1269 lines
42 KiB
ReStructuredText
1269 lines
42 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. currentmodule:: asyncio
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.. _asyncio-event-loop:
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Base Event Loop
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===============
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**Source code:** :source:`Lib/asyncio/events.py`
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The event loop is the central execution device provided by :mod:`asyncio`.
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It provides multiple facilities, including:
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* Registering, executing and cancelling delayed calls (timeouts).
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* Creating client and server :ref:`transports <asyncio-transport>` for various
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kinds of communication.
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* Launching subprocesses and the associated :ref:`transports
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<asyncio-transport>` for communication with an external program.
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* Delegating costly function calls to a pool of threads.
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.. class:: BaseEventLoop
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This class is an implementation detail. It is a subclass of
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:class:`AbstractEventLoop` and may be a base class of concrete
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event loop implementations found in :mod:`asyncio`. It should not
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be used directly; use :class:`AbstractEventLoop` instead.
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``BaseEventLoop`` should not be subclassed by third-party code; the
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internal interface is not stable.
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.. class:: AbstractEventLoop
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Abstract base class of event loops.
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This class is :ref:`not thread safe <asyncio-multithreading>`.
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Run an event loop
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-----------------
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.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.run_forever()
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Run until :meth:`stop` is called. If :meth:`stop` is called before
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:meth:`run_forever()` is called, this polls the I/O selector once
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with a timeout of zero, runs all callbacks scheduled in response to
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I/O events (and those that were already scheduled), and then exits.
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If :meth:`stop` is called while :meth:`run_forever` is running,
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this will run the current batch of callbacks and then exit. Note
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that callbacks scheduled by callbacks will not run in that case;
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they will run the next time :meth:`run_forever` is called.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.5.1
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.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.run_until_complete(future)
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Run until the :class:`Future` is done.
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If the argument is a :ref:`coroutine object <coroutine>`, it is wrapped by
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:func:`ensure_future`.
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Return the Future's result, or raise its exception.
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.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.is_running()
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Returns running status of event loop.
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.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.stop()
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Stop running the event loop.
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This causes :meth:`run_forever` to exit at the next suitable
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opportunity (see there for more details).
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.. versionchanged:: 3.5.1
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.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.is_closed()
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Returns ``True`` if the event loop was closed.
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.. versionadded:: 3.4.2
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.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.close()
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Close the event loop. The loop must not be running. Pending
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callbacks will be lost.
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This clears the queues and shuts down the executor, but does not wait for
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the executor to finish.
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This is idempotent and irreversible. No other methods should be called after
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this one.
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.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.shutdown_asyncgens()
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Schedule all currently open :term:`asynchronous generator` objects to
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close with an :meth:`~agen.aclose()` call. After calling this method,
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the event loop will issue a warning whenever a new asynchronous generator
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is iterated. Should be used to finalize all scheduled asynchronous
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generators reliably. Example::
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try:
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loop.run_forever()
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finally:
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loop.run_until_complete(loop.shutdown_asyncgens())
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loop.close()
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.. versionadded:: 3.6
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.. _asyncio-pass-keywords:
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Calls
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-----
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Most :mod:`asyncio` functions don't accept keywords. If you want to pass
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keywords to your callback, use :func:`functools.partial`. For example,
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``loop.call_soon(functools.partial(print, "Hello", flush=True))`` will call
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``print("Hello", flush=True)``.
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.. note::
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:func:`functools.partial` is better than ``lambda`` functions, because
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:mod:`asyncio` can inspect :func:`functools.partial` object to display
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parameters in debug mode, whereas ``lambda`` functions have a poor
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representation.
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.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.call_soon(callback, \*args)
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Arrange for a callback to be called as soon as possible. The callback is
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called after :meth:`call_soon` returns, when control returns to the event
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loop.
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This operates as a :abbr:`FIFO (first-in, first-out)` queue, callbacks
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are called in the order in which they are registered. Each callback
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will be called exactly once.
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Any positional arguments after the callback will be passed to the
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callback when it is called.
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An instance of :class:`asyncio.Handle` is returned, which can be
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used to cancel the callback.
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:ref:`Use functools.partial to pass keywords to the callback
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<asyncio-pass-keywords>`.
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.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.call_soon_threadsafe(callback, \*args)
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Like :meth:`call_soon`, but thread safe.
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See the :ref:`concurrency and multithreading <asyncio-multithreading>`
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section of the documentation.
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.. _asyncio-delayed-calls:
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Delayed calls
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-------------
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The event loop has its own internal clock for computing timeouts.
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Which clock is used depends on the (platform-specific) event loop
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implementation; ideally it is a monotonic clock. This will generally be
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a different clock than :func:`time.time`.
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.. note::
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Timeouts (relative *delay* or absolute *when*) should not exceed one day.
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.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.call_later(delay, callback, *args)
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Arrange for the *callback* to be called after the given *delay*
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seconds (either an int or float).
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An instance of :class:`asyncio.TimerHandle` is returned, which can be
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used to cancel the callback.
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*callback* will be called exactly once per call to :meth:`call_later`.
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If two callbacks are scheduled for exactly the same time, it is
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undefined which will be called first.
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The optional positional *args* will be passed to the callback when it
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is called. If you want the callback to be called with some named
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arguments, use a closure or :func:`functools.partial`.
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:ref:`Use functools.partial to pass keywords to the callback
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<asyncio-pass-keywords>`.
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.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.call_at(when, callback, *args)
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Arrange for the *callback* to be called at the given absolute timestamp
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*when* (an int or float), using the same time reference as
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:meth:`AbstractEventLoop.time`.
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This method's behavior is the same as :meth:`call_later`.
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An instance of :class:`asyncio.TimerHandle` is returned, which can be
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used to cancel the callback.
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:ref:`Use functools.partial to pass keywords to the callback
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<asyncio-pass-keywords>`.
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.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.time()
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Return the current time, as a :class:`float` value, according to the
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event loop's internal clock.
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.. seealso::
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The :func:`asyncio.sleep` function.
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Futures
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-------
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.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.create_future()
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Create an :class:`asyncio.Future` object attached to the loop.
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This is a preferred way to create futures in asyncio, as event
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loop implementations can provide alternative implementations
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of the Future class (with better performance or instrumentation).
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.. versionadded:: 3.5.2
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Tasks
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-----
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.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.create_task(coro)
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Schedule the execution of a :ref:`coroutine object <coroutine>`: wrap it in
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a future. Return a :class:`Task` object.
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Third-party event loops can use their own subclass of :class:`Task` for
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interoperability. In this case, the result type is a subclass of
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:class:`Task`.
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.. versionadded:: 3.4.2
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.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.set_task_factory(factory)
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Set a task factory that will be used by
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:meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_task`.
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If *factory* is ``None`` the default task factory will be set.
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If *factory* is a *callable*, it should have a signature matching
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``(loop, coro)``, where *loop* will be a reference to the active
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event loop, *coro* will be a coroutine object. The callable
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must return an :class:`asyncio.Future` compatible object.
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.. versionadded:: 3.4.4
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.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.get_task_factory()
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Return a task factory, or ``None`` if the default one is in use.
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.. versionadded:: 3.4.4
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Creating connections
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--------------------
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.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.create_connection(protocol_factory, host=None, port=None, \*, ssl=None, family=0, proto=0, flags=0, sock=None, local_addr=None, server_hostname=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None)
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Create a streaming transport connection to a given Internet *host* and
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*port*: socket family :py:data:`~socket.AF_INET` or
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:py:data:`~socket.AF_INET6` depending on *host* (or *family* if specified),
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socket type :py:data:`~socket.SOCK_STREAM`. *protocol_factory* must be a
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callable returning a :ref:`protocol <asyncio-protocol>` instance.
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This method will try to establish the connection in the background.
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When successful, it returns a ``(transport, protocol)`` pair.
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The chronological synopsis of the underlying operation is as follows:
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#. The connection is established, and a :ref:`transport <asyncio-transport>`
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is created to represent it.
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#. *protocol_factory* is called without arguments and must return a
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:ref:`protocol <asyncio-protocol>` instance.
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#. The protocol instance is tied to the transport, and its
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:meth:`connection_made` method is called.
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#. The coroutine returns successfully with the ``(transport, protocol)``
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pair.
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The created transport is an implementation-dependent bidirectional stream.
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.. note::
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*protocol_factory* can be any kind of callable, not necessarily
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a class. For example, if you want to use a pre-created
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protocol instance, you can pass ``lambda: my_protocol``.
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Options that change how the connection is created:
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* *ssl*: if given and not false, a SSL/TLS transport is created
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(by default a plain TCP transport is created). If *ssl* is
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a :class:`ssl.SSLContext` object, this context is used to create
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the transport; if *ssl* is :const:`True`, a context with some
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unspecified default settings is used.
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.. seealso:: :ref:`SSL/TLS security considerations <ssl-security>`
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* *server_hostname*, is only for use together with *ssl*,
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and sets or overrides the hostname that the target server's certificate
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will be matched against. By default the value of the *host* argument
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is used. If *host* is empty, there is no default and you must pass a
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value for *server_hostname*. If *server_hostname* is an empty
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string, hostname matching is disabled (which is a serious security
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risk, allowing for man-in-the-middle-attacks).
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* *family*, *proto*, *flags* are the optional address family, protocol
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and flags to be passed through to getaddrinfo() for *host* resolution.
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If given, these should all be integers from the corresponding
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:mod:`socket` module constants.
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* *sock*, if given, should be an existing, already connected
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:class:`socket.socket` object to be used by the transport.
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If *sock* is given, none of *host*, *port*, *family*, *proto*, *flags*
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and *local_addr* should be specified.
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* *local_addr*, if given, is a ``(local_host, local_port)`` tuple used
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to bind the socket to locally. The *local_host* and *local_port*
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are looked up using getaddrinfo(), similarly to *host* and *port*.
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* *ssl_handshake_timeout* is (for an SSL connection) the time in seconds
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to wait for the SSL handshake to complete before aborting the connection.
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``10.0`` seconds if ``None`` (default).
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.. versionadded:: 3.7
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The *ssl_handshake_timeout* parameter.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.5
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On Windows with :class:`ProactorEventLoop`, SSL/TLS is now supported.
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.. seealso::
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The :func:`open_connection` function can be used to get a pair of
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(:class:`StreamReader`, :class:`StreamWriter`) instead of a protocol.
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.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.create_datagram_endpoint(protocol_factory, local_addr=None, remote_addr=None, \*, family=0, proto=0, flags=0, reuse_address=None, reuse_port=None, allow_broadcast=None, sock=None)
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Create datagram connection: socket family :py:data:`~socket.AF_INET`,
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:py:data:`~socket.AF_INET6` or :py:data:`~socket.AF_UNIX` depending on
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*host* (or *family* if specified), socket type
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:py:data:`~socket.SOCK_DGRAM`. *protocol_factory* must be a
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callable returning a :ref:`protocol <asyncio-protocol>` instance.
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This method will try to establish the connection in the background.
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When successful, the it returns a ``(transport, protocol)`` pair.
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Options changing how the connection is created:
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* *local_addr*, if given, is a ``(local_host, local_port)`` tuple used
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to bind the socket to locally. The *local_host* and *local_port*
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are looked up using :meth:`getaddrinfo`.
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* *remote_addr*, if given, is a ``(remote_host, remote_port)`` tuple used
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to connect the socket to a remote address. The *remote_host* and
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*remote_port* are looked up using :meth:`getaddrinfo`.
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* *family*, *proto*, *flags* are the optional address family, protocol
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and flags to be passed through to :meth:`getaddrinfo` for *host*
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resolution. If given, these should all be integers from the
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corresponding :mod:`socket` module constants.
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* *reuse_address* tells the kernel to reuse a local socket in
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TIME_WAIT state, without waiting for its natural timeout to
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expire. If not specified will automatically be set to ``True`` on
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UNIX.
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* *reuse_port* tells the kernel to allow this endpoint to be bound to the
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same port as other existing endpoints are bound to, so long as they all
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set this flag when being created. This option is not supported on Windows
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and some UNIX's. If the :py:data:`~socket.SO_REUSEPORT` constant is not
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defined then this capability is unsupported.
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* *allow_broadcast* tells the kernel to allow this endpoint to send
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messages to the broadcast address.
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* *sock* can optionally be specified in order to use a preexisting,
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already connected, :class:`socket.socket` object to be used by the
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transport. If specified, *local_addr* and *remote_addr* should be omitted
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(must be :const:`None`).
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On Windows with :class:`ProactorEventLoop`, this method is not supported.
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See :ref:`UDP echo client protocol <asyncio-udp-echo-client-protocol>` and
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:ref:`UDP echo server protocol <asyncio-udp-echo-server-protocol>` examples.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.4.4
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The *family*, *proto*, *flags*, *reuse_address*, *reuse_port,
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*allow_broadcast*, and *sock* parameters were added.
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.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.create_unix_connection(protocol_factory, path=None, \*, ssl=None, sock=None, server_hostname=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None)
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Create UNIX connection: socket family :py:data:`~socket.AF_UNIX`, socket
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type :py:data:`~socket.SOCK_STREAM`. The :py:data:`~socket.AF_UNIX` socket
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family is used to communicate between processes on the same machine
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efficiently.
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This method will try to establish the connection in the background.
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When successful, the it returns a ``(transport, protocol)`` pair.
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*path* is the name of a UNIX domain socket, and is required unless a *sock*
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parameter is specified. Abstract UNIX sockets, :class:`str`,
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:class:`bytes`, and :class:`~pathlib.Path` paths are supported.
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See the :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_connection` method for parameters.
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Availability: UNIX.
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.. versionadded:: 3.7
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The *ssl_handshake_timeout* parameter.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.7
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The *path* parameter can now be a :class:`~pathlib.Path` object.
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Creating listening connections
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------------------------------
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.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.create_server(protocol_factory, host=None, port=None, \*, family=socket.AF_UNSPEC, flags=socket.AI_PASSIVE, sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None, reuse_address=None, reuse_port=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None, start_serving=True)
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Create a TCP server (socket type :data:`~socket.SOCK_STREAM`) bound to
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*host* and *port*.
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Return a :class:`Server` object, its :attr:`~Server.sockets` attribute
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contains created sockets. Use the :meth:`Server.close` method to stop the
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server: close listening sockets.
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Parameters:
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* The *host* parameter can be a string, in that case the TCP server is
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bound to *host* and *port*. The *host* parameter can also be a sequence
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of strings and in that case the TCP server is bound to all hosts of the
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sequence. If *host* is an empty string or ``None``, all interfaces are
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assumed and a list of multiple sockets will be returned (most likely one
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for IPv4 and another one for IPv6).
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* *family* can be set to either :data:`socket.AF_INET` or
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:data:`~socket.AF_INET6` to force the socket to use IPv4 or IPv6. If not set
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it will be determined from host (defaults to :data:`socket.AF_UNSPEC`).
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* *flags* is a bitmask for :meth:`getaddrinfo`.
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* *sock* can optionally be specified in order to use a preexisting
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socket object. If specified, *host* and *port* should be omitted (must be
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:const:`None`).
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* *backlog* is the maximum number of queued connections passed to
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:meth:`~socket.socket.listen` (defaults to 100).
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* *ssl* can be set to an :class:`~ssl.SSLContext` to enable SSL over the
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accepted connections.
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* *reuse_address* tells the kernel to reuse a local socket in
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TIME_WAIT state, without waiting for its natural timeout to
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expire. If not specified will automatically be set to ``True`` on
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UNIX.
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* *reuse_port* tells the kernel to allow this endpoint to be bound to the
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same port as other existing endpoints are bound to, so long as they all
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set this flag when being created. This option is not supported on
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Windows.
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* *ssl_handshake_timeout* is (for an SSL server) the time in seconds to wait
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for the SSL handshake to complete before aborting the connection.
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``10.0`` seconds if ``None`` (default).
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* *start_serving* set to ``True`` (the default) causes the created server
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to start accepting connections immediately. When set to ``False``,
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the user should await on :meth:`Server.start_serving` or
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:meth:`Server.serve_forever` to make the server to start accepting
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connections.
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.. versionadded:: 3.7
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*ssl_handshake_timeout* and *start_serving* parameters.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.5
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On Windows with :class:`ProactorEventLoop`, SSL/TLS is now supported.
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.. seealso::
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The function :func:`start_server` creates a (:class:`StreamReader`,
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:class:`StreamWriter`) pair and calls back a function with this pair.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.5.1
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The *host* parameter can now be a sequence of strings.
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.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.create_unix_server(protocol_factory, path=None, \*, sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None, start_serving=True)
|
|
|
|
Similar to :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_server`, but specific to the
|
|
socket family :py:data:`~socket.AF_UNIX`.
|
|
|
|
*path* is the name of a UNIX domain socket, and is required unless a *sock*
|
|
parameter is specified. Abstract UNIX sockets, :class:`str`,
|
|
:class:`bytes`, and :class:`~pathlib.Path` paths are supported.
|
|
|
|
Availability: UNIX.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
The *ssl_handshake_timeout* parameter.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
The *path* parameter can now be a :class:`~pathlib.Path` object.
|
|
|
|
.. coroutinemethod:: BaseEventLoop.connect_accepted_socket(protocol_factory, sock, \*, ssl=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None)
|
|
|
|
Handle an accepted connection.
|
|
|
|
This is used by servers that accept connections outside of
|
|
asyncio but that use asyncio to handle them.
|
|
|
|
Parameters:
|
|
|
|
* *sock* is a preexisting socket object returned from an ``accept``
|
|
call.
|
|
|
|
* *ssl* can be set to an :class:`~ssl.SSLContext` to enable SSL over the
|
|
accepted connections.
|
|
|
|
* *ssl_handshake_timeout* is (for an SSL connection) the time in seconds to
|
|
wait for the SSL handshake to complete before aborting the connection.
|
|
``10.0`` seconds if ``None`` (default).
|
|
|
|
When completed it returns a ``(transport, protocol)`` pair.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
The *ssl_handshake_timeout* parameter.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.5.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
File Transferring
|
|
-----------------
|
|
|
|
.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.sendfile(transport, file, \
|
|
offset=0, count=None, \
|
|
*, fallback=True)
|
|
|
|
Send a *file* to *transport*, return the total number of bytes
|
|
which were sent.
|
|
|
|
The method uses high-performance :meth:`os.sendfile` if available.
|
|
|
|
*file* must be a regular file object opened in binary mode.
|
|
|
|
*offset* tells from where to start reading the file. If specified,
|
|
*count* is the total number of bytes to transmit as opposed to
|
|
sending the file until EOF is reached. File position is updated on
|
|
return or also in case of error in which case :meth:`file.tell()
|
|
<io.IOBase.tell>` can be used to figure out the number of bytes
|
|
which were sent.
|
|
|
|
*fallback* set to ``True`` makes asyncio to manually read and send
|
|
the file when the platform does not support the sendfile syscall
|
|
(e.g. Windows or SSL socket on Unix).
|
|
|
|
Raise :exc:`SendfileNotAvailableError` if the system does not support
|
|
*sendfile* syscall and *fallback* is ``False``.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
TLS Upgrade
|
|
-----------
|
|
|
|
.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.start_tls(transport, protocol, sslcontext, \*, server_side=False, server_hostname=None, ssl_handshake_timeout=None)
|
|
|
|
Upgrades an existing connection to TLS.
|
|
|
|
Returns a new transport instance, that the *protocol* must start using
|
|
immediately after the *await*. The *transport* instance passed to
|
|
the *start_tls* method should never be used again.
|
|
|
|
Parameters:
|
|
|
|
* *transport* and *protocol* instances that methods like
|
|
:meth:`~AbstractEventLoop.create_server` and
|
|
:meth:`~AbstractEventLoop.create_connection` return.
|
|
|
|
* *sslcontext*: a configured instance of :class:`~ssl.SSLContext`.
|
|
|
|
* *server_side* pass ``True`` when a server-side connection is being
|
|
upgraded (like the one created by :meth:`~AbstractEventLoop.create_server`).
|
|
|
|
* *server_hostname*: sets or overrides the host name that the target
|
|
server's certificate will be matched against.
|
|
|
|
* *ssl_handshake_timeout* is (for an SSL connection) the time in seconds to
|
|
wait for the SSL handshake to complete before aborting the connection.
|
|
``10.0`` seconds if ``None`` (default).
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
Watch file descriptors
|
|
----------------------
|
|
|
|
On Windows with :class:`SelectorEventLoop`, only socket handles are supported
|
|
(ex: pipe file descriptors are not supported).
|
|
|
|
On Windows with :class:`ProactorEventLoop`, these methods are not supported.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.add_reader(fd, callback, \*args)
|
|
|
|
Start watching the file descriptor for read availability and then call the
|
|
*callback* with specified arguments.
|
|
|
|
:ref:`Use functools.partial to pass keywords to the callback
|
|
<asyncio-pass-keywords>`.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.remove_reader(fd)
|
|
|
|
Stop watching the file descriptor for read availability.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.add_writer(fd, callback, \*args)
|
|
|
|
Start watching the file descriptor for write availability and then call the
|
|
*callback* with specified arguments.
|
|
|
|
:ref:`Use functools.partial to pass keywords to the callback
|
|
<asyncio-pass-keywords>`.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.remove_writer(fd)
|
|
|
|
Stop watching the file descriptor for write availability.
|
|
|
|
The :ref:`watch a file descriptor for read events <asyncio-watch-read-event>`
|
|
example uses the low-level :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.add_reader` method to register
|
|
the file descriptor of a socket.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Low-level socket operations
|
|
---------------------------
|
|
|
|
.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.sock_recv(sock, nbytes)
|
|
|
|
Receive data from the socket. Modeled after blocking
|
|
:meth:`socket.socket.recv` method.
|
|
|
|
The return value is a bytes object
|
|
representing the data received. The maximum amount of data to be received
|
|
at once is specified by *nbytes*.
|
|
|
|
With :class:`SelectorEventLoop` event loop, the socket *sock* must be
|
|
non-blocking.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
|
|
Even though the method was always documented as a coroutine
|
|
method, before Python 3.7 it returned a :class:`Future`.
|
|
Since Python 3.7, this is an ``async def`` method.
|
|
|
|
.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.sock_recv_into(sock, buf)
|
|
|
|
Receive data from the socket. Modeled after blocking
|
|
:meth:`socket.socket.recv_into` method.
|
|
|
|
The received data is written into *buf* (a writable buffer).
|
|
The return value is the number of bytes written.
|
|
|
|
With :class:`SelectorEventLoop` event loop, the socket *sock* must be
|
|
non-blocking.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.sock_sendall(sock, data)
|
|
|
|
Send data to the socket. Modeled after blocking
|
|
:meth:`socket.socket.sendall` method.
|
|
|
|
The socket must be connected to a remote socket.
|
|
This method continues to send data from *data* until either all data has
|
|
been sent or an error occurs. ``None`` is returned on success. On error,
|
|
an exception is raised, and there is no way to determine how much data, if
|
|
any, was successfully processed by the receiving end of the connection.
|
|
|
|
With :class:`SelectorEventLoop` event loop, the socket *sock* must be
|
|
non-blocking.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
|
|
Even though the method was always documented as a coroutine
|
|
method, before Python 3.7 it returned an :class:`Future`.
|
|
Since Python 3.7, this is an ``async def`` method.
|
|
|
|
.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.sock_connect(sock, address)
|
|
|
|
Connect to a remote socket at *address*. Modeled after
|
|
blocking :meth:`socket.socket.connect` method.
|
|
|
|
With :class:`SelectorEventLoop` event loop, the socket *sock* must be
|
|
non-blocking.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5.2
|
|
``address`` no longer needs to be resolved. ``sock_connect``
|
|
will try to check if the *address* is already resolved by calling
|
|
:func:`socket.inet_pton`. If not,
|
|
:meth:`AbstractEventLoop.getaddrinfo` will be used to resolve the
|
|
*address*.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_connection`
|
|
and :func:`asyncio.open_connection() <open_connection>`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.sock_accept(sock)
|
|
|
|
Accept a connection. Modeled after blocking
|
|
:meth:`socket.socket.accept`.
|
|
|
|
The socket must be bound to an address and listening
|
|
for connections. The return value is a pair ``(conn, address)`` where *conn*
|
|
is a *new* socket object usable to send and receive data on the connection,
|
|
and *address* is the address bound to the socket on the other end of the
|
|
connection.
|
|
|
|
The socket *sock* must be non-blocking.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
|
|
Even though the method was always documented as a coroutine
|
|
method, before Python 3.7 it returned a :class:`Future`.
|
|
Since Python 3.7, this is an ``async def`` method.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_server` and :func:`start_server`.
|
|
|
|
.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.sock_sendfile(sock, file, \
|
|
offset=0, count=None, \
|
|
*, fallback=True)
|
|
|
|
Send a file using high-performance :mod:`os.sendfile` if possible
|
|
and return the total number of bytes which were sent.
|
|
|
|
Asynchronous version of :meth:`socket.socket.sendfile`.
|
|
|
|
*sock* must be non-blocking :class:`~socket.socket` of
|
|
:const:`socket.SOCK_STREAM` type.
|
|
|
|
*file* must be a regular file object opened in binary mode.
|
|
|
|
*offset* tells from where to start reading the file. If specified,
|
|
*count* is the total number of bytes to transmit as opposed to
|
|
sending the file until EOF is reached. File position is updated on
|
|
return or also in case of error in which case :meth:`file.tell()
|
|
<io.IOBase.tell>` can be used to figure out the number of bytes
|
|
which were sent.
|
|
|
|
*fallback* set to ``True`` makes asyncio to manually read and send
|
|
the file when the platform does not support the sendfile syscall
|
|
(e.g. Windows or SSL socket on Unix).
|
|
|
|
Raise :exc:`SendfileNotAvailableError` if the system does not support
|
|
*sendfile* syscall and *fallback* is ``False``.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
Resolve host name
|
|
-----------------
|
|
|
|
.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.getaddrinfo(host, port, \*, family=0, type=0, proto=0, flags=0)
|
|
|
|
This method is a :ref:`coroutine <coroutine>`, similar to
|
|
:meth:`socket.getaddrinfo` function but non-blocking.
|
|
|
|
.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.getnameinfo(sockaddr, flags=0)
|
|
|
|
This method is a :ref:`coroutine <coroutine>`, similar to
|
|
:meth:`socket.getnameinfo` function but non-blocking.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
|
|
Both *getaddrinfo* and *getnameinfo* methods were always documented
|
|
to return a coroutine, but prior to Python 3.7 they were, in fact,
|
|
returning :class:`asyncio.Future` objects. Starting with Python 3.7
|
|
both methods are coroutines.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Connect pipes
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
On Windows with :class:`SelectorEventLoop`, these methods are not supported.
|
|
Use :class:`ProactorEventLoop` to support pipes on Windows.
|
|
|
|
.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.connect_read_pipe(protocol_factory, pipe)
|
|
|
|
Register read pipe in eventloop.
|
|
|
|
*protocol_factory* should instantiate object with :class:`Protocol`
|
|
interface. *pipe* is a :term:`file-like object <file object>`.
|
|
Return pair ``(transport, protocol)``, where *transport* supports the
|
|
:class:`ReadTransport` interface.
|
|
|
|
With :class:`SelectorEventLoop` event loop, the *pipe* is set to
|
|
non-blocking mode.
|
|
|
|
.. coroutinemethod:: AbstractEventLoop.connect_write_pipe(protocol_factory, pipe)
|
|
|
|
Register write pipe in eventloop.
|
|
|
|
*protocol_factory* should instantiate object with :class:`BaseProtocol`
|
|
interface. *pipe* is :term:`file-like object <file object>`.
|
|
Return pair ``(transport, protocol)``, where *transport* supports
|
|
:class:`WriteTransport` interface.
|
|
|
|
With :class:`SelectorEventLoop` event loop, the *pipe* is set to
|
|
non-blocking mode.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
The :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.subprocess_exec` and
|
|
:meth:`AbstractEventLoop.subprocess_shell` methods.
|
|
|
|
|
|
UNIX signals
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
Availability: UNIX only.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.add_signal_handler(signum, callback, \*args)
|
|
|
|
Add a handler for a signal.
|
|
|
|
Raise :exc:`ValueError` if the signal number is invalid or uncatchable.
|
|
Raise :exc:`RuntimeError` if there is a problem setting up the handler.
|
|
|
|
:ref:`Use functools.partial to pass keywords to the callback
|
|
<asyncio-pass-keywords>`.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.remove_signal_handler(sig)
|
|
|
|
Remove a handler for a signal.
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if a signal handler was removed, ``False`` if not.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
The :mod:`signal` module.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Executor
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
Call a function in an :class:`~concurrent.futures.Executor` (pool of threads or
|
|
pool of processes). By default, an event loop uses a thread pool executor
|
|
(:class:`~concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor`).
|
|
|
|
.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.run_in_executor(executor, func, \*args)
|
|
|
|
Arrange for a *func* to be called in the specified executor.
|
|
|
|
The *executor* argument should be an :class:`~concurrent.futures.Executor`
|
|
instance. The default executor is used if *executor* is ``None``.
|
|
|
|
:ref:`Use functools.partial to pass keywords to the *func*
|
|
<asyncio-pass-keywords>`.
|
|
|
|
This method returns a :class:`asyncio.Future` object.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5.3
|
|
:meth:`BaseEventLoop.run_in_executor` no longer configures the
|
|
``max_workers`` of the thread pool executor it creates, instead
|
|
leaving it up to the thread pool executor
|
|
(:class:`~concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor`) to set the
|
|
default.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.set_default_executor(executor)
|
|
|
|
Set the default executor used by :meth:`run_in_executor`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Error Handling API
|
|
------------------
|
|
|
|
Allows customizing how exceptions are handled in the event loop.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.set_exception_handler(handler)
|
|
|
|
Set *handler* as the new event loop exception handler.
|
|
|
|
If *handler* is ``None``, the default exception handler will
|
|
be set.
|
|
|
|
If *handler* is a callable object, it should have a
|
|
matching signature to ``(loop, context)``, where ``loop``
|
|
will be a reference to the active event loop, ``context``
|
|
will be a ``dict`` object (see :meth:`call_exception_handler`
|
|
documentation for details about context).
|
|
|
|
.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.get_exception_handler()
|
|
|
|
Return the exception handler, or ``None`` if the default one
|
|
is in use.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.5.2
|
|
|
|
.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.default_exception_handler(context)
|
|
|
|
Default exception handler.
|
|
|
|
This is called when an exception occurs and no exception
|
|
handler is set, and can be called by a custom exception
|
|
handler that wants to defer to the default behavior.
|
|
|
|
*context* parameter has the same meaning as in
|
|
:meth:`call_exception_handler`.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.call_exception_handler(context)
|
|
|
|
Call the current event loop exception handler.
|
|
|
|
*context* is a ``dict`` object containing the following keys
|
|
(new keys may be introduced later):
|
|
|
|
* 'message': Error message;
|
|
* 'exception' (optional): Exception object;
|
|
* 'future' (optional): :class:`asyncio.Future` instance;
|
|
* 'handle' (optional): :class:`asyncio.Handle` instance;
|
|
* 'protocol' (optional): :ref:`Protocol <asyncio-protocol>` instance;
|
|
* 'transport' (optional): :ref:`Transport <asyncio-transport>` instance;
|
|
* 'socket' (optional): :class:`socket.socket` instance.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
Note: this method should not be overloaded in subclassed
|
|
event loops. For any custom exception handling, use
|
|
:meth:`set_exception_handler()` method.
|
|
|
|
Debug mode
|
|
----------
|
|
|
|
.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.get_debug()
|
|
|
|
Get the debug mode (:class:`bool`) of the event loop.
|
|
|
|
The default value is ``True`` if the environment variable
|
|
:envvar:`PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG` is set to a non-empty string, ``False``
|
|
otherwise.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.4.2
|
|
|
|
.. method:: AbstractEventLoop.set_debug(enabled: bool)
|
|
|
|
Set the debug mode of the event loop.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.4.2
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
The :ref:`debug mode of asyncio <asyncio-debug-mode>`.
|
|
|
|
Server
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: Server
|
|
|
|
Server listening on sockets.
|
|
|
|
Object created by :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_server`,
|
|
:meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_unix_server`, :func:`start_server`,
|
|
and :func:`start_unix_server` functions. Don't instantiate the class
|
|
directly.
|
|
|
|
*Server* objects are asynchronous context managers. When used in an
|
|
``async with`` statement, it's guaranteed that the Server object is
|
|
closed and not accepting new connections when the ``async with``
|
|
statement is completed::
|
|
|
|
srv = await loop.create_server(...)
|
|
|
|
async with srv:
|
|
# some code
|
|
|
|
# At this point, srv is closed and no longer accepts new connections.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
|
|
Server object is an asynchronous context manager since Python 3.7.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: close()
|
|
|
|
Stop serving: close listening sockets and set the :attr:`sockets`
|
|
attribute to ``None``.
|
|
|
|
The sockets that represent existing incoming client connections are left
|
|
open.
|
|
|
|
The server is closed asynchronously, use the :meth:`wait_closed`
|
|
coroutine to wait until the server is closed.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: get_loop()
|
|
|
|
Gives the event loop associated with the server object.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
.. coroutinemethod:: start_serving()
|
|
|
|
Start accepting connections.
|
|
|
|
This method is idempotent, so it can be called when
|
|
the server is already being serving.
|
|
|
|
The new *start_serving* keyword-only parameter to
|
|
:meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_server` and
|
|
:meth:`asyncio.start_server` allows to create a Server object
|
|
that is not accepting connections right away. In which case
|
|
this method, or :meth:`Server.serve_forever` can be used
|
|
to make the Server object to start accepting connections.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
.. coroutinemethod:: serve_forever()
|
|
|
|
Start accepting connections until the coroutine is cancelled.
|
|
Cancellation of ``serve_forever`` task causes the server
|
|
to be closed.
|
|
|
|
This method can be called if the server is already accepting
|
|
connections. Only one ``serve_forever`` task can exist per
|
|
one *Server* object.
|
|
|
|
Example::
|
|
|
|
async def client_connected(reader, writer):
|
|
# Communicate with the client with
|
|
# reader/writer streams. For example:
|
|
await reader.readline()
|
|
|
|
async def main(host, port):
|
|
srv = await asyncio.start_server(
|
|
client_connected, host, port)
|
|
await srv.serve_forever()
|
|
|
|
asyncio.run(main('127.0.0.1', 0))
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
.. method:: is_serving()
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if the server is accepting new connections.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
.. coroutinemethod:: wait_closed()
|
|
|
|
Wait until the :meth:`close` method completes.
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: sockets
|
|
|
|
List of :class:`socket.socket` objects the server is listening to, or
|
|
``None`` if the server is closed.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
|
|
Prior to Python 3.7 ``Server.sockets`` used to return the
|
|
internal list of server's sockets directly. In 3.7 a copy
|
|
of that list is returned.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Handle
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: Handle
|
|
|
|
A callback wrapper object returned by :func:`AbstractEventLoop.call_soon`,
|
|
:func:`AbstractEventLoop.call_soon_threadsafe`.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: cancel()
|
|
|
|
Cancel the call. If the callback is already canceled or executed,
|
|
this method has no effect.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: cancelled()
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if the call was cancelled.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
.. class:: TimerHandle
|
|
|
|
A callback wrapper object returned by :func:`AbstractEventLoop.call_later`,
|
|
and :func:`AbstractEventLoop.call_at`.
|
|
|
|
The class is inherited from :class:`Handle`.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: when()
|
|
|
|
Return a scheduled callback time as :class:`float` seconds.
|
|
|
|
The time is an absolute timestamp, using the same time
|
|
reference as :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.time`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
SendfileNotAvailableError
|
|
-------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: SendfileNotAvailableError
|
|
|
|
Sendfile syscall is not available, subclass of :exc:`RuntimeError`.
|
|
|
|
Raised if the OS does not support sendfile syscall for
|
|
given socket or file type.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Event loop examples
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
.. _asyncio-hello-world-callback:
|
|
|
|
Hello World with call_soon()
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
|
|
Example using the :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.call_soon` method to schedule a
|
|
callback. The callback displays ``"Hello World"`` and then stops the event
|
|
loop::
|
|
|
|
import asyncio
|
|
|
|
def hello_world(loop):
|
|
print('Hello World')
|
|
loop.stop()
|
|
|
|
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
|
|
|
|
# Schedule a call to hello_world()
|
|
loop.call_soon(hello_world, loop)
|
|
|
|
# Blocking call interrupted by loop.stop()
|
|
loop.run_forever()
|
|
loop.close()
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
The :ref:`Hello World coroutine <asyncio-hello-world-coroutine>` example
|
|
uses a :ref:`coroutine <coroutine>`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _asyncio-date-callback:
|
|
|
|
Display the current date with call_later()
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
|
|
Example of callback displaying the current date every second. The callback uses
|
|
the :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.call_later` method to reschedule itself during 5
|
|
seconds, and then stops the event loop::
|
|
|
|
import asyncio
|
|
import datetime
|
|
|
|
def display_date(end_time, loop):
|
|
print(datetime.datetime.now())
|
|
if (loop.time() + 1.0) < end_time:
|
|
loop.call_later(1, display_date, end_time, loop)
|
|
else:
|
|
loop.stop()
|
|
|
|
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
|
|
|
|
# Schedule the first call to display_date()
|
|
end_time = loop.time() + 5.0
|
|
loop.call_soon(display_date, end_time, loop)
|
|
|
|
# Blocking call interrupted by loop.stop()
|
|
loop.run_forever()
|
|
loop.close()
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
The :ref:`coroutine displaying the current date
|
|
<asyncio-date-coroutine>` example uses a :ref:`coroutine
|
|
<coroutine>`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _asyncio-watch-read-event:
|
|
|
|
Watch a file descriptor for read events
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
|
|
Wait until a file descriptor received some data using the
|
|
:meth:`AbstractEventLoop.add_reader` method and then close the event loop::
|
|
|
|
import asyncio
|
|
from socket import socketpair
|
|
|
|
# Create a pair of connected file descriptors
|
|
rsock, wsock = socketpair()
|
|
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
|
|
|
|
def reader():
|
|
data = rsock.recv(100)
|
|
print("Received:", data.decode())
|
|
# We are done: unregister the file descriptor
|
|
loop.remove_reader(rsock)
|
|
# Stop the event loop
|
|
loop.stop()
|
|
|
|
# Register the file descriptor for read event
|
|
loop.add_reader(rsock, reader)
|
|
|
|
# Simulate the reception of data from the network
|
|
loop.call_soon(wsock.send, 'abc'.encode())
|
|
|
|
# Run the event loop
|
|
loop.run_forever()
|
|
|
|
# We are done, close sockets and the event loop
|
|
rsock.close()
|
|
wsock.close()
|
|
loop.close()
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
The :ref:`register an open socket to wait for data using a protocol
|
|
<asyncio-register-socket>` example uses a low-level protocol created by the
|
|
:meth:`AbstractEventLoop.create_connection` method.
|
|
|
|
The :ref:`register an open socket to wait for data using streams
|
|
<asyncio-register-socket-streams>` example uses high-level streams
|
|
created by the :func:`open_connection` function in a coroutine.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Set signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
|
|
Register handlers for signals :py:data:`SIGINT` and :py:data:`SIGTERM` using
|
|
the :meth:`AbstractEventLoop.add_signal_handler` method::
|
|
|
|
import asyncio
|
|
import functools
|
|
import os
|
|
import signal
|
|
|
|
def ask_exit(signame):
|
|
print("got signal %s: exit" % signame)
|
|
loop.stop()
|
|
|
|
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
|
|
for signame in ('SIGINT', 'SIGTERM'):
|
|
loop.add_signal_handler(getattr(signal, signame),
|
|
functools.partial(ask_exit, signame))
|
|
|
|
print("Event loop running forever, press Ctrl+C to interrupt.")
|
|
print("pid %s: send SIGINT or SIGTERM to exit." % os.getpid())
|
|
try:
|
|
loop.run_forever()
|
|
finally:
|
|
loop.close()
|
|
|
|
This example only works on UNIX.
|