760 lines
26 KiB
ReStructuredText
760 lines
26 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _tarfile-mod:
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:mod:`tarfile` --- Read and write tar archive files
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===================================================
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.. module:: tarfile
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:synopsis: Read and write tar-format archive files.
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.. versionadded:: 2.3
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.. moduleauthor:: Lars Gustäbel <lars@gustaebel.de>
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.. sectionauthor:: Lars Gustäbel <lars@gustaebel.de>
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The :mod:`tarfile` module makes it possible to read and write tar
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archives, including those using gzip or bz2 compression.
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(:file:`.zip` files can be read and written using the :mod:`zipfile` module.)
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Some facts and figures:
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* reads and writes :mod:`gzip` and :mod:`bz2` compressed archives.
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* read/write support for the POSIX.1-1988 (ustar) format.
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* read/write support for the GNU tar format including *longname* and *longlink*
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extensions, read-only support for the *sparse* extension.
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* read/write support for the POSIX.1-2001 (pax) format.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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* handles directories, regular files, hardlinks, symbolic links, fifos,
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character devices and block devices and is able to acquire and restore file
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information like timestamp, access permissions and owner.
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.. function:: open(name=None, mode='r', fileobj=None, bufsize=10240, \*\*kwargs)
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Return a :class:`TarFile` object for the pathname *name*. For detailed
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information on :class:`TarFile` objects and the keyword arguments that are
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allowed, see :ref:`tarfile-objects`.
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*mode* has to be a string of the form ``'filemode[:compression]'``, it defaults
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to ``'r'``. Here is a full list of mode combinations:
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+------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| mode | action |
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+==================+=============================================+
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| ``'r' or 'r:*'`` | Open for reading with transparent |
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| | compression (recommended). |
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+------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| ``'r:'`` | Open for reading exclusively without |
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| | compression. |
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+------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| ``'r:gz'`` | Open for reading with gzip compression. |
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+------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| ``'r:bz2'`` | Open for reading with bzip2 compression. |
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+------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| ``'a' or 'a:'`` | Open for appending with no compression. The |
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| | file is created if it does not exist. |
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+------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| ``'w' or 'w:'`` | Open for uncompressed writing. |
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+------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| ``'w:gz'`` | Open for gzip compressed writing. |
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+------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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| ``'w:bz2'`` | Open for bzip2 compressed writing. |
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+------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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Note that ``'a:gz'`` or ``'a:bz2'`` is not possible. If *mode* is not suitable
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to open a certain (compressed) file for reading, :exc:`ReadError` is raised. Use
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*mode* ``'r'`` to avoid this. If a compression method is not supported,
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:exc:`CompressionError` is raised.
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If *fileobj* is specified, it is used as an alternative to a file object opened
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for *name*. It is supposed to be at position 0.
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For special purposes, there is a second format for *mode*:
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``'filemode|[compression]'``. :func:`tarfile.open` will return a :class:`TarFile`
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object that processes its data as a stream of blocks. No random seeking will
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be done on the file. If given, *fileobj* may be any object that has a
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:meth:`read` or :meth:`write` method (depending on the *mode*). *bufsize*
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specifies the blocksize and defaults to ``20 * 512`` bytes. Use this variant
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in combination with e.g. ``sys.stdin``, a socket file object or a tape
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device. However, such a :class:`TarFile` object is limited in that it does
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not allow to be accessed randomly, see :ref:`tar-examples`. The currently
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possible modes:
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+-------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| Mode | Action |
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+=============+============================================+
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| ``'r|*'`` | Open a *stream* of tar blocks for reading |
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| | with transparent compression. |
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+-------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| ``'r|'`` | Open a *stream* of uncompressed tar blocks |
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| | for reading. |
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+-------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| ``'r|gz'`` | Open a gzip compressed *stream* for |
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| | reading. |
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+-------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| ``'r|bz2'`` | Open a bzip2 compressed *stream* for |
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| | reading. |
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+-------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| ``'w|'`` | Open an uncompressed *stream* for writing. |
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+-------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| ``'w|gz'`` | Open an gzip compressed *stream* for |
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| | writing. |
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+-------------+--------------------------------------------+
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| ``'w|bz2'`` | Open an bzip2 compressed *stream* for |
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| | writing. |
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+-------------+--------------------------------------------+
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.. class:: TarFile
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Class for reading and writing tar archives. Do not use this class directly,
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better use :func:`tarfile.open` instead. See :ref:`tarfile-objects`.
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.. function:: is_tarfile(name)
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Return :const:`True` if *name* is a tar archive file, that the :mod:`tarfile`
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module can read.
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.. class:: TarFileCompat(filename, mode='r', compression=TAR_PLAIN)
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Class for limited access to tar archives with a :mod:`zipfile`\ -like interface.
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Please consult the documentation of the :mod:`zipfile` module for more details.
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*compression* must be one of the following constants:
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.. data:: TAR_PLAIN
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Constant for an uncompressed tar archive.
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.. data:: TAR_GZIPPED
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Constant for a :mod:`gzip` compressed tar archive.
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.. deprecated:: 2.6
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The :class:`TarFileCompat` class has been deprecated for removal in Python 3.0.
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.. exception:: TarError
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Base class for all :mod:`tarfile` exceptions.
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.. exception:: ReadError
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Is raised when a tar archive is opened, that either cannot be handled by the
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:mod:`tarfile` module or is somehow invalid.
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.. exception:: CompressionError
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Is raised when a compression method is not supported or when the data cannot be
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decoded properly.
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.. exception:: StreamError
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Is raised for the limitations that are typical for stream-like :class:`TarFile`
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objects.
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.. exception:: ExtractError
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Is raised for *non-fatal* errors when using :meth:`TarFile.extract`, but only if
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:attr:`TarFile.errorlevel`\ ``== 2``.
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.. exception:: HeaderError
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Is raised by :meth:`TarInfo.frombuf` if the buffer it gets is invalid.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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Each of the following constants defines a tar archive format that the
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:mod:`tarfile` module is able to create. See section :ref:`tar-formats` for
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details.
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.. data:: USTAR_FORMAT
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POSIX.1-1988 (ustar) format.
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.. data:: GNU_FORMAT
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GNU tar format.
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.. data:: PAX_FORMAT
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POSIX.1-2001 (pax) format.
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.. data:: DEFAULT_FORMAT
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The default format for creating archives. This is currently :const:`GNU_FORMAT`.
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The following variables are available on module level:
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.. data:: ENCODING
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The default character encoding i.e. the value from either
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:func:`sys.getfilesystemencoding` or :func:`sys.getdefaultencoding`.
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.. seealso::
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Module :mod:`zipfile`
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Documentation of the :mod:`zipfile` standard module.
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`GNU tar manual, Basic Tar Format <http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/html_node/Standard.html>`_
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Documentation for tar archive files, including GNU tar extensions.
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.. _tarfile-objects:
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TarFile Objects
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---------------
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The :class:`TarFile` object provides an interface to a tar archive. A tar
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archive is a sequence of blocks. An archive member (a stored file) is made up of
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a header block followed by data blocks. It is possible to store a file in a tar
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archive several times. Each archive member is represented by a :class:`TarInfo`
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object, see :ref:`tarinfo-objects` for details.
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.. class:: TarFile(name=None, mode='r', fileobj=None, format=DEFAULT_FORMAT, tarinfo=TarInfo, dereference=False, ignore_zeros=False, encoding=ENCODING, errors=None, pax_headers=None, debug=0, errorlevel=0)
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All following arguments are optional and can be accessed as instance attributes
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as well.
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*name* is the pathname of the archive. It can be omitted if *fileobj* is given.
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In this case, the file object's :attr:`name` attribute is used if it exists.
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*mode* is either ``'r'`` to read from an existing archive, ``'a'`` to append
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data to an existing file or ``'w'`` to create a new file overwriting an existing
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one.
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If *fileobj* is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it can be
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determined, *mode* is overridden by *fileobj*'s mode. *fileobj* will be used
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from position 0.
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.. note::
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*fileobj* is not closed, when :class:`TarFile` is closed.
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*format* controls the archive format. It must be one of the constants
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:const:`USTAR_FORMAT`, :const:`GNU_FORMAT` or :const:`PAX_FORMAT` that are
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defined at module level.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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The *tarinfo* argument can be used to replace the default :class:`TarInfo` class
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with a different one.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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If *dereference* is :const:`False`, add symbolic and hard links to the archive. If it
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is :const:`True`, add the content of the target files to the archive. This has no
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effect on systems that do not support symbolic links.
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If *ignore_zeros* is :const:`False`, treat an empty block as the end of the archive.
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If it is :const:`True`, skip empty (and invalid) blocks and try to get as many members
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as possible. This is only useful for reading concatenated or damaged archives.
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*debug* can be set from ``0`` (no debug messages) up to ``3`` (all debug
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messages). The messages are written to ``sys.stderr``.
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If *errorlevel* is ``0``, all errors are ignored when using :meth:`TarFile.extract`.
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Nevertheless, they appear as error messages in the debug output, when debugging
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is enabled. If ``1``, all *fatal* errors are raised as :exc:`OSError` or
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:exc:`IOError` exceptions. If ``2``, all *non-fatal* errors are raised as
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:exc:`TarError` exceptions as well.
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The *encoding* and *errors* arguments control the way strings are converted to
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unicode objects and vice versa. The default settings will work for most users.
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See section :ref:`tar-unicode` for in-depth information.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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The *pax_headers* argument is an optional dictionary of unicode strings which
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will be added as a pax global header if *format* is :const:`PAX_FORMAT`.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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.. method:: TarFile.open(...)
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Alternative constructor. The :func:`tarfile.open` function is actually a
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shortcut to this classmethod.
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.. method:: TarFile.getmember(name)
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Return a :class:`TarInfo` object for member *name*. If *name* can not be found
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in the archive, :exc:`KeyError` is raised.
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.. note::
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If a member occurs more than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed
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to be the most up-to-date version.
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.. method:: TarFile.getmembers()
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Return the members of the archive as a list of :class:`TarInfo` objects. The
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list has the same order as the members in the archive.
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.. method:: TarFile.getnames()
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Return the members as a list of their names. It has the same order as the list
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returned by :meth:`getmembers`.
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.. method:: TarFile.list(verbose=True)
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Print a table of contents to ``sys.stdout``. If *verbose* is :const:`False`,
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only the names of the members are printed. If it is :const:`True`, output
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similar to that of :program:`ls -l` is produced.
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.. method:: TarFile.next()
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Return the next member of the archive as a :class:`TarInfo` object, when
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:class:`TarFile` is opened for reading. Return :const:`None` if there is no more
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available.
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.. method:: TarFile.extractall(path=".", members=None)
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Extract all members from the archive to the current working directory or
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directory *path*. If optional *members* is given, it must be a subset of the
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list returned by :meth:`getmembers`. Directory information like owner,
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modification time and permissions are set after all members have been extracted.
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This is done to work around two problems: A directory's modification time is
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reset each time a file is created in it. And, if a directory's permissions do
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not allow writing, extracting files to it will fail.
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.. warning::
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Never extract archives from untrusted sources without prior inspection.
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It is possible that files are created outside of *path*, e.g. members
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that have absolute filenames starting with ``"/"`` or filenames with two
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dots ``".."``.
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.. versionadded:: 2.5
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.. method:: TarFile.extract(member, path="")
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Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory, using its
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full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately as possible. *member*
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may be a filename or a :class:`TarInfo` object. You can specify a different
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directory using *path*.
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.. note::
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The :meth:`extract` method does not take care of several extraction issues.
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In most cases you should consider using the :meth:`extractall` method.
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.. warning::
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See the warning for :meth:`extractall`.
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.. method:: TarFile.extractfile(member)
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Extract a member from the archive as a file object. *member* may be a filename
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or a :class:`TarInfo` object. If *member* is a regular file, a file-like object
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is returned. If *member* is a link, a file-like object is constructed from the
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link's target. If *member* is none of the above, :const:`None` is returned.
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.. note::
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The file-like object is read-only. It provides the methods
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:meth:`read`, :meth:`readline`, :meth:`readlines`, :meth:`seek`, :meth:`tell`,
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and :meth:`close`, and also supports iteration over its lines.
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.. method:: TarFile.add(name, arcname=None, recursive=True, exclude=None, filter=None)
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Add the file *name* to the archive. *name* may be any type of file (directory,
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fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, *arcname* specifies an alternative name
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for the file in the archive. Directories are added recursively by default. This
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can be avoided by setting *recursive* to :const:`False`. If *exclude* is given
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it must be a function that takes one filename argument and returns a boolean
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value. Depending on this value the respective file is either excluded
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(:const:`True`) or added (:const:`False`). If *filter* is specified it must
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be a function that takes a :class:`TarInfo` object argument and returns the
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changed :class:`TarInfo` object. If it instead returns :const:`None` the :class:`TarInfo`
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object will be excluded from the archive. See :ref:`tar-examples` for an
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example.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.6
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Added the *exclude* parameter.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.7
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Added the *filter* parameter.
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.. deprecated:: 2.7
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The *exclude* parameter is deprecated, please use the *filter* parameter
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instead.
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.. method:: TarFile.addfile(tarinfo, fileobj=None)
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Add the :class:`TarInfo` object *tarinfo* to the archive. If *fileobj* is given,
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``tarinfo.size`` bytes are read from it and added to the archive. You can
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create :class:`TarInfo` objects using :meth:`gettarinfo`.
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.. note::
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On Windows platforms, *fileobj* should always be opened with mode ``'rb'`` to
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avoid irritation about the file size.
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.. method:: TarFile.gettarinfo(name=None, arcname=None, fileobj=None)
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Create a :class:`TarInfo` object for either the file *name* or the file object
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*fileobj* (using :func:`os.fstat` on its file descriptor). You can modify some
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of the :class:`TarInfo`'s attributes before you add it using :meth:`addfile`.
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If given, *arcname* specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive.
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.. method:: TarFile.close()
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Close the :class:`TarFile`. In write mode, two finishing zero blocks are
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appended to the archive.
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.. attribute:: TarFile.posix
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Setting this to :const:`True` is equivalent to setting the :attr:`format`
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attribute to :const:`USTAR_FORMAT`, :const:`False` is equivalent to
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:const:`GNU_FORMAT`.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.4
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*posix* defaults to :const:`False`.
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.. deprecated:: 2.6
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Use the :attr:`format` attribute instead.
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.. attribute:: TarFile.pax_headers
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A dictionary containing key-value pairs of pax global headers.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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.. _tarinfo-objects:
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TarInfo Objects
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---------------
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A :class:`TarInfo` object represents one member in a :class:`TarFile`. Aside
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from storing all required attributes of a file (like file type, size, time,
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permissions, owner etc.), it provides some useful methods to determine its type.
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It does *not* contain the file's data itself.
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:class:`TarInfo` objects are returned by :class:`TarFile`'s methods
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:meth:`getmember`, :meth:`getmembers` and :meth:`gettarinfo`.
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.. class:: TarInfo(name="")
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Create a :class:`TarInfo` object.
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.. method:: TarInfo.frombuf(buf)
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Create and return a :class:`TarInfo` object from string buffer *buf*.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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Raises :exc:`HeaderError` if the buffer is invalid..
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.. method:: TarInfo.fromtarfile(tarfile)
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Read the next member from the :class:`TarFile` object *tarfile* and return it as
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a :class:`TarInfo` object.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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.. method:: TarInfo.tobuf(format=DEFAULT_FORMAT, encoding=ENCODING, errors='strict')
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Create a string buffer from a :class:`TarInfo` object. For information on the
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arguments see the constructor of the :class:`TarFile` class.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.6
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The arguments were added.
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A ``TarInfo`` object has the following public data attributes:
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.. attribute:: TarInfo.name
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Name of the archive member.
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.. attribute:: TarInfo.size
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Size in bytes.
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.. attribute:: TarInfo.mtime
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Time of last modification.
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.. attribute:: TarInfo.mode
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Permission bits.
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.. attribute:: TarInfo.type
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File type. *type* is usually one of these constants: :const:`REGTYPE`,
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:const:`AREGTYPE`, :const:`LNKTYPE`, :const:`SYMTYPE`, :const:`DIRTYPE`,
|
|
:const:`FIFOTYPE`, :const:`CONTTYPE`, :const:`CHRTYPE`, :const:`BLKTYPE`,
|
|
:const:`GNUTYPE_SPARSE`. To determine the type of a :class:`TarInfo` object
|
|
more conveniently, use the ``is_*()`` methods below.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: TarInfo.linkname
|
|
|
|
Name of the target file name, which is only present in :class:`TarInfo` objects
|
|
of type :const:`LNKTYPE` and :const:`SYMTYPE`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: TarInfo.uid
|
|
|
|
User ID of the user who originally stored this member.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: TarInfo.gid
|
|
|
|
Group ID of the user who originally stored this member.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: TarInfo.uname
|
|
|
|
User name.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: TarInfo.gname
|
|
|
|
Group name.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: TarInfo.pax_headers
|
|
|
|
A dictionary containing key-value pairs of an associated pax extended header.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 2.6
|
|
|
|
A :class:`TarInfo` object also provides some convenient query methods:
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: TarInfo.isfile()
|
|
|
|
Return :const:`True` if the :class:`Tarinfo` object is a regular file.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: TarInfo.isreg()
|
|
|
|
Same as :meth:`isfile`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: TarInfo.isdir()
|
|
|
|
Return :const:`True` if it is a directory.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: TarInfo.issym()
|
|
|
|
Return :const:`True` if it is a symbolic link.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: TarInfo.islnk()
|
|
|
|
Return :const:`True` if it is a hard link.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: TarInfo.ischr()
|
|
|
|
Return :const:`True` if it is a character device.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: TarInfo.isblk()
|
|
|
|
Return :const:`True` if it is a block device.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: TarInfo.isfifo()
|
|
|
|
Return :const:`True` if it is a FIFO.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: TarInfo.isdev()
|
|
|
|
Return :const:`True` if it is one of character device, block device or FIFO.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _tar-examples:
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
How to extract an entire tar archive to the current working directory::
|
|
|
|
import tarfile
|
|
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz")
|
|
tar.extractall()
|
|
tar.close()
|
|
|
|
How to extract a subset of a tar archive with :meth:`TarFile.extractall` using
|
|
a generator function instead of a list::
|
|
|
|
import os
|
|
import tarfile
|
|
|
|
def py_files(members):
|
|
for tarinfo in members:
|
|
if os.path.splitext(tarinfo.name)[1] == ".py":
|
|
yield tarinfo
|
|
|
|
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz")
|
|
tar.extractall(members=py_files(tar))
|
|
tar.close()
|
|
|
|
How to create an uncompressed tar archive from a list of filenames::
|
|
|
|
import tarfile
|
|
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar", "w")
|
|
for name in ["foo", "bar", "quux"]:
|
|
tar.add(name)
|
|
tar.close()
|
|
|
|
How to read a gzip compressed tar archive and display some member information::
|
|
|
|
import tarfile
|
|
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz", "r:gz")
|
|
for tarinfo in tar:
|
|
print tarinfo.name, "is", tarinfo.size, "bytes in size and is",
|
|
if tarinfo.isreg():
|
|
print "a regular file."
|
|
elif tarinfo.isdir():
|
|
print "a directory."
|
|
else:
|
|
print "something else."
|
|
tar.close()
|
|
|
|
How to create an archive and reset the user information using the *filter*
|
|
parameter in :meth:`TarFile.add`::
|
|
|
|
import tarfile
|
|
def reset(tarinfo):
|
|
tarinfo.uid = tarinfo.gid = 0
|
|
tarinfo.uname = tarinfo.gname = "root"
|
|
return tarinfo
|
|
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz", "w:gz")
|
|
tar.add("foo", filter=reset)
|
|
tar.close()
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _tar-formats:
|
|
|
|
Supported tar formats
|
|
---------------------
|
|
|
|
There are three tar formats that can be created with the :mod:`tarfile` module:
|
|
|
|
* The POSIX.1-1988 ustar format (:const:`USTAR_FORMAT`). It supports filenames
|
|
up to a length of at best 256 characters and linknames up to 100 characters. The
|
|
maximum file size is 8 gigabytes. This is an old and limited but widely
|
|
supported format.
|
|
|
|
* The GNU tar format (:const:`GNU_FORMAT`). It supports long filenames and
|
|
linknames, files bigger than 8 gigabytes and sparse files. It is the de facto
|
|
standard on GNU/Linux systems. :mod:`tarfile` fully supports the GNU tar
|
|
extensions for long names, sparse file support is read-only.
|
|
|
|
* The POSIX.1-2001 pax format (:const:`PAX_FORMAT`). It is the most flexible
|
|
format with virtually no limits. It supports long filenames and linknames, large
|
|
files and stores pathnames in a portable way. However, not all tar
|
|
implementations today are able to handle pax archives properly.
|
|
|
|
The *pax* format is an extension to the existing *ustar* format. It uses extra
|
|
headers for information that cannot be stored otherwise. There are two flavours
|
|
of pax headers: Extended headers only affect the subsequent file header, global
|
|
headers are valid for the complete archive and affect all following files. All
|
|
the data in a pax header is encoded in *UTF-8* for portability reasons.
|
|
|
|
There are some more variants of the tar format which can be read, but not
|
|
created:
|
|
|
|
* The ancient V7 format. This is the first tar format from Unix Seventh Edition,
|
|
storing only regular files and directories. Names must not be longer than 100
|
|
characters, there is no user/group name information. Some archives have
|
|
miscalculated header checksums in case of fields with non-ASCII characters.
|
|
|
|
* The SunOS tar extended format. This format is a variant of the POSIX.1-2001
|
|
pax format, but is not compatible.
|
|
|
|
.. _tar-unicode:
|
|
|
|
Unicode issues
|
|
--------------
|
|
|
|
The tar format was originally conceived to make backups on tape drives with the
|
|
main focus on preserving file system information. Nowadays tar archives are
|
|
commonly used for file distribution and exchanging archives over networks. One
|
|
problem of the original format (that all other formats are merely variants of)
|
|
is that there is no concept of supporting different character encodings. For
|
|
example, an ordinary tar archive created on a *UTF-8* system cannot be read
|
|
correctly on a *Latin-1* system if it contains non-ASCII characters. Names (i.e.
|
|
filenames, linknames, user/group names) containing these characters will appear
|
|
damaged. Unfortunately, there is no way to autodetect the encoding of an
|
|
archive.
|
|
|
|
The pax format was designed to solve this problem. It stores non-ASCII names
|
|
using the universal character encoding *UTF-8*. When a pax archive is read,
|
|
these *UTF-8* names are converted to the encoding of the local file system.
|
|
|
|
The details of unicode conversion are controlled by the *encoding* and *errors*
|
|
keyword arguments of the :class:`TarFile` class.
|
|
|
|
The default value for *encoding* is the local character encoding. It is deduced
|
|
from :func:`sys.getfilesystemencoding` and :func:`sys.getdefaultencoding`. In
|
|
read mode, *encoding* is used exclusively to convert unicode names from a pax
|
|
archive to strings in the local character encoding. In write mode, the use of
|
|
*encoding* depends on the chosen archive format. In case of :const:`PAX_FORMAT`,
|
|
input names that contain non-ASCII characters need to be decoded before being
|
|
stored as *UTF-8* strings. The other formats do not make use of *encoding*
|
|
unless unicode objects are used as input names. These are converted to 8-bit
|
|
character strings before they are added to the archive.
|
|
|
|
The *errors* argument defines how characters are treated that cannot be
|
|
converted to or from *encoding*. Possible values are listed in section
|
|
:ref:`codec-base-classes`. In read mode, there is an additional scheme
|
|
``'utf-8'`` which means that bad characters are replaced by their *UTF-8*
|
|
representation. This is the default scheme. In write mode the default value for
|
|
*errors* is ``'strict'`` to ensure that name information is not altered
|
|
unnoticed.
|
|
|