303 lines
13 KiB
ReStructuredText
303 lines
13 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _packaging-built-dist:
|
|
|
|
****************************
|
|
Creating Built Distributions
|
|
****************************
|
|
|
|
A "built distribution" is what you're probably used to thinking of either as a
|
|
"binary package" or an "installer" (depending on your background). It's not
|
|
necessarily binary, though, because it might contain only Python source code
|
|
and/or byte-code; and we don't call it a package, because that word is already
|
|
spoken for in Python. (And "installer" is a term specific to the world of
|
|
mainstream desktop systems.)
|
|
|
|
A built distribution is how you make life as easy as possible for installers of
|
|
your module distribution: for users of RPM-based Linux systems, it's a binary
|
|
RPM; for Windows users, it's an executable installer; for Debian-based Linux
|
|
users, it's a Debian package; and so forth. Obviously, no one person will be
|
|
able to create built distributions for every platform under the sun, so the
|
|
Distutils are designed to enable module developers to concentrate on their
|
|
specialty---writing code and creating source distributions---while an
|
|
intermediary species called *packagers* springs up to turn source distributions
|
|
into built distributions for as many platforms as there are packagers.
|
|
|
|
Of course, the module developer could be his own packager; or the packager could
|
|
be a volunteer "out there" somewhere who has access to a platform which the
|
|
original developer does not; or it could be software periodically grabbing new
|
|
source distributions and turning them into built distributions for as many
|
|
platforms as the software has access to. Regardless of who they are, a packager
|
|
uses the setup script and the :command:`bdist` command family to generate built
|
|
distributions.
|
|
|
|
As a simple example, if I run the following command in the Distutils source
|
|
tree::
|
|
|
|
python setup.py bdist
|
|
|
|
then the Distutils builds my module distribution (the Distutils itself in this
|
|
case), does a "fake" installation (also in the :file:`build` directory), and
|
|
creates the default type of built distribution for my platform. The default
|
|
format for built distributions is a "dumb" tar file on Unix, and a simple
|
|
executable installer on Windows. (That tar file is considered "dumb" because it
|
|
has to be unpacked in a specific location to work.)
|
|
|
|
Thus, the above command on a Unix system creates
|
|
:file:`Distutils-1.0.{plat}.tar.gz`; unpacking this tarball from the right place
|
|
installs the Distutils just as though you had downloaded the source distribution
|
|
and run ``python setup.py install``. (The "right place" is either the root of
|
|
the filesystem or Python's :file:`{prefix}` directory, depending on the options
|
|
given to the :command:`bdist_dumb` command; the default is to make dumb
|
|
distributions relative to :file:`{prefix}`.)
|
|
|
|
Obviously, for pure Python distributions, this isn't any simpler than just
|
|
running ``python setup.py install``\ ---but for non-pure distributions, which
|
|
include extensions that would need to be compiled, it can mean the difference
|
|
between someone being able to use your extensions or not. And creating "smart"
|
|
built distributions, such as an executable installer for
|
|
Windows, is far more convenient for users even if your distribution doesn't
|
|
include any extensions.
|
|
|
|
The :command:`bdist` command has a :option:`--formats` option, similar to the
|
|
:command:`sdist` command, which you can use to select the types of built
|
|
distribution to generate: for example, ::
|
|
|
|
python setup.py bdist --format=zip
|
|
|
|
would, when run on a Unix system, create :file:`Distutils-1.0.{plat}.zip`\
|
|
---again, this archive would be unpacked from the root directory to install the
|
|
Distutils.
|
|
|
|
The available formats for built distributions are:
|
|
|
|
+-------------+------------------------------+---------+
|
|
| Format | Description | Notes |
|
|
+=============+==============================+=========+
|
|
| ``gztar`` | gzipped tar file | (1),(3) |
|
|
| | (:file:`.tar.gz`) | |
|
|
+-------------+------------------------------+---------+
|
|
| ``tar`` | tar file (:file:`.tar`) | \(3) |
|
|
+-------------+------------------------------+---------+
|
|
| ``zip`` | zip file (:file:`.zip`) | (2),(4) |
|
|
+-------------+------------------------------+---------+
|
|
| ``wininst`` | self-extracting ZIP file for | \(4) |
|
|
| | Windows | |
|
|
+-------------+------------------------------+---------+
|
|
| ``msi`` | Microsoft Installer. | |
|
|
+-------------+------------------------------+---------+
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
default on Unix
|
|
|
|
(2)
|
|
default on Windows
|
|
|
|
(3)
|
|
requires external utilities: :program:`tar` and possibly one of :program:`gzip`
|
|
or :program:`bzip2`
|
|
|
|
(4)
|
|
requires either external :program:`zip` utility or :mod:`zipfile` module (part
|
|
of the standard Python library since Python 1.6)
|
|
|
|
You don't have to use the :command:`bdist` command with the :option:`--formats`
|
|
option; you can also use the command that directly implements the format you're
|
|
interested in. Some of these :command:`bdist` "sub-commands" actually generate
|
|
several similar formats; for instance, the :command:`bdist_dumb` command
|
|
generates all the "dumb" archive formats (``tar``, ``gztar``, and
|
|
``zip``). The :command:`bdist` sub-commands, and the formats generated by
|
|
each, are:
|
|
|
|
+--------------------------+-----------------------+
|
|
| Command | Formats |
|
|
+==========================+=======================+
|
|
| :command:`bdist_dumb` | tar, gztar, zip |
|
|
+--------------------------+-----------------------+
|
|
| :command:`bdist_wininst` | wininst |
|
|
+--------------------------+-----------------------+
|
|
| :command:`bdist_msi` | msi |
|
|
+--------------------------+-----------------------+
|
|
|
|
The following sections give details on the individual :command:`bdist_\*`
|
|
commands.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _packaging-creating-dumb:
|
|
|
|
Creating dumb built distributions
|
|
=================================
|
|
|
|
.. XXX Need to document absolute vs. prefix-relative packages here, but first
|
|
I have to implement it!
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _packaging-creating-wininst:
|
|
|
|
Creating Windows Installers
|
|
===========================
|
|
|
|
Executable installers are the natural format for binary distributions on
|
|
Windows. They display a nice graphical user interface, display some information
|
|
about the module distribution to be installed taken from the metadata in the
|
|
setup script, let the user select a few options, and start or cancel the
|
|
installation.
|
|
|
|
Since the metadata is taken from the setup script, creating Windows installers
|
|
is usually as easy as running::
|
|
|
|
python setup.py bdist_wininst
|
|
|
|
or the :command:`bdist` command with the :option:`--formats` option::
|
|
|
|
python setup.py bdist --formats=wininst
|
|
|
|
If you have a pure module distribution (only containing pure Python modules and
|
|
packages), the resulting installer will be version independent and have a name
|
|
like :file:`foo-1.0.win32.exe`. These installers can even be created on Unix
|
|
platforms or Mac OS X.
|
|
|
|
If you have a non-pure distribution, the extensions can only be created on a
|
|
Windows platform, and will be Python version dependent. The installer filename
|
|
will reflect this and now has the form :file:`foo-1.0.win32-py2.0.exe`. You
|
|
have to create a separate installer for every Python version you want to
|
|
support.
|
|
|
|
The installer will try to compile pure modules into :term:`bytecode` after installation
|
|
on the target system in normal and optimizing mode. If you don't want this to
|
|
happen for some reason, you can run the :command:`bdist_wininst` command with
|
|
the :option:`--no-target-compile` and/or the :option:`--no-target-optimize`
|
|
option.
|
|
|
|
By default the installer will display the cool "Python Powered" logo when it is
|
|
run, but you can also supply your own 152x261 bitmap which must be a Windows
|
|
:file:`.bmp` file with the :option:`--bitmap` option.
|
|
|
|
The installer will also display a large title on the desktop background window
|
|
when it is run, which is constructed from the name of your distribution and the
|
|
version number. This can be changed to another text by using the
|
|
:option:`--title` option.
|
|
|
|
The installer file will be written to the "distribution directory" --- normally
|
|
:file:`dist/`, but customizable with the :option:`--dist-dir` option.
|
|
|
|
.. _packaging-cross-compile-windows:
|
|
|
|
Cross-compiling on Windows
|
|
==========================
|
|
|
|
Starting with Python 2.6, packaging is capable of cross-compiling between
|
|
Windows platforms. In practice, this means that with the correct tools
|
|
installed, you can use a 32bit version of Windows to create 64bit extensions
|
|
and vice-versa.
|
|
|
|
To build for an alternate platform, specify the :option:`--plat-name` option
|
|
to the build command. Valid values are currently 'win32', 'win-amd64' and
|
|
'win-ia64'. For example, on a 32bit version of Windows, you could execute::
|
|
|
|
python setup.py build --plat-name=win-amd64
|
|
|
|
to build a 64bit version of your extension. The Windows Installers also
|
|
support this option, so the command::
|
|
|
|
python setup.py build --plat-name=win-amd64 bdist_wininst
|
|
|
|
would create a 64bit installation executable on your 32bit version of Windows.
|
|
|
|
To cross-compile, you must download the Python source code and cross-compile
|
|
Python itself for the platform you are targetting - it is not possible from a
|
|
binary installtion of Python (as the .lib etc file for other platforms are
|
|
not included.) In practice, this means the user of a 32 bit operating
|
|
system will need to use Visual Studio 2008 to open the
|
|
:file:`PCBuild/PCbuild.sln` solution in the Python source tree and build the
|
|
"x64" configuration of the 'pythoncore' project before cross-compiling
|
|
extensions is possible.
|
|
|
|
Note that by default, Visual Studio 2008 does not install 64bit compilers or
|
|
tools. You may need to reexecute the Visual Studio setup process and select
|
|
these tools (using Control Panel->[Add/Remove] Programs is a convenient way to
|
|
check or modify your existing install.)
|
|
|
|
.. _packaging-postinstallation-script:
|
|
|
|
The Postinstallation script
|
|
---------------------------
|
|
|
|
Starting with Python 2.3, a postinstallation script can be specified with the
|
|
:option:`--install-script` option. The basename of the script must be
|
|
specified, and the script filename must also be listed in the scripts argument
|
|
to the setup function.
|
|
|
|
This script will be run at installation time on the target system after all the
|
|
files have been copied, with ``argv[1]`` set to :option:`-install`, and again at
|
|
uninstallation time before the files are removed with ``argv[1]`` set to
|
|
:option:`-remove`.
|
|
|
|
The installation script runs embedded in the windows installer, every output
|
|
(``sys.stdout``, ``sys.stderr``) is redirected into a buffer and will be
|
|
displayed in the GUI after the script has finished.
|
|
|
|
Some functions especially useful in this context are available as additional
|
|
built-in functions in the installation script.
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: bdist_wininst-postinst-script
|
|
|
|
.. function:: directory_created(path)
|
|
file_created(path)
|
|
|
|
These functions should be called when a directory or file is created by the
|
|
postinstall script at installation time. It will register *path* with the
|
|
uninstaller, so that it will be removed when the distribution is uninstalled.
|
|
To be safe, directories are only removed if they are empty.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: get_special_folder_path(csidl_string)
|
|
|
|
This function can be used to retrieve special folder locations on Windows like
|
|
the Start Menu or the Desktop. It returns the full path to the folder.
|
|
*csidl_string* must be one of the following strings::
|
|
|
|
"CSIDL_APPDATA"
|
|
|
|
"CSIDL_COMMON_STARTMENU"
|
|
"CSIDL_STARTMENU"
|
|
|
|
"CSIDL_COMMON_DESKTOPDIRECTORY"
|
|
"CSIDL_DESKTOPDIRECTORY"
|
|
|
|
"CSIDL_COMMON_STARTUP"
|
|
"CSIDL_STARTUP"
|
|
|
|
"CSIDL_COMMON_PROGRAMS"
|
|
"CSIDL_PROGRAMS"
|
|
|
|
"CSIDL_FONTS"
|
|
|
|
If the folder cannot be retrieved, :exc:`OSError` is raised.
|
|
|
|
Which folders are available depends on the exact Windows version, and probably
|
|
also the configuration. For details refer to Microsoft's documentation of the
|
|
:c:func:`SHGetSpecialFolderPath` function.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: create_shortcut(target, description, filename[, arguments[, workdir[, iconpath[, iconindex]]]])
|
|
|
|
This function creates a shortcut. *target* is the path to the program to be
|
|
started by the shortcut. *description* is the description of the shortcut.
|
|
*filename* is the title of the shortcut that the user will see. *arguments*
|
|
specifies the command-line arguments, if any. *workdir* is the working directory
|
|
for the program. *iconpath* is the file containing the icon for the shortcut,
|
|
and *iconindex* is the index of the icon in the file *iconpath*. Again, for
|
|
details consult the Microsoft documentation for the :class:`IShellLink`
|
|
interface.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vista User Access Control (UAC)
|
|
===============================
|
|
|
|
Starting with Python 2.6, bdist_wininst supports a :option:`--user-access-control`
|
|
option. The default is 'none' (meaning no UAC handling is done), and other
|
|
valid values are 'auto' (meaning prompt for UAC elevation if Python was
|
|
installed for all users) and 'force' (meaning always prompt for elevation).
|