|
"tilt" : self._tilt
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
if not (pen or pendict):
|
|
return _pd
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(pen, dict):
|
|
p = pen
|
|
else:
|
|
p = {}
|
|
p.update(pendict)
|
|
|
|
_p_buf = {}
|
|
for key in p:
|
|
_p_buf[key] = _pd[key]
|
|
|
|
if self.undobuffer:
|
|
self.undobuffer.push(("pen", _p_buf))
|
|
|
|
newLine = False
|
|
if "pendown" in p:
|
|
if self._drawing != p["pendown"]:
|
|
newLine = True
|
|
if "pencolor" in p:
|
|
if isinstance(p["pencolor"], tuple):
|
|
p["pencolor"] = self._colorstr((p["pencolor"],))
|
|
if self._pencolor != p["pencolor"]:
|
|
newLine = True
|
|
if "pensize" in p:
|
|
if self._pensize != p["pensize"]:
|
|
newLine = True
|
|
if newLine:
|
|
self._newLine()
|
|
if "pendown" in p:
|
|
self._drawing = p["pendown"]
|
|
if "pencolor" in p:
|
|
self._pencolor = p["pencolor"]
|
|
if "pensize" in p:
|
|
self._pensize = p["pensize"]
|
|
if "fillcolor" in p:
|
|
if isinstance(p["fillcolor"], tuple):
|
|
p["fillcolor"] = self._colorstr((p["fillcolor"],))
|
|
self._fillcolor = p["fillcolor"]
|
|
if "speed" in p:
|
|
self._speed = p["speed"]
|
|
if "resizemode" in p:
|
|
self._resizemode = p["resizemode"]
|
|
if "stretchfactor" in p:
|
|
sf = p["stretchfactor"]
|
|
if isinstance(sf, (int, float)):
|
|
sf = (sf, sf)
|
|
self._stretchfactor = sf
|
|
if "outline" in p:
|
|
self._outlinewidth = p["outline"]
|
|
if "shown" in p:
|
|
self._shown = p["shown"]
|
|
if "tilt" in p:
|
|
self._tilt = p["tilt"]
|
|
self._update()
|
|
|
|
## three dummy methods to be implemented by child class:
|
|
|
|
def _newLine(self, usePos = True):
|
|
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
|
|
def _update(self, count=True, forced=False):
|
|
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
|
|
def _color(self, args):
|
|
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
|
|
def _colorstr(self, args):
|
|
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
|
|
|
|
width = pensize
|
|
up = penup
|
|
pu = penup
|
|
pd = pendown
|
|
down = pendown
|
|
st = showturtle
|
|
ht = hideturtle
|
|
|
|
|
|
class _TurtleImage(object):
|
|
"""Helper class: Datatype to store Turtle attributes
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self, screen, shapeIndex):
|
|
self.screen = screen
|
|
self._type = None
|
|
self._setshape(shapeIndex)
|
|
|
|
def _setshape(self, shapeIndex):
|
|
screen = self.screen # RawTurtle.screens[self.screenIndex]
|
|
self.shapeIndex = shapeIndex
|
|
if self._type == "polygon" == screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type:
|
|
return
|
|
if self._type == "image" == screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type:
|
|
return
|
|
if self._type in ["image", "polygon"]:
|
|
screen._delete(self._item)
|
|
elif self._type == "compound":
|
|
for item in self._item:
|
|
screen._delete(item)
|
|
self._type = screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type
|
|
if self._type == "polygon":
|
|
self._item = screen._createpoly()
|
|
elif self._type == "image":
|
|
self._item = screen._createimage(screen._shapes["blank"]._data)
|
|
elif self._type == "compound":
|
|
self._item = [screen._createpoly() for item in
|
|
screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._data]
|
|
|
|
|
|
class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator):
|
|
"""Animation part of the RawTurtle.
|
|
Puts RawTurtle upon a TurtleScreen and provides tools for
|
|
its animation.
|
|
"""
|
|
screens = []
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self, canvas=None,
|
|
shape=_CFG["shape"],
|
|
undobuffersize=_CFG["undobuffersize"],
|
|
visible=_CFG["visible"]):
|
|
if isinstance(canvas, _Screen):
|
|
self.screen = canvas
|
|
elif isinstance(canvas, TurtleScreen):
|
|
if canvas not in RawTurtle.screens:
|
|
RawTurtle.screens.append(canvas)
|
|
self.screen = canvas
|
|
elif isinstance(canvas, (ScrolledCanvas, Canvas)):
|
|
for screen in RawTurtle.screens:
|
|
if screen.cv == canvas:
|
|
self.screen = screen
|
|
break
|
|
else:
|
|
self.screen = TurtleScreen(canvas)
|
|
RawTurtle.screens.append(self.screen)
|
|
else:
|
|
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad cavas argument %s" % canvas)
|
|
|
|
screen = self.screen
|
|
TNavigator.__init__(self, screen.mode())
|
|
TPen.__init__(self)
|
|
screen._turtles.append(self)
|
|
self.drawingLineItem = screen._createline()
|
|
self.turtle = _TurtleImage(screen, shape)
|
|
self._poly = None
|
|
self._creatingPoly = False
|
|
self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None
|
|
self._shown = visible
|
|
self._hidden_from_screen = False
|
|
self.currentLineItem = screen._createline()
|
|
self.currentLine = [self._position]
|
|
self.items = [self.currentLineItem]
|
|
self.stampItems = []
|
|
self._undobuffersize = undobuffersize
|
|
self.undobuffer = Tbuffer(undobuffersize)
|
|
self._update()
|
|
|
|
def reset(self):
|
|
"""Delete the turtle's drawings and restore its default values.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
,
|
|
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle
|
|
and set variables to the default values.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
(0.00,-22.00)
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
100.0
|
|
>>> turtle.reset()
|
|
>>> turtle.position()
|
|
(0.00,0.00)
|
|
>>> turtle.heading()
|
|
0.0
|
|
"""
|
|
TNavigator.reset(self)
|
|
TPen._reset(self)
|
|
self._clear()
|
|
self._drawturtle()
|
|
self._update()
|
|
|
|
def setundobuffer(self, size):
|
|
"""Set or disable undobuffer.
|
|
|
|
Argument:
|
|
size -- an integer or None
|
|
|
|
If size is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed.
|
|
Size gives the maximum number of turtle-actions that can be undone
|
|
by the undo() function.
|
|
If size is None, no undobuffer is present.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.setundobuffer(42)
|
|
"""
|
|
if size is None:
|
|
self.undobuffer = None
|
|
else:
|
|
self.undobuffer = Tbuffer(size)
|
|
|
|
def undobufferentries(self):
|
|
"""Return count of entries in the undobuffer.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> while undobufferentries():
|
|
undo()
|
|
"""
|
|
if self.undobuffer is None:
|
|
return 0
|
|
return self.undobuffer.nr_of_items()
|
|
|
|
def _clear(self):
|
|
"""Delete all of pen's drawings"""
|
|
self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None
|
|
for item in self.items:
|
|
self.screen._delete(item)
|
|
self.currentLineItem = self.screen._createline()
|
|
self.currentLine = []
|
|
if self._drawing:
|
|
self.currentLine.append(self._position)
|
|
self.items = [self.currentLineItem]
|
|
self.clearstamps()
|
|
self.setundobuffer(self._undobuffersize)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def clear(self):
|
|
"""Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
|
|
|
|
No arguments.
|
|
|
|
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
|
|
State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other
|
|
turtles are not affected.
|
|
|
|
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.clear()
|
|
"""
|
|
self._clear()
|
|
self._update()
|
|
|
|
def _update_data(self):
|
|
self.screen._incrementudc()
|
|
if self.screen._updatecounter != 0:
|
|
return
|
|
if len(self.currentLine)>1:
|
|
self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, self.currentLine,
|
|
self._pencolor, self._pensize)
|
|
|
|
def _update(self):
|
|
"""Perform a Turtle-data update.
|
|
"""
|
|
screen = self.screen
|
|
if screen._tracing == 0:
|
|
return
|
|
elif screen._tracing == 1:
|
|
self._update_data()
|
|
self._drawturtle()
|
|
screen._update() # TurtleScreenBase
|
|
screen._delay(screen._delayvalue) # TurtleScreenBase
|
|
else:
|
|
self._update_data()
|
|
if screen._updatecounter == 0:
|
|
for t in screen.turtles():
|
|
t._drawturtle()
|
|
screen._update()
|
|
|
|
def tracer(self, flag=None, delay=None):
|
|
"""Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings.
|
|
|
|
Optional arguments:
|
|
n -- nonnegative integer
|
|
delay -- nonnegative integer
|
|
|
|
If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed.
|
|
(Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.)
|
|
Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay())
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.tracer(8, 25)
|
|
>>> dist = 2
|
|
>>> for i in range(200):
|
|
turtle.fd(dist)
|
|
turtle.rt(90)
|
|
dist += 2
|
|
"""
|
|
return self.screen.tracer(flag, delay)
|
|
|
|
def _color(self, args):
|
|
return self.screen._color(args)
|
|
|
|
def _colorstr(self, args):
|
|
return self.screen._colorstr(args)
|
|
|
|
def _cc(self, args):
|
|
"""Convert colortriples to hexstrings.
|
|
"""
|
|
if isinstance(args, str):
|
|
return args
|
|
try:
|
|
r, g, b = args
|
|
except:
|
|
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color arguments: %s" % str(args))
|
|
if self.screen._colormode == 1.0:
|
|
r, g, b = [round(255.0*x) for x in (r, g, b)]
|
|
if not ((0 <= r <= 255) and (0 <= g <= 255) and (0 <= b <= 255)):
|
|
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color sequence: %s" % str(args))
|
|
return "#%02x%02x%02x" % (r, g, b)
|
|
|
|
def clone(self):
|
|
"""Create and return a clone of the turtle.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading
|
|
and turtle properties.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named mick):
|
|
mick = Turtle()
|
|
joe = mick.clone()
|
|
"""
|
|
screen = self.screen
|
|
self._newLine(self._drawing)
|
|
|
|
turtle = self.turtle
|
|
self.screen = None
|
|
self.turtle = None # too make self deepcopy-able
|
|
|
|
q = deepcopy(self)
|
|
|
|
self.screen = screen
|
|
self.turtle = turtle
|
|
|
|
q.screen = screen
|
|
q.turtle = _TurtleImage(screen, self.turtle.shapeIndex)
|
|
|
|
screen._turtles.append(q)
|
|
ttype = screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]._type
|
|
if ttype == "polygon":
|
|
q.turtle._item = screen._createpoly()
|
|
elif ttype == "image":
|
|
q.turtle._item = screen._createimage(screen._shapes["blank"]._data)
|
|
elif ttype == "compound":
|
|
q.turtle._item = [screen._createpoly() for item in
|
|
screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]._data]
|
|
q.currentLineItem = screen._createline()
|
|
q._update()
|
|
return q
|
|
|
|
def shape(self, name=None):
|
|
"""Set turtle shape to shape with given name / return current shapename.
|
|
|
|
Optional argument:
|
|
name -- a string, which is a valid shapename
|
|
|
|
Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given,
|
|
return name of current shape.
|
|
Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen's shape dictionary.
|
|
Initially there are the following polygon shapes:
|
|
'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic'.
|
|
To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen-method register_shape.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.shape()
|
|
'arrow'
|
|
>>> turtle.shape("turtle")
|
|
>>> turtle.shape()
|
|
'turtle'
|
|
"""
|
|
if name is None:
|
|
return self.turtle.shapeIndex
|
|
if not name in self.screen.getshapes():
|
|
raise TurtleGraphicsError("There is no shape named %s" % name)
|
|
self.turtle._setshape(name)
|
|
self._update()
|
|
|
|
def shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None):
|
|
"""Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user".
|
|
|
|
Optinonal arguments:
|
|
stretch_wid : positive number
|
|
stretch_len : positive number
|
|
outline : positive number
|
|
|
|
Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline.
|
|
Set resizemode to "user".
|
|
If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed
|
|
stretched according to its stretchfactors:
|
|
stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation
|
|
stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation.
|
|
outline determines the width of the shapes's outline.
|
|
|
|
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.resizemode("user")
|
|
>>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
|
|
>>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
|
|
"""
|
|
if stretch_wid is stretch_len is outline is None:
|
|
stretch_wid, stretch_len = self._stretchfactor
|
|
return stretch_wid, stretch_len, self._outlinewidth
|
|
if stretch_wid is not None:
|
|
if stretch_len is None:
|
|
stretchfactor = stretch_wid, stretch_wid
|
|
else:
|
|
stretchfactor = stretch_wid, stretch_len
|
|
elif stretch_len is not None:
|
|
stretchfactor = self._stretchfactor[0], stretch_len
|
|
else:
|
|
stretchfactor = self._stretchfactor
|
|
if outline is None:
|
|
outline = self._outlinewidth
|
|
self.pen(resizemode="user",
|
|
stretchfactor=stretchfactor, outline=outline)
|
|
|
|
def settiltangle(self, angle):
|
|
"""Rotate the turtleshape to point in the specified direction
|
|
|
|
Optional argument:
|
|
angle -- number
|
|
|
|
Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,
|
|
regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's
|
|
heading (direction of movement).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
|
|
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
|
|
>>> turtle.settiltangle(45)
|
|
>>> stamp()
|
|
>>> turtle.fd(50)
|
|
>>> turtle.settiltangle(-45)
|
|
>>> stamp()
|
|
>>> turtle.fd(50)
|
|
"""
|
|
tilt = -angle * self._degreesPerAU * self._angleOrient
|
|
tilt = (tilt * math.pi / 180.0) % (2*math.pi)
|
|
self.pen(resizemode="user", tilt=tilt)
|
|
|
|
def tiltangle(self):
|
|
"""Return the current tilt-angle.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle between the
|
|
orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the turtle
|
|
(its direction of movement).
|
|
|
|
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
|
|
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
|
|
>>> turtle.tilt(45)
|
|
>>> turtle.tiltangle()
|
|
>>>
|
|
"""
|
|
tilt = -self._tilt * (180.0/math.pi) * self._angleOrient
|
|
return (tilt / self._degreesPerAU) % self._fullcircle
|
|
|
|
def tilt(self, angle):
|
|
"""Rotate the turtleshape by angle.
|
|
|
|
Argument:
|
|
angle - a number
|
|
|
|
Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle,
|
|
but do NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement).
|
|
|
|
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
|
|
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
|
|
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
|
|
>>> turtle.fd(50)
|
|
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
|
|
>>> turtle.fd(50)
|
|
"""
|
|
self.settiltangle(angle + self.tiltangle())
|
|
|
|
def _polytrafo(self, poly):
|
|
"""Computes transformed polygon shapes from a shape
|
|
according to current position and heading.
|
|
"""
|
|
screen = self.screen
|
|
p0, p1 = self._position
|
|
e0, e1 = self._orient
|
|
e = Vec2D(e0, e1 * screen.yscale / screen.xscale)
|
|
e0, e1 = (1.0 / abs(e)) * e
|
|
return [(p0+(e1*x+e0*y)/screen.xscale, p1+(-e0*x+e1*y)/screen.yscale)
|
|
for (x, y) in poly]
|
|
|
|
def _drawturtle(self):
|
|
"""Manages the correct rendering of the turtle with respect to
|
|
its shape, resizemode, stretch and tilt etc."""
|
|
screen = self.screen
|
|
shape = screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]
|
|
ttype = shape._type
|
|
titem = self.turtle._item
|
|
if self._shown and screen._updatecounter == 0 and screen._tracing > 0:
|
|
self._hidden_from_screen = False
|
|
tshape = shape._data
|
|
if ttype == "polygon":
|
|
if self._resizemode == "noresize":
|
|
w = 1
|
|
shape = tshape
|
|
else:
|
|
if self._resizemode == "auto":
|
|
lx = ly = max(1, self._pensize/5.0)
|
|
w = self._pensize
|
|
tiltangle = 0
|
|
elif self._resizemode == "user":
|
|
lx, ly = self._stretchfactor
|
|
w = self._outlinewidth
|
|
tiltangle = self._tilt
|
|
shape = [(lx*x, ly*y) for (x, y) in tshape]
|
|
t0, t1 = math.sin(tiltangle), math.cos(tiltangle)
|
|
shape = [(t1*x+t0*y, -t0*x+t1*y) for (x, y) in shape]
|
|
shape = self._polytrafo(shape)
|
|
fc, oc = self._fillcolor, self._pencolor
|
|
screen._drawpoly(titem, shape, fill=fc, outline=oc,
|
|
width=w, top=True)
|
|
elif ttype == "image":
|
|
screen._drawimage(titem, self._position, tshape)
|
|
elif ttype == "compound":
|
|
lx, ly = self._stretchfactor
|
|
w = self._outlinewidth
|
|
for item, (poly, fc, oc) in zip(titem, tshape):
|
|
poly = [(lx*x, ly*y) for (x, y) in poly]
|
|
poly = self._polytrafo(poly)
|
|
screen._drawpoly(item, poly, fill=self._cc(fc),
|
|
outline=self._cc(oc), width=w, top=True)
|
|
else:
|
|
if self._hidden_from_screen:
|
|
return
|
|
if ttype == "polygon":
|
|
screen._drawpoly(titem, ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), "", "")
|
|
elif ttype == "image":
|
|
screen._drawimage(titem, self._position,
|
|
screen._shapes["blank"]._data)
|
|
elif ttype == "compound":
|
|
for item in titem:
|
|
screen._drawpoly(item, ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), "", "")
|
|
self._hidden_from_screen = True
|
|
|
|
############################## stamp stuff ###############################
|
|
|
|
def stamp(self):
|
|
"""Stamp a copy of the turtleshape onto the canvas and return its id.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current
|
|
turtle position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be
|
|
used to delete it by calling clearstamp(stamp_id).
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.color("blue")
|
|
>>> turtle.stamp()
|
|
13
|
|
>>> turtle.fd(50)
|
|
"""
|
|
screen = self.screen
|
|
shape = screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]
|
|
ttype = shape._type
|
|
tshape = shape._data
|
|
if ttype == "polygon":
|
|
stitem = screen._createpoly()
|
|
if self._resizemode == "noresize":
|
|
w = 1
|
|
shape = tshape
|
|
else:
|
|
if self._resizemode == "auto":
|
|
lx = ly = max(1, self._pensize/5.0)
|
|
w = self._pensize
|
|
tiltangle = 0
|
|
elif self._resizemode == "user":
|
|
lx, ly = self._stretchfactor
|
|
w = self._outlinewidth
|
|
tiltangle = self._tilt
|
|
shape = [(lx*x, ly*y) for (x, y) in tshape]
|
|
t0, t1 = math.sin(tiltangle), math.cos(tiltangle)
|
|
shape = [(t1*x+t0*y, -t0*x+t1*y) for (x, y) in shape]
|
|
shape = self._polytrafo(shape)
|
|
fc, oc = self._fillcolor, self._pencolor
|
|
screen._drawpoly(stitem, shape, fill=fc, outline=oc,
|
|
width=w, top=True)
|
|
elif ttype == "image":
|
|
stitem = screen._createimage("")
|
|
screen._drawimage(stitem, self._position, tshape)
|
|
elif ttype == "compound":
|
|
stitem = []
|
|
for element in tshape:
|
|
item = screen._createpoly()
|
|
stitem.append(item)
|
|
stitem = tuple(stitem)
|
|
lx, ly = self._stretchfactor
|
|
w = self._outlinewidth
|
|
for item, (poly, fc, oc) in zip(stitem, tshape):
|
|
poly = [(lx*x, ly*y) for (x, y) in poly]
|
|
poly = self._polytrafo(poly)
|
|
screen._drawpoly(item, poly, fill=self._cc(fc),
|
|
outline=self._cc(oc), width=w, top=True)
|
|
self.stampItems.append(stitem)
|
|
self.undobuffer.push(("stamp", stitem))
|
|
return stitem
|
|
|
|
def _clearstamp(self, stampid):
|
|
"""does the work for clearstamp() and clearstamps()
|
|
"""
|
|
if stampid in self.stampItems:
|
|
if isinstance(stampid, tuple):
|
|
for subitem in stampid:
|
|
self.screen._delete(subitem)
|
|
else:
|
|
self.screen._delete(stampid)
|
|
self.stampItems.remove(stampid)
|
|
# Delete stampitem from undobuffer if necessary
|
|
# if clearstamp is called directly.
|
|
item = ("stamp", stampid)
|
|
buf = self.undobuffer
|
|
if item not in buf.buffer:
|
|
return
|
|
index = buf.buffer.index(item)
|
|
buf.buffer.remove(item)
|
|
if index <= buf.ptr:
|
|
buf.ptr = (buf.ptr - 1) % buf.bufsize
|
|
buf.buffer.insert((buf.ptr+1)%buf.bufsize, [None])
|
|
|
|
def clearstamp(self, stampid):
|
|
"""Delete stamp with given stampid
|
|
|
|
Argument:
|
|
stampid - an integer, must be return value of previous stamp() call.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.color("blue")
|
|
>>> astamp = turtle.stamp()
|
|
>>> turtle.fd(50)
|
|
>>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp)
|
|
"""
|
|
self._clearstamp(stampid)
|
|
self._update()
|
|
|
|
def clearstamps(self, n=None):
|
|
"""Delete all or first/last n of turtle's stamps.
|
|
|
|
Optional argument:
|
|
n -- an integer
|
|
|
|
If n is None, delete all of pen's stamps,
|
|
else if n > 0 delete first n stamps
|
|
else if n < 0 delete last n stamps.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> for i in range(8):
|
|
turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30)
|
|
...
|
|
>>> turtle.clearstamps(2)
|
|
>>> turtle.clearstamps(-2)
|
|
>>> turtle.clearstamps()
|
|
"""
|
|
if n is None:
|
|
toDelete = self.stampItems[:]
|
|
elif n >= 0:
|
|
toDelete = self.stampItems[:n]
|
|
else:
|
|
toDelete = self.stampItems[n:]
|
|
for item in toDelete:
|
|
self._clearstamp(item)
|
|
self._update()
|
|
|
|
def _goto(self, end):
|
|
"""Move the pen to the point end, thereby drawing a line
|
|
if pen is down. All other methodes for turtle movement depend
|
|
on this one.
|
|
"""
|
|
## Version mit undo-stuff
|
|
go_modes = ( self._drawing,
|
|
self._pencolor,
|
|
self._pensize,
|
|
isinstance(self._fillpath, list))
|
|
screen = self.screen
|
|
undo_entry = ("go", self._position, end, go_modes,
|
|
(self.currentLineItem,
|
|
self.currentLine[:],
|
|
screen._pointlist(self.currentLineItem),
|
|
self.items[:])
|
|
)
|
|
if self.undobuffer:
|
|
self.undobuffer.push(undo_entry)
|
|
start = self._position
|
|
if self._speed and screen._tracing == 1:
|
|
diff = (end-start)
|
|
diffsq = (diff[0]*screen.xscale)**2 + (diff[1]*screen.yscale)**2
|
|
nhops = 1+int((diffsq**0.5)/(3*(1.1**self._speed)*self._speed))
|
|
delta = diff * (1.0/nhops)
|
|
for n in range(1, nhops):
|
|
if n == 1:
|
|
top = True
|
|
else:
|
|
top = False
|
|
self._position = start + delta * n
|
|
if self._drawing:
|
|
screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem,
|
|
(start, self._position),
|
|
self._pencolor, self._pensize, top)
|
|
self._update()
|
|
if self._drawing:
|
|
screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem, ((0, 0), (0, 0)),
|
|
fill="", width=self._pensize)
|
|
# Turtle now at end,
|
|
if self._drawing: # now update currentLine
|
|
self.currentLine.append(end)
|
|
if isinstance(self._fillpath, list):
|
|
self._fillpath.append(end)
|
|
###### vererbung!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
|
|
self._position = end
|
|
if self._creatingPoly:
|
|
self._poly.append(end)
|
|
if len(self.currentLine) > 42: # 42! answer to the ultimate question
|
|
# of life, the universe and everything
|
|
self._newLine()
|
|
self._update() #count=True)
|
|
|
|
def _undogoto(self, entry):
|
|
"""Reverse a _goto. Used for undo()
|
|
"""
|
|
old, new, go_modes, coodata = entry
|
|
drawing, pc, ps, filling = go_modes
|
|
cLI, cL, pl, items = coodata
|
|
screen = self.screen
|
|
if abs(self._position - new) > 0.5:
|
|
print "undogoto: HALLO-DA-STIMMT-WAS-NICHT!"
|
|
# restore former situation
|
|
self.currentLineItem = cLI
|
|
self.currentLine = cL
|
|
|
|
if pl == [(0, 0), (0, 0)]:
|
|
usepc = ""
|
|
else:
|
|
usepc = pc
|
|
screen._drawline(cLI, pl, fill=usepc, width=ps)
|
|
|
|
todelete = [i for i in self.items if (i not in items) and
|
|
(screen._type(i) == "line")]
|
|
for i in todelete:
|
|
screen._delete(i)
|
|
self.items.remove(i)
|
|
|
|
start = old
|
|
if self._speed and screen._tracing == 1:
|
|
diff = old - new
|
|
diffsq = (diff[0]*screen.xscale)**2 + (diff[1]*screen.yscale)**2
|
|
nhops = 1+int((diffsq**0.5)/(3*(1.1**self._speed)*self._speed))
|
|
delta = diff * (1.0/nhops)
|
|
for n in range(1, nhops):
|
|
if n == 1:
|
|
top = True
|
|
else:
|
|
top = False
|
|
self._position = new + delta * n
|
|
if drawing:
|
|
screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem,
|
|
(start, self._position),
|
|
pc, ps, top)
|
|
self._update()
|
|
if drawing:
|
|
screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem, ((0, 0), (0, 0)),
|
|
fill="", width=ps)
|
|
# Turtle now at position old,
|
|
self._position = old
|
|
## if undo is done during creating a polygon, the last vertex
|
|
## will be deleted. if the polygon is entirely deleted,
|
|
## creatingPoly will be set to False.
|
|
## Polygons created before the last one will not be affected by undo()
|
|
if self._creatingPoly:
|
|
if len(self._poly) > 0:
|
|
self._poly.pop()
|
|
if self._poly == []:
|
|
self._creatingPoly = False
|
|
self._poly = None
|
|
if filling:
|
|
if self._fillpath == []:
|
|
self._fillpath = None
|
|
print "Unwahrscheinlich in _undogoto!"
|
|
elif self._fillpath is not None:
|
|
self._fillpath.pop()
|
|
self._update() #count=True)
|
|
|
|
def _rotate(self, angle):
|
|
"""Turns pen clockwise by angle.
|
|
"""
|
|
if self.undobuffer:
|
|
self.undobuffer.push(("rot", angle, self._degreesPerAU))
|
|
angle *= self._degreesPerAU
|
|
neworient = self._orient.rotate(angle)
|
|
tracing = self.screen._tracing
|
|
if tracing == 1 and self._speed > 0:
|
|
anglevel = 3.0 * self._speed
|
|
steps = 1 + int(abs(angle)/anglevel)
|
|
delta = 1.0*angle/steps
|
|
for _ in range(steps):
|
|
self._orient = self._orient.rotate(delta)
|
|
self._update()
|
|
self._orient = neworient
|
|
self._update()
|
|
|
|
def _newLine(self, usePos=True):
|
|
"""Closes current line item and starts a new one.
|
|
Remark: if current line became too long, animation
|
|
performance (via _drawline) slowed down considerably.
|
|
"""
|
|
if len(self.currentLine) > 1:
|
|
self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, self.currentLine,
|
|
self._pencolor, self._pensize)
|
|
self.currentLineItem = self.screen._createline()
|
|
self.items.append(self.currentLineItem)
|
|
else:
|
|
self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, top=True)
|
|
self.currentLine = []
|
|
if usePos:
|
|
self.currentLine = [self._position]
|
|
|
|
def fill(self, flag=None):
|
|
"""Call fill(True) before drawing a shape to fill, fill(False) when done.
|
|
|
|
Optional argument:
|
|
flag -- True/False (or 1/0 respectively)
|
|
|
|
Call fill(True) before drawing the shape you want to fill,
|
|
and fill(False) when done.
|
|
When used without argument: return fillstate (True if filling,
|
|
False else)
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.fill(True)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.fill(False)
|
|
"""
|
|
filling = isinstance(self._fillpath, list)
|
|
if flag is None:
|
|
return filling
|
|
screen = self.screen
|
|
entry1 = entry2 = ()
|
|
if filling:
|
|
if len(self._fillpath) > 2:
|
|
self.screen._drawpoly(self._fillitem, self._fillpath,
|
|
fill=self._fillcolor)
|
|
entry1 = ("dofill", self._fillitem)
|
|
if flag:
|
|
self._fillitem = self.screen._createpoly()
|
|
self.items.append(self._fillitem)
|
|
self._fillpath = [self._position]
|
|
entry2 = ("beginfill", self._fillitem) # , self._fillpath)
|
|
self._newLine()
|
|
else:
|
|
self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None
|
|
if self.undobuffer:
|
|
if entry1 == ():
|
|
if entry2 != ():
|
|
self.undobuffer.push(entry2)
|
|
else:
|
|
if entry2 == ():
|
|
self.undobuffer.push(entry1)
|
|
else:
|
|
self.undobuffer.push(["seq", entry1, entry2])
|
|
self._update()
|
|
|
|
def begin_fill(self):
|
|
"""Called just before drawing a shape to be filled.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.end_fill()
|
|
"""
|
|
self.fill(True)
|
|
|
|
def end_fill(self):
|
|
"""Fill the shape drawn after the call begin_fill().
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.left(90)
|
|
>>> turtle.forward(100)
|
|
>>> turtle.end_fill()
|
|
"""
|
|
self.fill(False)
|
|
|
|
def dot(self, size=None, *color):
|
|
"""Draw a dot with diameter size, using color.
|
|
|
|
Optional arguments:
|
|
size -- an integer >= 1 (if given)
|
|
color -- a colorstring or a numeric color tuple
|
|
|
|
Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color.
|
|
If size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.dot()
|
|
>>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50)
|
|
"""
|
|
#print "dot-1:", size, color
|
|
if not color:
|
|
if isinstance(size, (str, tuple)):
|
|
color = self._colorstr(size)
|
|
size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4)
|
|
else:
|
|
color = self._pencolor
|
|
if not size:
|
|
size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4)
|
|
else:
|
|
if size is None:
|
|
size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4)
|
|
color = self._colorstr(color)
|
|
#print "dot-2:", size, color
|
|
if hasattr(self.screen, "_dot"):
|
|
item = self.screen._dot(self._position, size, color)
|
|
#print "dot:", size, color, "item:", item
|
|
self.items.append(item)
|
|
if self.undobuffer:
|
|
self.undobuffer.push(("dot", item))
|
|
else:
|
|
pen = self.pen()
|
|
if self.undobuffer:
|
|
self.undobuffer.push(["seq"])
|
|
self.undobuffer.cumulate = True
|
|
try:
|
|
if self.resizemode() == 'auto':
|
|
self.ht()
|
|
self.pendown()
|
|
self.pensize(size)
|
|
self.pencolor(color)
|
|
self.forward(0)
|
|
finally:
|
|
self.pen(pen)
|
|
if self.undobuffer:
|
|
self.undobuffer.cumulate = False
|
|
|
|
def _write(self, txt, align, font):
|
|
"""Performs the writing for write()
|
|
"""
|
|
item, end = self.screen._write(self._position, txt, align, font,
|
|
self._pencolor)
|
|
self.items.append(item)
|
|
if self.undobuffer:
|
|
self.undobuffer.push(("wri", item))
|
|
return end
|
|
|
|
def write(self, arg, move=False, align="left", font=("Arial", 8, "normal")):
|
|
"""Write text at the current turtle position.
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
arg -- info, which is to be written to the TurtleScreen
|
|
move (optional) -- True/False
|
|
align (optional) -- one of the strings "left", "center" or right"
|
|
font (optional) -- a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype)
|
|
|
|
Write text - the string representation of arg - at the current
|
|
turtle position according to align ("left", "center" or right")
|
|
and with the given font.
|
|
If move is True, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner
|
|
of the text. By default, move is False.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.write('Home = ', True, align="center")
|
|
>>> turtle.write((0,0), True)
|
|
"""
|
|
if self.undobuffer:
|
|
self.undobuffer.push(["seq"])
|
|
self.undobuffer.cumulate = True
|
|
end = self._write(str(arg), align.lower(), font)
|
|
if move:
|
|
x, y = self.pos()
|
|
self.setpos(end, y)
|
|
if self.undobuffer:
|
|
self.undobuffer.cumulate = False
|
|
|
|
def begin_poly(self):
|
|
"""Start recording the vertices of a polygon.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position
|
|
is first point of polygon.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.begin_poly()
|
|
"""
|
|
self._poly = [self._position]
|
|
self._creatingPoly = True
|
|
|
|
def end_poly(self):
|
|
"""Stop recording the vertices of a polygon.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is
|
|
last point of polygon. This will be connected with the first point.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.end_poly()
|
|
"""
|
|
self._creatingPoly = False
|
|
|
|
def get_poly(self):
|
|
"""Return the lastly recorded polygon.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> p = turtle.get_poly()
|
|
>>> turtle.register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)
|
|
"""
|
|
## check if there is any poly? -- 1st solution:
|
|
if self._poly is not None:
|
|
return tuple(self._poly)
|
|
|
|
def getscreen(self):
|
|
"""Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
|
|
So TurtleScreen-methods can be called for that object.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> ts = turtle.getscreen()
|
|
>>> ts
|
|
<turtle.TurtleScreen object at 0x0106B770>
|
|
>>> ts.bgcolor("pink")
|
|
"""
|
|
return self.screen
|
|
|
|
def getturtle(self):
|
|
"""Return the Turtleobject itself.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle':
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
>>> pet = getturtle()
|
|
>>> pet.fd(50)
|
|
>>> pet
|
|
<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>
|
|
>>> turtles()
|
|
[<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>]
|
|
"""
|
|
return self
|
|
|
|
getpen = getturtle
|
|
|
|
|
|
################################################################
|
|
### screen oriented methods recurring to methods of TurtleScreen
|
|
################################################################
|
|
|
|
def window_width(self):
|
|
""" Returns the width of the turtle window.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.window_width()
|
|
640
|
|
"""
|
|
return self.screen._window_size()[0]
|
|
|
|
def window_height(self):
|
|
""" Return the height of the turtle window.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.window_height()
|
|
480
|
|
"""
|
|
return self.screen._window_size()[1]
|
|
|
|
def _delay(self, delay=None):
|
|
"""Set delay value which determines speed of turtle animation.
|
|
"""
|
|
return self.screen.delay(delay)
|
|
|
|
##### event binding methods #####
|
|
|
|
def onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None):
|
|
"""Bind fun to mouse-click event on this turtle on canvas.
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
|
|
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
|
|
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
|
|
add -- True or False. If True, new binding will be added, otherwise
|
|
it will replace a former binding.
|
|
|
|
Example for the anonymous turtle, i. e. the procedural way:
|
|
|
|
>>> def turn(x, y):
|
|
left(360)
|
|
|
|
>>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it.
|
|
>>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed
|
|
"""
|
|
self.screen._onclick(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add)
|
|
self._update()
|
|
|
|
def onrelease(self, fun, btn=1, add=None):
|
|
"""Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on this turtle on canvas.
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
|
|
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
|
|
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
|
|
|
|
Example (for a MyTurtle instance named joe):
|
|
>>> class MyTurtle(Turtle):
|
|
def glow(self,x,y):
|
|
self.fillcolor("red")
|
|
def unglow(self,x,y):
|
|
self.fillcolor("")
|
|
|
|
>>> joe = MyTurtle()
|
|
>>> joe.onclick(joe.glow)
|
|
>>> joe.onrelease(joe.unglow)
|
|
### clicking on joe turns fillcolor red,
|
|
### unclicking turns it to transparent.
|
|
"""
|
|
self.screen._onrelease(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add)
|
|
self._update()
|
|
|
|
def ondrag(self, fun, btn=1, add=None):
|
|
"""Bind fun to mouse-move event on this turtle on canvas.
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
|
|
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
|
|
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
|
|
|
|
Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a
|
|
mouse-click event on that turtle.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto)
|
|
|
|
### Subsequently clicking and dragging a Turtle will
|
|
### move it across the screen thereby producing handdrawings
|
|
### (if pen is down).
|
|
"""
|
|
self.screen._ondrag(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _undo(self, action, data):
|
|
"""Does the main part of the work for undo()
|
|
"""
|
|
if self.undobuffer is None:
|
|
return
|
|
if action == "rot":
|
|
angle, degPAU = data
|
|
self._rotate(-angle*degPAU/self._degreesPerAU)
|
|
dummy = self.undobuffer.pop()
|
|
elif action == "stamp":
|
|
stitem = data[0]
|
|
self.clearstamp(stitem)
|
|
elif action == "go":
|
|
self._undogoto(data)
|
|
elif action in ["wri", "dot"]:
|
|
item = data[0]
|
|
self.screen._delete(item)
|
|
self.items.remove(item)
|
|
elif action == "dofill":
|
|
item = data[0]
|
|
self.screen._drawpoly(item, ((0, 0),(0, 0),(0, 0)),
|
|
fill="", outline="")
|
|
elif action == "beginfill":
|
|
item = data[0]
|
|
self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None
|
|
self.screen._delete(item)
|
|
self.items.remove(item)
|
|
elif action == "pen":
|
|
TPen.pen(self, data[0])
|
|
self.undobuffer.pop()
|
|
|
|
def undo(self):
|
|
"""undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
|
|
|
|
No argument.
|
|
|
|
undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
|
|
Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of
|
|
the undobuffer.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
|
|
>>> for i in range(4):
|
|
turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80)
|
|
|
|
>>> for i in range(8):
|
|
turtle.undo()
|
|
"""
|
|
if self.undobuffer is None:
|
|
return
|
|
item = self.undobuffer.pop()
|
|
action = item[0]
|
|
data = item[1:]
|
|
if action == "seq":
|
|
while data:
|
|
item = data.pop()
|
|
self._undo(item[0], item[1:])
|
|
else:
|
|
self._undo(action, data)
|
|
|
|
turtlesize = shapesize
|
|
|
|
RawPen = RawTurtle
|
|
|
|
### Screen - Singleton ########################
|
|
|
|
def Screen():
|
|
"""Return the singleton screen object.
|
|
If none exists at the moment, create a new one and return it,
|
|
else return the existing one."""
|
|
if Turtle._screen is None:
|
|
Turtle._screen = _Screen()
|
|
return Turtle._screen
|
|
|
|
class _Screen(TurtleScreen):
|
|
|
|
_root = None
|
|
_canvas = None
|
|
_title = _CFG["title"]
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self):
|
|
# XXX there is no need for this code to be conditional,
|
|
# as there will be only a single _Screen instance, anyway
|
|
# XXX actually, the turtle demo is injecting root window,
|
|
# so perhaps the conditional creation of a root should be
|
|
# preserved (perhaps by passing it as an optional parameter)
|
|
if _Screen._root is None:
|
|
_Screen._root = self._root = _Root()
|
|
self._root.title(_Screen._title)
|
|
self._root.ondestroy(self._destroy)
|
|
if _Screen._canvas is None:
|
|
width = _CFG["width"]
|
|
height = _CFG["height"]
|
|
canvwidth = _CFG["canvwidth"]
|
|
canvheight = _CFG["canvheight"]
|
|
leftright = _CFG["leftright"]
|
|
topbottom = _CFG["topbottom"]
|
|
self._root.setupcanvas(width, height, canvwidth, canvheight)
|
|
_Screen._canvas = self._root._getcanvas()
|
|
TurtleScreen.__init__(self, _Screen._canvas)
|
|
self.setup(width, height, leftright, topbottom)
|
|
|
|
def setup(self, width=_CFG["width"], height=_CFG["height"],
|
|
startx=_CFG["leftright"], starty=_CFG["topbottom"]):
|
|
""" Set the size and position of the main window.
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
width: as integer a size in pixels, as float a fraction of the screen.
|
|
Default is 50% of screen.
|
|
height: as integer the height in pixels, as float a fraction of the
|
|
screen. Default is 75% of screen.
|
|
startx: if positive, starting position in pixels from the left
|
|
edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge
|
|
Default, startx=None is to center window horizontally.
|
|
starty: if positive, starting position in pixels from the top
|
|
edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge
|
|
Default, starty=None is to center window vertically.
|
|
|
|
Examples (for a Screen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0)
|
|
|
|
sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen
|
|
|
|
>>> screen.setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None)
|
|
|
|
sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers
|
|
"""
|
|
if not hasattr(self._root, "set_geometry"):
|
|
return
|
|
sw = self._root.win_width()
|
|
sh = self._root.win_height()
|
|
if isinstance(width, float) and 0 <= width <= 1:
|
|
width = sw*width
|
|
if startx is None:
|
|
startx = (sw - width) / 2
|
|
if isinstance(height, float) and 0 <= height <= 1:
|
|
height = sh*height
|
|
if starty is None:
|
|
starty = (sh - height) / 2
|
|
self._root.set_geometry(width, height, startx, starty)
|
|
self.update()
|
|
|
|
def title(self, titlestring):
|
|
"""Set title of turtle-window
|
|
|
|
Argument:
|
|
titlestring -- a string, to appear in the titlebar of the
|
|
turtle graphics window.
|
|
|
|
This is a method of Screen-class. Not available for TurtleScreen-
|
|
objects.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Screen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.title("Welcome to the turtle-zoo!")
|
|
"""
|
|
if _Screen._root is not None:
|
|
_Screen._root.title(titlestring)
|
|
_Screen._title = titlestring
|
|
|
|
def _destroy(self):
|
|
root = self._root
|
|
if root is _Screen._root:
|
|
Turtle._pen = None
|
|
Turtle._screen = None
|
|
_Screen._root = None
|
|
_Screen._canvas = None
|
|
TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True
|
|
root.destroy()
|
|
|
|
def bye(self):
|
|
"""Shut the turtlegraphics window.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.bye()
|
|
"""
|
|
self._destroy()
|
|
|
|
def exitonclick(self):
|
|
"""Go into mainloop until the mouse is clicked.
|
|
|
|
No arguments.
|
|
|
|
Bind bye() method to mouseclick on TurtleScreen.
|
|
If "using_IDLE" - value in configuration dictionary is False
|
|
(default value), enter mainloop.
|
|
If IDLE with -n switch (no subprocess) is used, this value should be
|
|
set to True in turtle.cfg. In this case IDLE's mainloop
|
|
is active also for the client script.
|
|
|
|
This is a method of the Screen-class and not available for
|
|
TurtleScreen instances.
|
|
|
|
Example (for a Screen instance named screen):
|
|
>>> screen.exitonclick()
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
def exitGracefully(x, y):
|
|
"""Screen.bye() with two dummy-parameters"""
|
|
self.bye()
|
|
self.onclick(exitGracefully)
|
|
if _CFG["using_IDLE"]:
|
|
return
|
|
try:
|
|
mainloop()
|
|
except AttributeError:
|
|
exit(0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Turtle(RawTurtle):
|
|
"""RawTurtle auto-creating (scrolled) canvas.
|
|
|
|
When a Turtle object is created or a function derived from some
|
|
Turtle method is called a TurtleScreen object is automatically created.
|
|
"""
|
|
_pen = None
|
|
_screen = None
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self,
|
|
shape=_CFG["shape"],
|
|
undobuffersize=_CFG["undobuffersize"],
|
|
visible=_CFG["visible"]):
|
|
if Turtle._screen is None:
|
|
Turtle._screen = Screen()
|
|
RawTurtle.__init__(self, Turtle._screen,
|
|
shape=shape,
|
|
undobuffersize=undobuffersize,
|
|
visible=visible)
|
|
|
|
Pen = Turtle
|
|
|
|
def _getpen():
|
|
"""Create the 'anonymous' turtle if not already present."""
|
|
if Turtle._pen is None:
|
|
Turtle._pen = Turtle()
|
|
return Turtle._pen
|
|
|
|
def _getscreen():
|
|
"""Create a TurtleScreen if not already present."""
|
|
if Turtle._screen is None:
|
|
Turtle._screen = Screen()
|
|
return Turtle._screen
|
|
|
|
def write_docstringdict(filename="turtle_docstringdict"):
|
|
"""Create and write docstring-dictionary to file.
|
|
|
|
Optional argument:
|
|
filename -- a string, used as filename
|
|
default value is turtle_docstringdict
|
|
|
|
Has to be called explicitly, (not used by the turtle-graphics classes)
|
|
The docstring dictionary will be written to the Python script <filname>.py
|
|
It is intended to serve as a template for translation of the docstrings
|
|
into different languages.
|
|
"""
|
|
docsdict = {}
|
|
|
|
for methodname in _tg_screen_functions:
|
|
key = "_Screen."+methodname
|
|
docsdict[key] = eval(key).__doc__
|
|
for methodname in _tg_turtle_functions:
|
|
key = "Turtle."+methodname
|
|
docsdict[key] = eval(key).__doc__
|
|
|
|
f = open("%s.py" % filename,"w")
|
|
keys = sorted([x for x in docsdict.keys()
|
|
if x.split('.')[1] not in _alias_list])
|
|
f.write('docsdict = {\n\n')
|
|
for key in keys[:-1]:
|
|
f.write('%s :\n' % repr(key))
|
|
f.write(' """%s\n""",\n\n' % docsdict[key])
|
|
key = keys[-1]
|
|
f.write('%s :\n' % repr(key))
|
|
f.write(' """%s\n"""\n\n' % docsdict[key])
|
|
f.write("}\n")
|
|
f.close()
|
|
|
|
def read_docstrings(lang):
|
|
"""Read in docstrings from lang-specific docstring dictionary.
|
|
|
|
Transfer docstrings, translated to lang, from a dictionary-file
|
|
to the methods of classes Screen and Turtle and - in revised form -
|
|
to the corresponding functions.
|
|
"""
|
|
modname = "turtle_docstringdict_%(language)s" % {'language':lang.lower()}
|
|
module = __import__(modname)
|
|
docsdict = module.docsdict
|
|
for key in docsdict:
|
|
#print key
|
|
try:
|
|
eval(key).im_func.__doc__ = docsdict[key]
|
|
except:
|
|
print "Bad docstring-entry: %s" % key
|
|
|
|
_LANGUAGE = _CFG["language"]
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
if _LANGUAGE != "english":
|
|
read_docstrings(_LANGUAGE)
|
|
except ImportError:
|
|
print "Cannot find docsdict for", _LANGUAGE
|
|
except:
|
|
print ("Unknown Error when trying to import %s-docstring-dictionary" %
|
|
_LANGUAGE)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def getmethparlist(ob):
|
|
"Get strings describing the arguments for the given object"
|
|
argText1 = argText2 = ""
|
|
# bit of a hack for methods - turn it into a function
|
|
# but we drop the "self" param.
|
|
if type(ob)==types.MethodType:
|
|
fob = ob.im_func
|
|
argOffset = 1
|
|
else:
|
|
fob = ob
|
|
argOffset = 0
|
|
# Try and build one for Python defined functions
|
|
if type(fob) in [types.FunctionType, types.LambdaType]:
|
|
try:
|
|
counter = fob.func_code.co_argcount
|
|
items2 = list(fob.func_code.co_varnames[argOffset:counter])
|
|
realArgs = fob.func_code.co_varnames[argOffset:counter]
|
|
defaults = fob.func_defaults or []
|
|
defaults = list(map(lambda name: "=%s" % repr(name), defaults))
|
|
defaults = [""] * (len(realArgs)-len(defaults)) + defaults
|
|
items1 = map(lambda arg, dflt: arg+dflt, realArgs, defaults)
|
|
if fob.func_code.co_flags & 0x4:
|
|
items1.append("*"+fob.func_code.co_varnames[counter])
|
|
items2.append("*"+fob.func_code.co_varnames[counter])
|
|
counter += 1
|
|
if fob.func_code.co_flags & 0x8:
|
|
items1.append("**"+fob.func_code.co_varnames[counter])
|
|
items2.append("**"+fob.func_code.co_varnames[counter])
|
|
argText1 = ", ".join(items1)
|
|
argText1 = "(%s)" % argText1
|
|
argText2 = ", ".join(items2)
|
|
argText2 = "(%s)" % argText2
|
|
except:
|
|
pass
|
|
return argText1, argText2
|
|
|
|
def _turtle_docrevise(docstr):
|
|
"""To reduce docstrings from RawTurtle class for functions
|
|
"""
|
|
import re
|
|
if docstr is None:
|
|
return None
|
|
turtlename = _CFG["exampleturtle"]
|
|
newdocstr = docstr.replace("%s." % turtlename,"")
|
|
parexp = re.compile(r' \(.+ %s\):' % turtlename)
|
|
newdocstr = parexp.sub(":", newdocstr)
|
|
return newdocstr
|
|
|
|
def _screen_docrevise(docstr):
|
|
"""To reduce docstrings from TurtleScreen class for functions
|
|
"""
|
|
import re
|
|
if docstr is None:
|
|
return None
|
|
screenname = _CFG["examplescreen"]
|
|
newdocstr = docstr.replace("%s." % screenname,"")
|
|
parexp = re.compile(r' \(.+ %s\):' % screenname)
|
|
newdocstr = parexp.sub(":", newdocstr)
|
|
return newdocstr
|
|
|
|
## The following mechanism makes all methods of RawTurtle and Turtle available
|
|
## as functions. So we can enhance, change, add, delete methods to these
|
|
## classes and do not need to change anything here.
|
|
|
|
|
|
for methodname in _tg_screen_functions:
|
|
pl1, pl2 = getmethparlist(eval('_Screen.' + methodname))
|
|
if pl1 == "":
|
|
print ">>>>>>", pl1, pl2
|
|
continue
|
|
defstr = ("def %(key)s%(pl1)s: return _getscreen().%(key)s%(pl2)s" %
|
|
{'key':methodname, 'pl1':pl1, 'pl2':pl2})
|
|
exec defstr
|
|
eval(methodname).__doc__ = _screen_docrevise(eval('_Screen.'+methodname).__doc__)
|
|
|
|
for methodname in _tg_turtle_functions:
|
|
pl1, pl2 = getmethparlist(eval('Turtle.' + methodname))
|
|
if pl1 == "":
|
|
print ">>>>>>", pl1, pl2
|
|
continue
|
|
defstr = ("def %(key)s%(pl1)s: return _getpen().%(key)s%(pl2)s" %
|
|
{'key':methodname, 'pl1':pl1, 'pl2':pl2})
|
|
exec defstr
|
|
eval(methodname).__doc__ = _turtle_docrevise(eval('Turtle.'+methodname).__doc__)
|
|
|
|
|
|
done = mainloop = TK.mainloop
|
|
del pl1, pl2, defstr
|
|
|
|
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
|
def switchpen():
|
|
if isdown():
|
|
pu()
|
|
else:
|
|
pd()
|
|
|
|
def demo1():
|
|
"""Demo of old turtle.py - module"""
|
|
reset()
|
|
tracer(True)
|
|
up()
|
|
backward(100)
|
|
down()
|
|
# draw 3 squares; the last filled
|
|
width(3)
|
|
for i in range(3):
|
|
if i == 2:
|
|
fill(1)
|
|
for _ in range(4):
|
|
forward(20)
|
|
left(90)
|
|
if i == 2:
|
|
color("maroon")
|
|
fill(0)
|
|
up()
|
|
forward(30)
|
|
down()
|
|
width(1)
|
|
color("black")
|
|
# move out of the way
|
|
tracer(False)
|
|
up()
|
|
right(90)
|
|
forward(100)
|
|
right(90)
|
|
forward(100)
|
|
right(180)
|
|
down()
|
|
# some text
|
|
write("startstart", 1)
|
|
write("start", 1)
|
|
color("red")
|
|
# staircase
|
|
for i in range(5):
|
|
forward(20)
|
|
left(90)
|
|
forward(20)
|
|
right(90)
|
|
# filled staircase
|
|
tracer(True)
|
|
fill(1)
|
|
for i in range(5):
|
|
forward(20)
|
|
left(90)
|
|
forward(20)
|
|
right(90)
|
|
fill(0)
|
|
# more text
|
|
|
|
def demo2():
|
|
"""Demo of some new features."""
|
|
speed(1)
|
|
st()
|
|
pensize(3)
|
|
setheading(towards(0, 0))
|
|
radius = distance(0, 0)/2.0
|
|
rt(90)
|
|
for _ in range(18):
|
|
switchpen()
|
|
circle(radius, 10)
|
|
write("wait a moment...")
|
|
while undobufferentries():
|
|
undo()
|
|
reset()
|
|
lt(90)
|
|
colormode(255)
|
|
laenge = 10
|
|
pencolor("green")
|
|
pensize(3)
|
|
lt(180)
|
|
for i in range(-2, 16):
|
|
if i > 0:
|
|
begin_fill()
|
|
fillcolor(255-15*i, 0, 15*i)
|
|
for _ in range(3):
|
|
fd(laenge)
|
|
lt(120)
|
|
laenge += 10
|
|
lt(15)
|
|
speed((speed()+1)%12)
|
|
end_fill()
|
|
|
|
lt(120)
|
|
pu()
|
|
fd(70)
|
|
rt(30)
|
|
pd()
|
|
color("red","yellow")
|
|
speed(0)
|
|
fill(1)
|
|
for _ in range(4):
|
|
circle(50, 90)
|
|
rt(90)
|
|
fd(30)
|
|
rt(90)
|
|
fill(0)
|
|
lt(90)
|
|
pu()
|
|
fd(30)
|
|
pd()
|
|
shape("turtle")
|
|
|
|
tri = getturtle()
|
|
tri.resizemode("auto")
|
|
turtle = Turtle()
|
|
turtle.resizemode("auto")
|
|
turtle.shape("turtle")
|
|
turtle.reset()
|
|
turtle.left(90)
|
|
turtle.speed(0)
|
|
turtle.up()
|
|
turtle.goto(280, 40)
|
|
turtle.lt(30)
|
|
turtle.down()
|
|
turtle.speed(6)
|
|
turtle.color("blue","orange")
|
|
turtle.pensize(2)
|
|
tri.speed(6)
|
|
setheading(towards(turtle))
|
|
count = 1
|
|
while tri.distance(turtle) > 4:
|
|
turtle.fd(3.5)
|
|
turtle.lt(0.6)
|
|
tri.setheading(tri.towards(turtle))
|
|
tri.fd(4)
|
|
if count % 20 == 0:
|
|
turtle.stamp()
|
|
tri.stamp()
|
|
switchpen()
|
|
count += 1
|
|
tri.write("CAUGHT! ", font=("Arial", 16, "bold"), align="right")
|
|
tri.pencolor("black")
|
|
tri.pencolor("red")
|
|
|
|
def baba(xdummy, ydummy):
|
|
clearscreen()
|
|
bye()
|
|
|
|
time.sleep(2)
|
|
|
|
while undobufferentries():
|
|
tri.undo()
|
|
turtle.undo()
|
|
tri.fd(50)
|
|
tri.write(" Click me!", font = ("Courier", 12, "bold") )
|
|
tri.onclick(baba, 1)
|
|
|
|
demo1()
|
|
demo2()
|
|
exitonclick()
|