359 lines
13 KiB
ReStructuredText
359 lines
13 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`shutil` --- High-level file operations
|
|
============================================
|
|
|
|
.. module:: shutil
|
|
:synopsis: High-level file operations, including copying.
|
|
.. sectionauthor:: Fred L. Drake, Jr. <fdrake@acm.org>
|
|
.. partly based on the docstrings
|
|
|
|
.. index::
|
|
single: file; copying
|
|
single: copying files
|
|
|
|
**Source code:** :source:`Lib/shutil.py`
|
|
|
|
--------------
|
|
|
|
The :mod:`shutil` module offers a number of high-level operations on files and
|
|
collections of files. In particular, functions are provided which support file
|
|
copying and removal. For operations on individual files, see also the
|
|
:mod:`os` module.
|
|
|
|
.. warning::
|
|
|
|
Even the higher-level file copying functions (:func:`shutil.copy`,
|
|
:func:`shutil.copy2`) can't copy all file metadata.
|
|
|
|
On POSIX platforms, this means that file owner and group are lost as well
|
|
as ACLs. On Mac OS, the resource fork and other metadata are not used.
|
|
This means that resources will be lost and file type and creator codes will
|
|
not be correct. On Windows, file owners, ACLs and alternate data streams
|
|
are not copied.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _file-operations:
|
|
|
|
Directory and files operations
|
|
------------------------------
|
|
|
|
.. function:: copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
|
|
|
|
Copy the contents of the file-like object *fsrc* to the file-like object *fdst*.
|
|
The integer *length*, if given, is the buffer size. In particular, a negative
|
|
*length* value means to copy the data without looping over the source data in
|
|
chunks; by default the data is read in chunks to avoid uncontrolled memory
|
|
consumption. Note that if the current file position of the *fsrc* object is not
|
|
0, only the contents from the current file position to the end of the file will
|
|
be copied.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: copyfile(src, dst)
|
|
|
|
Copy the contents (no metadata) of the file named *src* to a file named
|
|
*dst*. *dst* must be the complete target file name; look at
|
|
:func:`shutil.copy` for a copy that accepts a target directory path. If
|
|
*src* and *dst* are the same files, :exc:`Error` is raised.
|
|
The destination location must be writable; otherwise, an :exc:`IOError` exception
|
|
will be raised. If *dst* already exists, it will be replaced. Special files
|
|
such as character or block devices and pipes cannot be copied with this
|
|
function. *src* and *dst* are path names given as strings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: copymode(src, dst)
|
|
|
|
Copy the permission bits from *src* to *dst*. The file contents, owner, and
|
|
group are unaffected. *src* and *dst* are path names given as strings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: copystat(src, dst)
|
|
|
|
Copy the permission bits, last access time, last modification time, and flags
|
|
from *src* to *dst*. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. *src*
|
|
and *dst* are path names given as strings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: copy(src, dst)
|
|
|
|
Copy the file *src* to the file or directory *dst*. If *dst* is a directory, a
|
|
file with the same basename as *src* is created (or overwritten) in the
|
|
directory specified. Permission bits are copied. *src* and *dst* are path
|
|
names given as strings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: copy2(src, dst)
|
|
|
|
Similar to :func:`shutil.copy`, but metadata is copied as well -- in fact,
|
|
this is just :func:`shutil.copy` followed by :func:`copystat`. This is
|
|
similar to the Unix command :program:`cp -p`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: ignore_patterns(\*patterns)
|
|
|
|
This factory function creates a function that can be used as a callable for
|
|
:func:`copytree`\'s *ignore* argument, ignoring files and directories that
|
|
match one of the glob-style *patterns* provided. See the example below.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 2.6
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
|
|
|
|
Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at *src*. The destination
|
|
directory, named by *dst*, must not already exist; it will be created as
|
|
well as missing parent directories. Permissions and times of directories
|
|
are copied with :func:`copystat`, individual files are copied using
|
|
:func:`shutil.copy2`.
|
|
|
|
If *symlinks* is true, symbolic links in the source tree are represented as
|
|
symbolic links in the new tree, but the metadata of the original links is NOT
|
|
copied; if false or omitted, the contents and metadata of the linked files
|
|
are copied to the new tree.
|
|
|
|
If *ignore* is given, it must be a callable that will receive as its
|
|
arguments the directory being visited by :func:`copytree`, and a list of its
|
|
contents, as returned by :func:`os.listdir`. Since :func:`copytree` is
|
|
called recursively, the *ignore* callable will be called once for each
|
|
directory that is copied. The callable must return a sequence of directory
|
|
and file names relative to the current directory (i.e. a subset of the items
|
|
in its second argument); these names will then be ignored in the copy
|
|
process. :func:`ignore_patterns` can be used to create such a callable that
|
|
ignores names based on glob-style patterns.
|
|
|
|
If exception(s) occur, an :exc:`Error` is raised with a list of reasons.
|
|
|
|
The source code for this should be considered an example rather than the
|
|
ultimate tool.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
|
|
:exc:`Error` is raised if any exceptions occur during copying, rather than
|
|
printing a message.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
|
|
Create intermediate directories needed to create *dst*, rather than raising an
|
|
error. Copy permissions and times of directories using :func:`copystat`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 2.6
|
|
Added the *ignore* argument to be able to influence what is being copied.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
|
|
|
|
.. index:: single: directory; deleting
|
|
|
|
Delete an entire directory tree; *path* must point to a directory (but not a
|
|
symbolic link to a directory). If *ignore_errors* is true, errors resulting
|
|
from failed removals will be ignored; if false or omitted, such errors are
|
|
handled by calling a handler specified by *onerror* or, if that is omitted,
|
|
they raise an exception.
|
|
|
|
If *onerror* is provided, it must be a callable that accepts three
|
|
parameters: *function*, *path*, and *excinfo*. The first parameter,
|
|
*function*, is the function which raised the exception; it will be
|
|
:func:`os.path.islink`, :func:`os.listdir`, :func:`os.remove` or
|
|
:func:`os.rmdir`. The second parameter, *path*, will be the path name passed
|
|
to *function*. The third parameter, *excinfo*, will be the exception
|
|
information return by :func:`sys.exc_info`. Exceptions raised by *onerror*
|
|
will not be caught.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 2.6
|
|
Explicitly check for *path* being a symbolic link and raise :exc:`OSError`
|
|
in that case.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: move(src, dst)
|
|
|
|
Recursively move a file or directory (*src*) to another location (*dst*).
|
|
|
|
If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, then *src* is
|
|
moved inside that directory.
|
|
|
|
The destination directory must not already exist. If the destination already
|
|
exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on
|
|
:func:`os.rename` semantics.
|
|
|
|
If the destination is on the current filesystem, then :func:`os.rename` is
|
|
used. Otherwise, *src* is copied (using :func:`shutil.copy2`) to *dst* and
|
|
then removed.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: Error
|
|
|
|
This exception collects exceptions that are raised during a multi-file
|
|
operation. For :func:`copytree`, the exception argument is a list of 3-tuples
|
|
(*srcname*, *dstname*, *exception*).
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _copytree-example:
|
|
|
|
copytree example
|
|
::::::::::::::::
|
|
|
|
This example is the implementation of the :func:`copytree` function, described
|
|
above, with the docstring omitted. It demonstrates many of the other functions
|
|
provided by this module. ::
|
|
|
|
def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None):
|
|
names = os.listdir(src)
|
|
if ignore is not None:
|
|
ignored_names = ignore(src, names)
|
|
else:
|
|
ignored_names = set()
|
|
|
|
os.makedirs(dst)
|
|
errors = []
|
|
for name in names:
|
|
if name in ignored_names:
|
|
continue
|
|
srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
|
|
dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
|
|
try:
|
|
if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
|
|
linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
|
|
os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
|
|
elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
|
|
copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore)
|
|
else:
|
|
copy2(srcname, dstname)
|
|
# XXX What about devices, sockets etc.?
|
|
except (IOError, os.error), why:
|
|
errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
|
|
# catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
|
|
# continue with other files
|
|
except Error, err:
|
|
errors.extend(err.args[0])
|
|
try:
|
|
copystat(src, dst)
|
|
except WindowsError:
|
|
# can't copy file access times on Windows
|
|
pass
|
|
except OSError, why:
|
|
errors.extend((src, dst, str(why)))
|
|
if errors:
|
|
raise Error(errors)
|
|
|
|
Another example that uses the :func:`ignore_patterns` helper::
|
|
|
|
from shutil import copytree, ignore_patterns
|
|
|
|
copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))
|
|
|
|
This will copy everything except ``.pyc`` files and files or directories whose
|
|
name starts with ``tmp``.
|
|
|
|
Another example that uses the *ignore* argument to add a logging call::
|
|
|
|
from shutil import copytree
|
|
import logging
|
|
|
|
def _logpath(path, names):
|
|
logging.info('Working in %s' % path)
|
|
return [] # nothing will be ignored
|
|
|
|
copytree(source, destination, ignore=_logpath)
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _archiving-operations:
|
|
|
|
Archiving operations
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
High-level utilities to create and read compressed and archived files are also
|
|
provided. They rely on the :mod:`zipfile` and :mod:`tarfile` modules.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: make_archive(base_name, format, [root_dir, [base_dir, [verbose, [dry_run, [owner, [group, [logger]]]]]]])
|
|
|
|
Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar) and returns its name.
|
|
|
|
*base_name* is the name of the file to create, including the path, minus
|
|
any format-specific extension. *format* is the archive format: one of
|
|
"zip", "tar", "bztar" or "gztar".
|
|
|
|
*root_dir* is a directory that will be the root directory of the
|
|
archive; ie. we typically chdir into *root_dir* before creating the
|
|
archive.
|
|
|
|
*base_dir* is the directory where we start archiving from;
|
|
ie. *base_dir* will be the common prefix of all files and
|
|
directories in the archive.
|
|
|
|
*root_dir* and *base_dir* both default to the current directory.
|
|
|
|
*owner* and *group* are used when creating a tar archive. By default,
|
|
uses the current owner and group.
|
|
|
|
*logger* must be an object compatible with :pep:`282`, usually an instance of
|
|
:class:`logging.Logger`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 2.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: get_archive_formats()
|
|
|
|
Return a list of supported formats for archiving.
|
|
Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple ``(name, description)``
|
|
|
|
By default :mod:`shutil` provides these formats:
|
|
|
|
- *gztar*: gzip'ed tar-file
|
|
- *bztar*: bzip2'ed tar-file
|
|
- *tar*: uncompressed tar file
|
|
- *zip*: ZIP file
|
|
|
|
You can register new formats or provide your own archiver for any existing
|
|
formats, by using :func:`register_archive_format`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 2.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: register_archive_format(name, function, [extra_args, [description]])
|
|
|
|
Register an archiver for the format *name*. *function* is a callable that
|
|
will be used to invoke the archiver.
|
|
|
|
If given, *extra_args* is a sequence of ``(name, value)`` that will be
|
|
used as extra keywords arguments when the archiver callable is used.
|
|
|
|
*description* is used by :func:`get_archive_formats` which returns the
|
|
list of archivers. Defaults to an empty list.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 2.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: unregister_archive_format(name)
|
|
|
|
Remove the archive format *name* from the list of supported formats.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 2.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _archiving-example:
|
|
|
|
Archiving example
|
|
:::::::::::::::::
|
|
|
|
In this example, we create a gzip'ed tar-file archive containing all files
|
|
found in the :file:`.ssh` directory of the user::
|
|
|
|
>>> from shutil import make_archive
|
|
>>> import os
|
|
>>> archive_name = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', 'myarchive'))
|
|
>>> root_dir = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', '.ssh'))
|
|
>>> make_archive(archive_name, 'gztar', root_dir)
|
|
'/Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz'
|
|
|
|
The resulting archive contains::
|
|
|
|
$ tar -tzvf /Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz
|
|
drwx------ tarek/staff 0 2010-02-01 16:23:40 ./
|
|
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./authorized_keys
|
|
-rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff 65 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./config
|
|
-rwx------ tarek/staff 668 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa
|
|
-rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff 609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa.pub
|
|
-rw------- tarek/staff 1675 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa
|
|
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 397 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa.pub
|
|
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 37192 2010-02-06 18:23:10 ./known_hosts
|