574 lines
21 KiB
TeX
574 lines
21 KiB
TeX
\section{\module{urllib2} ---
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extensible library for opening URLs}
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\declaremodule{standard}{urllib2}
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\moduleauthor{Jeremy Hylton}{jhylton@users.sourceforge.net}
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\sectionauthor{Moshe Zadka}{moshez@users.sourceforge.net}
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\modulesynopsis{An extensible library for opening URLs using a variety of
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protocols}
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The \module{urllib2} module defines functions and classes which help
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in opening URLs (mostly HTTP) in a complex world --- basic and digest
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authentication, redirections and more.
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The \module{urllib2} module defines the following functions:
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\begin{funcdesc}{urlopen}{url\optional{, data}}
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Open the URL \var{url}, which can be either a string or a \class{Request}
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object (currently the code checks that it really is a \class{Request}
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instance, or an instance of a subclass of \class{Request}).
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\var{data} should be a string, which specifies additional data to
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send to the server. In HTTP requests, which are the only ones that
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support \var{data}, it should be a buffer in the format of
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\mimetype{application/x-www-form-urlencoded}, for example one returned
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from \function{urllib.urlencode()}.
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This function returns a file-like object with two additional methods:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \method{geturl()} --- return the URL of the resource retrieved
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\item \method{info()} --- return the meta-information of the page, as
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a dictionary-like object
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\end{itemize}
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Raises \exception{URLError} on errors.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{install_opener}{opener}
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Install an \class{OpenerDirector} instance as the default opener.
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The code does not check for a real \class{OpenerDirector}, and any
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class with the appropriate interface will work.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{build_opener}{\optional{handler, \moreargs}}
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Return an \class{OpenerDirector} instance, which chains the
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handlers in the order given. \var{handler}s can be either instances
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of \class{BaseHandler}, or subclasses of \class{BaseHandler} (in
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which case it must be possible to call the constructor without
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any parameters). Instances of the following classes will be in
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front of the \var{handler}s, unless the \var{handler}s contain
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them, instances of them or subclasses of them:
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\code{ProxyHandler, UnknownHandler, HTTPHandler, HTTPDefaultErrorHandler,
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HTTPRedirectHandler, FTPHandler, FileHandler}
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If the Python installation has SSL support (\function{socket.ssl()}
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exists), \class{HTTPSHandler} will also be added.
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\end{funcdesc}
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The following exceptions are raised as appropriate:
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\begin{excdesc}{URLError}
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The handlers raise this exception (or derived exceptions) when they
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run into a problem. It is a subclass of \exception{IOError}.
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\end{excdesc}
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\begin{excdesc}{HTTPError}
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A subclass of \exception{URLError}, it can also function as a
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non-exceptional file-like return value (the same thing that
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\function{urlopen()} returns). This is useful when handling exotic
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HTTP errors, such as requests for authentication.
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\end{excdesc}
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\begin{excdesc}{GopherError}
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A subclass of \exception{URLError}, this is the error raised by the
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Gopher handler.
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\end{excdesc}
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The following classes are provided:
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\begin{classdesc}{Request}{url\optional{, data\optional{, headers}}}
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This class is an abstraction of a URL request.
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\var{url} should be a string which is a valid URL. For a description
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of \var{data} see the \method{add_data()} description.
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\var{headers} should be a dictionary, and will be treated as if
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\method{add_header()} was called with each key and value as arguments.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{OpenerDirector}{}
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The \class{OpenerDirector} class opens URLs via \class{BaseHandler}s
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chained together. It manages the chaining of handlers, and recovery
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from errors.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{BaseHandler}{}
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This is the base class for all registered handlers --- and handles only
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the simple mechanics of registration.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{HTTPDefaultErrorHandler}{}
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A class which defines a default handler for HTTP error responses; all
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responses are turned into \exception{HTTPError} exceptions.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{HTTPRedirectHandler}{}
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A class to handle redirections.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{ProxyHandler}{\optional{proxies}}
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Cause requests to go through a proxy.
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If \var{proxies} is given, it must be a dictionary mapping
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protocol names to URLs of proxies.
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The default is to read the list of proxies from the environment
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variables \var{protocol}_proxy.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{HTTPPasswordMgr}{}
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Keep a database of
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\code{(\var{realm}, \var{uri}) -> (\var{user}, \var{password})}
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mappings.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm}{}
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Keep a database of
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\code{(\var{realm}, \var{uri}) -> (\var{user}, \var{password})} mappings.
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A realm of \code{None} is considered a catch-all realm, which is searched
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if no other realm fits.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{AbstractBasicAuthHandler}{\optional{password_mgr}}
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This is a mixin class that helps with HTTP authentication, both
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to the remote host and to a proxy.
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\var{password_mgr}, if given, should be something that is compatible
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with \class{HTTPPasswordMgr}; refer to section~\ref{http-password-mgr}
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for information on the interface that must be supported.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{HTTPBasicAuthHandler}{\optional{password_mgr}}
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Handle authentication with the remote host.
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\var{password_mgr}, if given, should be something that is compatible
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with \class{HTTPPasswordMgr}; refer to section~\ref{http-password-mgr}
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for information on the interface that must be supported.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{ProxyBasicAuthHandler}{\optional{password_mgr}}
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Handle authentication with the proxy.
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\var{password_mgr}, if given, should be something that is compatible
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with \class{HTTPPasswordMgr}; refer to section~\ref{http-password-mgr}
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for information on the interface that must be supported.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{AbstractDigestAuthHandler}{\optional{password_mgr}}
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This is a mixin class that helps with HTTP authentication, both
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to the remote host and to a proxy.
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\var{password_mgr}, if given, should be something that is compatible
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with \class{HTTPPasswordMgr}; refer to section~\ref{http-password-mgr}
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for information on the interface that must be supported.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{HTTPDigestAuthHandler}{\optional{password_mgr}}
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Handle authentication with the remote host.
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\var{password_mgr}, if given, should be something that is compatible
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with \class{HTTPPasswordMgr}; refer to section~\ref{http-password-mgr}
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for information on the interface that must be supported.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{ProxyDigestAuthHandler}{\optional{password_mgr}}
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Handle authentication with the proxy.
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\var{password_mgr}, if given, should be something that is compatible
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with \class{HTTPPasswordMgr}; refer to section~\ref{http-password-mgr}
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for information on the interface that must be supported.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{HTTPHandler}{}
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A class to handle opening of HTTP URLs.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{HTTPSHandler}{}
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A class to handle opening of HTTPS URLs.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{FileHandler}{}
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Open local files.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{FTPHandler}{}
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Open FTP URLs.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{CacheFTPHandler}{}
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Open FTP URLs, keeping a cache of open FTP connections to minimize
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delays.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{GopherHandler}{}
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Open gopher URLs.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{UnknownHandler}{}
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A catch-all class to handle unknown URLs.
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\end{classdesc}
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\subsection{Request Objects \label{request-objects}}
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The following methods describe all of \class{Request}'s public interface,
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and so all must be overridden in subclasses.
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\begin{methoddesc}[Request]{add_data}{data}
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Set the \class{Request} data to \var{data}. This is ignored
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by all handlers except HTTP handlers --- and there it should be an
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\mimetype{application/x-www-form-encoded} buffer, and will change the
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request to be \code{POST} rather than \code{GET}.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}[Request]{has_data}{}
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Return whether the instance has a non-\code{None} data.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}[Request]{get_data}{}
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Return the instance's data.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}[Request]{add_header}{key, val}
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Add another header to the request. Headers are currently ignored by
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all handlers except HTTP handlers, where they are added to the list
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of headers sent to the server. Note that there cannot be more than
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one header with the same name, and later calls will overwrite
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previous calls in case the \var{key} collides. Currently, this is
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no loss of HTTP functionality, since all headers which have meaning
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when used more than once have a (header-specific) way of gaining the
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same functionality using only one header.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}[Request]{get_full_url}{}
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Return the URL given in the constructor.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}[Request]{get_type}{}
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Return the type of the URL --- also known as the scheme.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}[Request]{get_host}{}
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Return the host to which a connection will be made.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}[Request]{get_selector}{}
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Return the selector --- the part of the URL that is sent to
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the server.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}[Request]{set_proxy}{host, type}
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Prepare the request by connecting to a proxy server. The \var{host}
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and \var{type} will replace those of the instance, and the instance's
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selector will be the original URL given in the constructor.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\subsection{OpenerDirector Objects \label{opener-director-objects}}
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\class{OpenerDirector} instances have the following methods:
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\begin{methoddesc}[OpenerDirector]{add_handler}{handler}
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\var{handler} should be an instance of \class{BaseHandler}. The
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following methods are searched, and added to the possible chains.
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \method{\var{protocol}_open()} ---
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signal that the handler knows how to open \var{protocol} URLs.
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\item \method{\var{protocol}_error_\var{type}()} ---
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signal that the handler knows how to handle \var{type} errors from
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\var{protocol}.
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\end{itemize}
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}[OpenerDirector]{close}{}
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Explicitly break cycles, and delete all the handlers.
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Because the \class{OpenerDirector} needs to know the registered handlers,
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and a handler needs to know who the \class{OpenerDirector} who called
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it is, there is a reference cycle. Even though recent versions of Python
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have cycle-collection, it is sometimes preferable to explicitly break
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the cycles.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}[OpenerDirector]{open}{url\optional{, data}}
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Open the given \var{url} (which can be a request object or a string),
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optionally passing the given \var{data}.
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Arguments, return values and exceptions raised are the same as those
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of \function{urlopen()} (which simply calls the \method{open()} method
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on the default installed \class{OpenerDirector}.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}[OpenerDirector]{error}{proto\optional{,
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arg\optional{, \moreargs}}}
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Handle an error in a given protocol. This will call the registered
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error handlers for the given protocol with the given arguments (which
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are protocol specific). The HTTP protocol is a special case which
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uses the HTTP response code to determine the specific error handler;
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refer to the \method{http_error_*()} methods of the handler classes.
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Return values and exceptions raised are the same as those
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of \function{urlopen()}.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\subsection{BaseHandler Objects \label{base-handler-objects}}
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\class{BaseHandler} objects provide a couple of methods that are
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directly useful, and others that are meant to be used by derived
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classes. These are intended for direct use:
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\begin{methoddesc}[BaseHandler]{add_parent}{director}
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Add a director as parent.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}[BaseHandler]{close}{}
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Remove any parents.
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\end{methoddesc}
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The following members and methods should only be used by classes
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derived from \class{BaseHandler}:
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\begin{memberdesc}[BaseHandler]{parent}
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A valid \class{OpenerDirector}, which can be used to open using a
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different protocol, or handle errors.
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\end{memberdesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}[BaseHandler]{default_open}{req}
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This method is \emph{not} defined in \class{BaseHandler}, but
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subclasses should define it if they want to catch all URLs.
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This method, if implemented, will be called by the parent
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\class{OpenerDirector}. It should return a file-like object as
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described in the return value of the \method{open()} of
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\class{OpenerDirector}, or \code{None}. It should raise
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\exception{URLError}, unless a truly exceptional thing happens (for
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example, \exception{MemoryError} should not be mapped to
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\exception{URLError}).
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This method will be called before any protocol-specific open method.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddescni}[BaseHandler]{\var{protocol}_open}{req}
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This method is \emph{not} defined in \class{BaseHandler}, but
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subclasses should define it if they want to handle URLs with the given
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protocol.
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This method, if defined, will be called by the parent
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\class{OpenerDirector}. Return values should be the same as for
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\method{default_open()}.
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\end{methoddescni}
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\begin{methoddesc}[BaseHandler]{unknown_open}{req}
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This method is \var{not} defined in \class{BaseHandler}, but
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subclasses should define it if they want to catch all URLs with no
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specific registered handler to open it.
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This method, if implemented, will be called by the \member{parent}
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\class{OpenerDirector}. Return values should be the same as for
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\method{default_open()}.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}[BaseHandler]{http_error_default}{req, fp, code, msg, hdrs}
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This method is \emph{not} defined in \class{BaseHandler}, but
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subclasses should override it if they intend to provide a catch-all
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for otherwise unhandled HTTP errors. It will be called automatically
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by the \class{OpenerDirector} getting the error, and should not
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normally be called in other circumstances.
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\var{req} will be a \class{Request} object, \var{fp} will be a
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file-like object with the HTTP error body, \var{code} will be the
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three-digit code of the error, \var{msg} will be the user-visible
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explanation of the code and \var{hdrs} will be a mapping object with
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the headers of the error.
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Return values and exceptions raised should be the same as those
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of \function{urlopen()}.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}[BaseHandler]{http_error_\var{nnn}}{req, fp, code, msg, hdrs}
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\var{nnn} should be a three-digit HTTP error code. This method is
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also not defined in \class{BaseHandler}, but will be called, if it
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exists, on an instance of a subclass, when an HTTP error with code
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\var{nnn} occurs.
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Subclasses should override this method to handle specific HTTP
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errors.
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Arguments, return values and exceptions raised should be the same as
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for \method{http_error_default()}.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\subsection{HTTPRedirectHandler Objects \label{http-redirect-handler}}
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\note{303 redirection is not supported by this version of
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\module{urllib2}.}
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\begin{methoddesc}[HTTPRedirectHandler]{http_error_301}{req,
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fp, code, msg, hdrs}
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Redirect to the \code{Location:} URL. This method is called by
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the parent \class{OpenerDirector} when getting an HTTP
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permanent-redirect response.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}[HTTPRedirectHandler]{http_error_302}{req,
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fp, code, msg, hdrs}
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The same as \method{http_error_301()}, but called for the
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temporary-redirect response.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\subsection{ProxyHandler Objects \label{proxy-handler}}
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\begin{methoddescni}[ProxyHandler]{\var{protocol}_open}{request}
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The \class{ProxyHandler} will have a method
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\method{\var{protocol}_open()} for every \var{protocol} which has a
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proxy in the \var{proxies} dictionary given in the constructor. The
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method will modify requests to go through the proxy, by calling
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\code{request.set_proxy()}, and call the next handler in the chain to
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actually execute the protocol.
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\end{methoddescni}
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\subsection{HTTPPasswordMgr Objects \label{http-password-mgr}}
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These methods are available on \class{HTTPPasswordMgr} and
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\class{HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm} objects.
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\begin{methoddesc}[HTTPPasswordMgr]{add_password}{realm, uri, user, passwd}
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\var{uri} can be either a single URI, or a sequene of URIs. \var{realm},
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\var{user} and \var{passwd} must be strings. This causes
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\code{(\var{user}, \var{passwd})} to be used as authentication tokens
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when authentication for \var{realm} and a super-URI of any of the
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given URIs is given.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}[HTTPPasswordMgr]{find_user_password}{realm, authuri}
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Get user/password for given realm and URI, if any. This method will
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return \code{(None, None)} if there is no matching user/password.
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For \class{HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm} objects, the realm
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\code{None} will be searched if the given \var{realm} has no matching
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user/password.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\subsection{AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
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\label{abstract-basic-auth-handler}}
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\begin{methoddesc}[AbstractBasicAuthHandler]{handle_authentication_request}
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{authreq, host, req, headers}
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Handle an authentication request by getting a user/password pair, and
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re-trying the request. \var{authreq} should be the name of the header
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where the information about the realm is included in the request,
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\var{host} is the host to authenticate to, \var{req} should be the
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(failed) \class{Request} object, and \var{headers} should be the error
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headers.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\subsection{HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
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\label{http-basic-auth-handler}}
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\begin{methoddesc}[HTTPBasicAuthHandler]{http_error_401}{req, fp, code,
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msg, hdrs}
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Retry the request with authentication information, if available.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\subsection{ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
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\label{proxy-basic-auth-handler}}
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\begin{methoddesc}[ProxyBasicAuthHandler]{http_error_407}{req, fp, code,
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|
msg, hdrs}
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|
Retry the request with authentication information, if available.
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|
\end{methoddesc}
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|
|
|
|
|
\subsection{AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
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|
\label{abstract-digest-auth-handler}}
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|
|
|
\begin{methoddesc}[AbstractDigestAuthHandler]{handle_authentication_request}
|
|
{authreq, host, req, headers}
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|
\var{authreq} should be the name of the header where the information about
|
|
the realm is included in the request, \var{host} should be the host to
|
|
authenticate to, \var{req} should be the (failed) \class{Request}
|
|
object, and \var{headers} should be the error headers.
|
|
\end{methoddesc}
|
|
|
|
|
|
\subsection{HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
|
|
\label{http-digest-auth-handler}}
|
|
|
|
\begin{methoddesc}[HTTPDigestAuthHandler]{http_error_401}{req, fp, code,
|
|
msg, hdrs}
|
|
Retry the request with authentication information, if available.
|
|
\end{methoddesc}
|
|
|
|
|
|
\subsection{ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
|
|
\label{proxy-digest-auth-handler}}
|
|
|
|
\begin{methoddesc}[ProxyDigestAuthHandler]{http_error_407}{req, fp, code,
|
|
msg, hdrs}
|
|
Retry the request with authentication information, if available.
|
|
\end{methoddesc}
|
|
|
|
|
|
\subsection{HTTPHandler Objects \label{http-handler-objects}}
|
|
|
|
\begin{methoddesc}[HTTPHandler]{http_open}{req}
|
|
Send an HTTP request, which can be either GET or POST, depending on
|
|
\code{\var{req}.has_data()}.
|
|
\end{methoddesc}
|
|
|
|
|
|
\subsection{HTTPSHandler Objects \label{https-handler-objects}}
|
|
|
|
\begin{methoddesc}[HTTPSHandler]{https_open}{req}
|
|
Send an HTTPS request, which can be either GET or POST, depending on
|
|
\code{\var{req}.has_data()}.
|
|
\end{methoddesc}
|
|
|
|
|
|
\subsection{FileHandler Objects \label{file-handler-objects}}
|
|
|
|
\begin{methoddesc}[FileHandler]{file_open}{req}
|
|
Open the file locally, if there is no host name, or
|
|
the host name is \code{'localhost'}. Change the
|
|
protocol to \code{ftp} otherwise, and retry opening
|
|
it using \member{parent}.
|
|
\end{methoddesc}
|
|
|
|
|
|
\subsection{FTPHandler Objects \label{ftp-handler-objects}}
|
|
|
|
\begin{methoddesc}[FTPHandler]{ftp_open}{req}
|
|
Open the FTP file indicated by \var{req}.
|
|
The login is always done with empty username and password.
|
|
\end{methoddesc}
|
|
|
|
|
|
\subsection{CacheFTPHandler Objects \label{cacheftp-handler-objects}}
|
|
|
|
\class{CacheFTPHandler} objects are \class{FTPHandler} objects with
|
|
the following additional methods:
|
|
|
|
\begin{methoddesc}[CacheFTPHandler]{setTimeout}{t}
|
|
Set timeout of connections to \var{t} seconds.
|
|
\end{methoddesc}
|
|
|
|
\begin{methoddesc}[CacheFTPHandler]{setMaxConns}{m}
|
|
Set maximum number of cached connections to \var{m}.
|
|
\end{methoddesc}
|
|
|
|
|
|
\subsection{GopherHandler Objects \label{gopher-handler}}
|
|
|
|
\begin{methoddesc}[GopherHandler]{gopher_open}{req}
|
|
Open the gopher resource indicated by \var{req}.
|
|
\end{methoddesc}
|
|
|
|
|
|
\subsection{UnknownHandler Objects \label{unknown-handler-objects}}
|
|
|
|
\begin{methoddesc}[UnknownHandler]{unknown_open}{}
|
|
Raise a \exception{URLError} exception.
|
|
\end{methoddesc}
|