728 lines
28 KiB
ReStructuredText
728 lines
28 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`shutil` --- High-level file operations
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============================================
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.. module:: shutil
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:synopsis: High-level file operations, including copying.
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.. sectionauthor:: Fred L. Drake, Jr. <fdrake@acm.org>
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.. partly based on the docstrings
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**Source code:** :source:`Lib/shutil.py`
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.. index::
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single: file; copying
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single: copying files
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--------------
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The :mod:`shutil` module offers a number of high-level operations on files and
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collections of files. In particular, functions are provided which support file
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copying and removal. For operations on individual files, see also the
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:mod:`os` module.
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.. warning::
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Even the higher-level file copying functions (:func:`shutil.copy`,
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:func:`shutil.copy2`) cannot copy all file metadata.
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On POSIX platforms, this means that file owner and group are lost as well
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as ACLs. On Mac OS, the resource fork and other metadata are not used.
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This means that resources will be lost and file type and creator codes will
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not be correct. On Windows, file owners, ACLs and alternate data streams
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are not copied.
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.. _file-operations:
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Directory and files operations
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------------------------------
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.. function:: copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
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Copy the contents of the file-like object *fsrc* to the file-like object *fdst*.
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The integer *length*, if given, is the buffer size. In particular, a negative
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*length* value means to copy the data without looping over the source data in
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chunks; by default the data is read in chunks to avoid uncontrolled memory
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consumption. Note that if the current file position of the *fsrc* object is not
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0, only the contents from the current file position to the end of the file will
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be copied.
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.. function:: copyfile(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True)
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Copy the contents (no metadata) of the file named *src* to a file named
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*dst* and return *dst* in the most efficient way possible.
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*src* and *dst* are path names given as strings.
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*dst* must be the complete target file name; look at :func:`~shutil.copy`
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for a copy that accepts a target directory path. If *src* and *dst*
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specify the same file, :exc:`SameFileError` is raised.
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The destination location must be writable; otherwise, an :exc:`OSError`
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exception will be raised. If *dst* already exists, it will be replaced.
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Special files such as character or block devices and pipes cannot be
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copied with this function.
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If *follow_symlinks* is false and *src* is a symbolic link,
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a new symbolic link will be created instead of copying the
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file *src* points to.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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:exc:`IOError` used to be raised instead of :exc:`OSError`.
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Added *follow_symlinks* argument.
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Now returns *dst*.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.4
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Raise :exc:`SameFileError` instead of :exc:`Error`. Since the former is
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a subclass of the latter, this change is backward compatible.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8
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Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to
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copy the file more efficiently. See
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:ref:`shutil-platform-dependent-efficient-copy-operations` section.
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.. exception:: SameFileError
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This exception is raised if source and destination in :func:`copyfile`
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are the same file.
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.. versionadded:: 3.4
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.. function:: copymode(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True)
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Copy the permission bits from *src* to *dst*. The file contents, owner, and
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group are unaffected. *src* and *dst* are path names given as strings.
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If *follow_symlinks* is false, and both *src* and *dst* are symbolic links,
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:func:`copymode` will attempt to modify the mode of *dst* itself (rather
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than the file it points to). This functionality is not available on every
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platform; please see :func:`copystat` for more information. If
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:func:`copymode` cannot modify symbolic links on the local platform, and it
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is asked to do so, it will do nothing and return.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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Added *follow_symlinks* argument.
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.. function:: copystat(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True)
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Copy the permission bits, last access time, last modification time, and
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flags from *src* to *dst*. On Linux, :func:`copystat` also copies the
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"extended attributes" where possible. The file contents, owner, and
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group are unaffected. *src* and *dst* are path names given as strings.
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If *follow_symlinks* is false, and *src* and *dst* both
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refer to symbolic links, :func:`copystat` will operate on
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the symbolic links themselves rather than the files the
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symbolic links refer to—reading the information from the
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*src* symbolic link, and writing the information to the
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*dst* symbolic link.
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.. note::
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Not all platforms provide the ability to examine and
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modify symbolic links. Python itself can tell you what
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functionality is locally available.
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* If ``os.chmod in os.supports_follow_symlinks`` is
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``True``, :func:`copystat` can modify the permission
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bits of a symbolic link.
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* If ``os.utime in os.supports_follow_symlinks`` is
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``True``, :func:`copystat` can modify the last access
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and modification times of a symbolic link.
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* If ``os.chflags in os.supports_follow_symlinks`` is
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``True``, :func:`copystat` can modify the flags of
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a symbolic link. (``os.chflags`` is not available on
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all platforms.)
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On platforms where some or all of this functionality
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is unavailable, when asked to modify a symbolic link,
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:func:`copystat` will copy everything it can.
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:func:`copystat` never returns failure.
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Please see :data:`os.supports_follow_symlinks`
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for more information.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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Added *follow_symlinks* argument and support for Linux extended attributes.
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.. function:: copy(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True)
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Copies the file *src* to the file or directory *dst*. *src* and *dst*
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should be strings. If *dst* specifies a directory, the file will be
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copied into *dst* using the base filename from *src*. Returns the
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path to the newly created file.
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If *follow_symlinks* is false, and *src* is a symbolic link,
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*dst* will be created as a symbolic link. If *follow_symlinks*
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is true and *src* is a symbolic link, *dst* will be a copy of
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the file *src* refers to.
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:func:`~shutil.copy` copies the file data and the file's permission
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mode (see :func:`os.chmod`). Other metadata, like the
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file's creation and modification times, is not preserved.
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To preserve all file metadata from the original, use
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:func:`~shutil.copy2` instead.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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Added *follow_symlinks* argument.
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Now returns path to the newly created file.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8
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Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to
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copy the file more efficiently. See
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:ref:`shutil-platform-dependent-efficient-copy-operations` section.
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.. function:: copy2(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True)
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Identical to :func:`~shutil.copy` except that :func:`copy2`
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also attempts to preserve file metadata.
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When *follow_symlinks* is false, and *src* is a symbolic
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link, :func:`copy2` attempts to copy all metadata from the
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*src* symbolic link to the newly-created *dst* symbolic link.
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However, this functionality is not available on all platforms.
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On platforms where some or all of this functionality is
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unavailable, :func:`copy2` will preserve all the metadata
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it can; :func:`copy2` never returns failure.
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:func:`copy2` uses :func:`copystat` to copy the file metadata.
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Please see :func:`copystat` for more information
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about platform support for modifying symbolic link metadata.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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Added *follow_symlinks* argument, try to copy extended
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file system attributes too (currently Linux only).
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Now returns path to the newly created file.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8
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Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to
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copy the file more efficiently. See
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:ref:`shutil-platform-dependent-efficient-copy-operations` section.
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.. function:: ignore_patterns(\*patterns)
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This factory function creates a function that can be used as a callable for
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:func:`copytree`\'s *ignore* argument, ignoring files and directories that
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match one of the glob-style *patterns* provided. See the example below.
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.. function:: copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, \
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copy_function=copy2, ignore_dangling_symlinks=False, \
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dirs_exist_ok=False)
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Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at *src* to a directory
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named *dst* and return the destination directory. *dirs_exist_ok* dictates
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whether to raise an exception in case *dst* or any missing parent directory
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already exists.
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Permissions and times of directories are copied with :func:`copystat`,
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individual files are copied using :func:`~shutil.copy2`.
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If *symlinks* is true, symbolic links in the source tree are represented as
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symbolic links in the new tree and the metadata of the original links will
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be copied as far as the platform allows; if false or omitted, the contents
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and metadata of the linked files are copied to the new tree.
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When *symlinks* is false, if the file pointed by the symlink doesn't
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exist, an exception will be added in the list of errors raised in
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an :exc:`Error` exception at the end of the copy process.
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You can set the optional *ignore_dangling_symlinks* flag to true if you
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want to silence this exception. Notice that this option has no effect
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on platforms that don't support :func:`os.symlink`.
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If *ignore* is given, it must be a callable that will receive as its
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arguments the directory being visited by :func:`copytree`, and a list of its
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contents, as returned by :func:`os.listdir`. Since :func:`copytree` is
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called recursively, the *ignore* callable will be called once for each
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directory that is copied. The callable must return a sequence of directory
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and file names relative to the current directory (i.e. a subset of the items
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in its second argument); these names will then be ignored in the copy
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process. :func:`ignore_patterns` can be used to create such a callable that
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ignores names based on glob-style patterns.
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If exception(s) occur, an :exc:`Error` is raised with a list of reasons.
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If *copy_function* is given, it must be a callable that will be used to copy
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each file. It will be called with the source path and the destination path
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as arguments. By default, :func:`~shutil.copy2` is used, but any function
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that supports the same signature (like :func:`~shutil.copy`) can be used.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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Copy metadata when *symlinks* is false.
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Now returns *dst*.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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Added the *copy_function* argument to be able to provide a custom copy
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function.
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Added the *ignore_dangling_symlinks* argument to silent dangling symlinks
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errors when *symlinks* is false.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8
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Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to
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copy the file more efficiently. See
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:ref:`shutil-platform-dependent-efficient-copy-operations` section.
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.. versionadded:: 3.8
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The *dirs_exist_ok* parameter.
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.. function:: rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None)
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.. index:: single: directory; deleting
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Delete an entire directory tree; *path* must point to a directory (but not a
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symbolic link to a directory). If *ignore_errors* is true, errors resulting
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from failed removals will be ignored; if false or omitted, such errors are
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handled by calling a handler specified by *onerror* or, if that is omitted,
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they raise an exception.
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.. note::
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On platforms that support the necessary fd-based functions a symlink
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attack resistant version of :func:`rmtree` is used by default. On other
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platforms, the :func:`rmtree` implementation is susceptible to a symlink
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attack: given proper timing and circumstances, attackers can manipulate
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symlinks on the filesystem to delete files they wouldn't be able to access
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otherwise. Applications can use the :data:`rmtree.avoids_symlink_attacks`
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function attribute to determine which case applies.
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If *onerror* is provided, it must be a callable that accepts three
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parameters: *function*, *path*, and *excinfo*.
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The first parameter, *function*, is the function which raised the exception;
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it depends on the platform and implementation. The second parameter,
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*path*, will be the path name passed to *function*. The third parameter,
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*excinfo*, will be the exception information returned by
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:func:`sys.exc_info`. Exceptions raised by *onerror* will not be caught.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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Added a symlink attack resistant version that is used automatically
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if platform supports fd-based functions.
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.. attribute:: rmtree.avoids_symlink_attacks
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Indicates whether the current platform and implementation provides a
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symlink attack resistant version of :func:`rmtree`. Currently this is
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only true for platforms supporting fd-based directory access functions.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. function:: move(src, dst, copy_function=copy2)
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Recursively move a file or directory (*src*) to another location (*dst*)
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and return the destination.
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If the destination is an existing directory, then *src* is moved inside that
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directory. If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may
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be overwritten depending on :func:`os.rename` semantics.
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If the destination is on the current filesystem, then :func:`os.rename` is
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used. Otherwise, *src* is copied to *dst* using *copy_function* and then
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removed. In case of symlinks, a new symlink pointing to the target of *src*
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will be created in or as *dst* and *src* will be removed.
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If *copy_function* is given, it must be a callable that takes two arguments
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*src* and *dst*, and will be used to copy *src* to *dest* if
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:func:`os.rename` cannot be used. If the source is a directory,
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:func:`copytree` is called, passing it the :func:`copy_function`. The
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default *copy_function* is :func:`copy2`. Using :func:`~shutil.copy` as the
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*copy_function* allows the move to succeed when it is not possible to also
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copy the metadata, at the expense of not copying any of the metadata.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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Added explicit symlink handling for foreign filesystems, thus adapting
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it to the behavior of GNU's :program:`mv`.
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Now returns *dst*.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.5
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Added the *copy_function* keyword argument.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8
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Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to
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copy the file more efficiently. See
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:ref:`shutil-platform-dependent-efficient-copy-operations` section.
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.. function:: disk_usage(path)
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Return disk usage statistics about the given path as a :term:`named tuple`
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with the attributes *total*, *used* and *free*, which are the amount of
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total, used and free space, in bytes. *path* may be a file or a
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directory.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8
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On Windows, *path* can now be a file or directory.
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.. availability:: Unix, Windows.
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.. function:: chown(path, user=None, group=None)
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Change owner *user* and/or *group* of the given *path*.
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*user* can be a system user name or a uid; the same applies to *group*. At
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least one argument is required.
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See also :func:`os.chown`, the underlying function.
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.. availability:: Unix.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. function:: which(cmd, mode=os.F_OK | os.X_OK, path=None)
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Return the path to an executable which would be run if the given *cmd* was
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called. If no *cmd* would be called, return ``None``.
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*mode* is a permission mask passed to :func:`os.access`, by default
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determining if the file exists and executable.
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When no *path* is specified, the results of :func:`os.environ` are used,
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returning either the "PATH" value or a fallback of :attr:`os.defpath`.
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On Windows, the current directory is always prepended to the *path* whether
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or not you use the default or provide your own, which is the behavior the
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command shell uses when finding executables. Additionally, when finding the
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*cmd* in the *path*, the ``PATHEXT`` environment variable is checked. For
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example, if you call ``shutil.which("python")``, :func:`which` will search
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``PATHEXT`` to know that it should look for ``python.exe`` within the *path*
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directories. For example, on Windows::
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>>> shutil.which("python")
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'C:\\Python33\\python.EXE'
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8
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The :class:`bytes` type is now accepted. If *cmd* type is
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:class:`bytes`, the result type is also :class:`bytes`.
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.. exception:: Error
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This exception collects exceptions that are raised during a multi-file
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operation. For :func:`copytree`, the exception argument is a list of 3-tuples
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(*srcname*, *dstname*, *exception*).
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.. _shutil-platform-dependent-efficient-copy-operations:
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Platform-dependent efficient copy operations
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Starting from Python 3.8 all functions involving a file copy (:func:`copyfile`,
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:func:`copy`, :func:`copy2`, :func:`copytree`, and :func:`move`) may use
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platform-specific "fast-copy" syscalls in order to copy the file more
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efficiently (see :issue:`33671`).
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"fast-copy" means that the copying operation occurs within the kernel, avoiding
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the use of userspace buffers in Python as in "``outfd.write(infd.read())``".
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On macOS `fcopyfile`_ is used to copy the file content (not metadata).
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On Linux, Solaris and other POSIX platforms where :func:`os.sendfile` supports
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copies between 2 regular file descriptors :func:`os.sendfile` is used.
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On Windows :func:`shutil.copyfile` uses a bigger default buffer size (1 MiB
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instead of 64 KiB) and a :func:`memoryview`-based variant of
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:func:`shutil.copyfileobj` is used.
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If the fast-copy operation fails and no data was written in the destination
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file then shutil will silently fallback on using less efficient
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:func:`copyfileobj` function internally.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8
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.. _shutil-copytree-example:
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copytree example
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This example is the implementation of the :func:`copytree` function, described
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above, with the docstring omitted. It demonstrates many of the other functions
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provided by this module. ::
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def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False):
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names = os.listdir(src)
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os.makedirs(dst)
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errors = []
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for name in names:
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srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
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dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
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try:
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if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
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linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
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os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
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elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
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copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks)
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else:
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copy2(srcname, dstname)
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# XXX What about devices, sockets etc.?
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except OSError as why:
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errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
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# catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
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# continue with other files
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except Error as err:
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errors.extend(err.args[0])
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try:
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copystat(src, dst)
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except OSError as why:
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# can't copy file access times on Windows
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if why.winerror is None:
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errors.extend((src, dst, str(why)))
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if errors:
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raise Error(errors)
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Another example that uses the :func:`ignore_patterns` helper::
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||
from shutil import copytree, ignore_patterns
|
||
|
||
copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))
|
||
|
||
This will copy everything except ``.pyc`` files and files or directories whose
|
||
name starts with ``tmp``.
|
||
|
||
Another example that uses the *ignore* argument to add a logging call::
|
||
|
||
from shutil import copytree
|
||
import logging
|
||
|
||
def _logpath(path, names):
|
||
logging.info('Working in %s', path)
|
||
return [] # nothing will be ignored
|
||
|
||
copytree(source, destination, ignore=_logpath)
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. _shutil-rmtree-example:
|
||
|
||
rmtree example
|
||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||
|
||
This example shows how to remove a directory tree on Windows where some
|
||
of the files have their read-only bit set. It uses the onerror callback
|
||
to clear the readonly bit and reattempt the remove. Any subsequent failure
|
||
will propagate. ::
|
||
|
||
import os, stat
|
||
import shutil
|
||
|
||
def remove_readonly(func, path, _):
|
||
"Clear the readonly bit and reattempt the removal"
|
||
os.chmod(path, stat.S_IWRITE)
|
||
func(path)
|
||
|
||
shutil.rmtree(directory, onerror=remove_readonly)
|
||
|
||
.. _archiving-operations:
|
||
|
||
Archiving operations
|
||
--------------------
|
||
|
||
.. versionadded:: 3.2
|
||
|
||
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
||
Added support for the *xztar* format.
|
||
|
||
|
||
High-level utilities to create and read compressed and archived files are also
|
||
provided. They rely on the :mod:`zipfile` and :mod:`tarfile` modules.
|
||
|
||
.. function:: make_archive(base_name, format, [root_dir, [base_dir, [verbose, [dry_run, [owner, [group, [logger]]]]]]])
|
||
|
||
Create an archive file (such as zip or tar) and return its name.
|
||
|
||
*base_name* is the name of the file to create, including the path, minus
|
||
any format-specific extension. *format* is the archive format: one of
|
||
"zip" (if the :mod:`zlib` module is available), "tar", "gztar" (if the
|
||
:mod:`zlib` module is available), "bztar" (if the :mod:`bz2` module is
|
||
available), or "xztar" (if the :mod:`lzma` module is available).
|
||
|
||
*root_dir* is a directory that will be the root directory of the
|
||
archive; for example, we typically chdir into *root_dir* before creating the
|
||
archive.
|
||
|
||
*base_dir* is the directory where we start archiving from;
|
||
i.e. *base_dir* will be the common prefix of all files and
|
||
directories in the archive.
|
||
|
||
*root_dir* and *base_dir* both default to the current directory.
|
||
|
||
If *dry_run* is true, no archive is created, but the operations that would be
|
||
executed are logged to *logger*.
|
||
|
||
*owner* and *group* are used when creating a tar archive. By default,
|
||
uses the current owner and group.
|
||
|
||
*logger* must be an object compatible with :pep:`282`, usually an instance of
|
||
:class:`logging.Logger`.
|
||
|
||
The *verbose* argument is unused and deprecated.
|
||
|
||
.. versionchanged:: 3.8
|
||
The modern pax (POSIX.1-2001) format is now used instead of
|
||
the legacy GNU format for archives created with ``format="tar"``.
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. function:: get_archive_formats()
|
||
|
||
Return a list of supported formats for archiving.
|
||
Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple ``(name, description)``.
|
||
|
||
By default :mod:`shutil` provides these formats:
|
||
|
||
- *zip*: ZIP file (if the :mod:`zlib` module is available).
|
||
- *tar*: Uncompressed tar file. Uses POSIX.1-2001 pax format for new archives.
|
||
- *gztar*: gzip'ed tar-file (if the :mod:`zlib` module is available).
|
||
- *bztar*: bzip2'ed tar-file (if the :mod:`bz2` module is available).
|
||
- *xztar*: xz'ed tar-file (if the :mod:`lzma` module is available).
|
||
|
||
You can register new formats or provide your own archiver for any existing
|
||
formats, by using :func:`register_archive_format`.
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. function:: register_archive_format(name, function, [extra_args, [description]])
|
||
|
||
Register an archiver for the format *name*.
|
||
|
||
*function* is the callable that will be used to unpack archives. The callable
|
||
will receive the *base_name* of the file to create, followed by the
|
||
*base_dir* (which defaults to :data:`os.curdir`) to start archiving from.
|
||
Further arguments are passed as keyword arguments: *owner*, *group*,
|
||
*dry_run* and *logger* (as passed in :func:`make_archive`).
|
||
|
||
If given, *extra_args* is a sequence of ``(name, value)`` pairs that will be
|
||
used as extra keywords arguments when the archiver callable is used.
|
||
|
||
*description* is used by :func:`get_archive_formats` which returns the
|
||
list of archivers. Defaults to an empty string.
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. function:: unregister_archive_format(name)
|
||
|
||
Remove the archive format *name* from the list of supported formats.
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. function:: unpack_archive(filename[, extract_dir[, format]])
|
||
|
||
Unpack an archive. *filename* is the full path of the archive.
|
||
|
||
*extract_dir* is the name of the target directory where the archive is
|
||
unpacked. If not provided, the current working directory is used.
|
||
|
||
*format* is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "gztar", "bztar", or
|
||
"xztar". Or any other format registered with
|
||
:func:`register_unpack_format`. If not provided, :func:`unpack_archive`
|
||
will use the archive file name extension and see if an unpacker was
|
||
registered for that extension. In case none is found,
|
||
a :exc:`ValueError` is raised.
|
||
|
||
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
|
||
Accepts a :term:`path-like object` for *filename* and *extract_dir*.
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. function:: register_unpack_format(name, extensions, function[, extra_args[, description]])
|
||
|
||
Registers an unpack format. *name* is the name of the format and
|
||
*extensions* is a list of extensions corresponding to the format, like
|
||
``.zip`` for Zip files.
|
||
|
||
*function* is the callable that will be used to unpack archives. The
|
||
callable will receive the path of the archive, followed by the directory
|
||
the archive must be extracted to.
|
||
|
||
When provided, *extra_args* is a sequence of ``(name, value)`` tuples that
|
||
will be passed as keywords arguments to the callable.
|
||
|
||
*description* can be provided to describe the format, and will be returned
|
||
by the :func:`get_unpack_formats` function.
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. function:: unregister_unpack_format(name)
|
||
|
||
Unregister an unpack format. *name* is the name of the format.
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. function:: get_unpack_formats()
|
||
|
||
Return a list of all registered formats for unpacking.
|
||
Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple
|
||
``(name, extensions, description)``.
|
||
|
||
By default :mod:`shutil` provides these formats:
|
||
|
||
- *zip*: ZIP file (unpacking compressed files works only if the corresponding
|
||
module is available).
|
||
- *tar*: uncompressed tar file.
|
||
- *gztar*: gzip'ed tar-file (if the :mod:`zlib` module is available).
|
||
- *bztar*: bzip2'ed tar-file (if the :mod:`bz2` module is available).
|
||
- *xztar*: xz'ed tar-file (if the :mod:`lzma` module is available).
|
||
|
||
You can register new formats or provide your own unpacker for any existing
|
||
formats, by using :func:`register_unpack_format`.
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. _shutil-archiving-example:
|
||
|
||
Archiving example
|
||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||
|
||
In this example, we create a gzip'ed tar-file archive containing all files
|
||
found in the :file:`.ssh` directory of the user::
|
||
|
||
>>> from shutil import make_archive
|
||
>>> import os
|
||
>>> archive_name = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', 'myarchive'))
|
||
>>> root_dir = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', '.ssh'))
|
||
>>> make_archive(archive_name, 'gztar', root_dir)
|
||
'/Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz'
|
||
|
||
The resulting archive contains:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: shell-session
|
||
|
||
$ tar -tzvf /Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz
|
||
drwx------ tarek/staff 0 2010-02-01 16:23:40 ./
|
||
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./authorized_keys
|
||
-rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff 65 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./config
|
||
-rwx------ tarek/staff 668 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa
|
||
-rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff 609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa.pub
|
||
-rw------- tarek/staff 1675 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa
|
||
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 397 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa.pub
|
||
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 37192 2010-02-06 18:23:10 ./known_hosts
|
||
|
||
|
||
Querying the size of the output terminal
|
||
----------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
.. function:: get_terminal_size(fallback=(columns, lines))
|
||
|
||
Get the size of the terminal window.
|
||
|
||
For each of the two dimensions, the environment variable, ``COLUMNS``
|
||
and ``LINES`` respectively, is checked. If the variable is defined and
|
||
the value is a positive integer, it is used.
|
||
|
||
When ``COLUMNS`` or ``LINES`` is not defined, which is the common case,
|
||
the terminal connected to :data:`sys.__stdout__` is queried
|
||
by invoking :func:`os.get_terminal_size`.
|
||
|
||
If the terminal size cannot be successfully queried, either because
|
||
the system doesn't support querying, or because we are not
|
||
connected to a terminal, the value given in ``fallback`` parameter
|
||
is used. ``fallback`` defaults to ``(80, 24)`` which is the default
|
||
size used by many terminal emulators.
|
||
|
||
The value returned is a named tuple of type :class:`os.terminal_size`.
|
||
|
||
See also: The Single UNIX Specification, Version 2,
|
||
`Other Environment Variables`_.
|
||
|
||
.. versionadded:: 3.3
|
||
|
||
.. _`fcopyfile`:
|
||
http://www.manpagez.com/man/3/copyfile/
|
||
|
||
.. _`Other Environment Variables`:
|
||
http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7908799/xbd/envvar.html#tag_002_003
|