429 lines
15 KiB
ReStructuredText
429 lines
15 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`test` --- Regression tests package for Python
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===================================================
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.. module:: test
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:synopsis: Regression tests package containing the testing suite for Python.
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.. sectionauthor:: Brett Cannon <brett@python.org>
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The :mod:`test` package contains all regression tests for Python as well as the
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modules :mod:`test.support` and :mod:`test.regrtest`.
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:mod:`test.support` is used to enhance your tests while
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:mod:`test.regrtest` drives the testing suite.
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Each module in the :mod:`test` package whose name starts with ``test_`` is a
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testing suite for a specific module or feature. All new tests should be written
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using the :mod:`unittest` or :mod:`doctest` module. Some older tests are
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written using a "traditional" testing style that compares output printed to
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``sys.stdout``; this style of test is considered deprecated.
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.. seealso::
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Module :mod:`unittest`
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Writing PyUnit regression tests.
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Module :mod:`doctest`
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Tests embedded in documentation strings.
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.. _writing-tests:
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Writing Unit Tests for the :mod:`test` package
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----------------------------------------------
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It is preferred that tests that use the :mod:`unittest` module follow a few
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guidelines. One is to name the test module by starting it with ``test_`` and end
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it with the name of the module being tested. The test methods in the test module
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should start with ``test_`` and end with a description of what the method is
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testing. This is needed so that the methods are recognized by the test driver as
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test methods. Also, no documentation string for the method should be included. A
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comment (such as ``# Tests function returns only True or False``) should be used
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to provide documentation for test methods. This is done because documentation
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strings get printed out if they exist and thus what test is being run is not
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stated.
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A basic boilerplate is often used::
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import unittest
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from test import support
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class MyTestCase1(unittest.TestCase):
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# Only use setUp() and tearDown() if necessary
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def setUp(self):
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... code to execute in preparation for tests ...
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def tearDown(self):
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... code to execute to clean up after tests ...
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def test_feature_one(self):
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# Test feature one.
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... testing code ...
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def test_feature_two(self):
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# Test feature two.
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... testing code ...
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... more test methods ...
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class MyTestCase2(unittest.TestCase):
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... same structure as MyTestCase1 ...
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... more test classes ...
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def test_main():
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support.run_unittest(MyTestCase1,
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MyTestCase2,
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... list other tests ...
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)
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if __name__ == '__main__':
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test_main()
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This boilerplate code allows the testing suite to be run by :mod:`test.regrtest`
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as well as on its own as a script.
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The goal for regression testing is to try to break code. This leads to a few
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guidelines to be followed:
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* The testing suite should exercise all classes, functions, and constants. This
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includes not just the external API that is to be presented to the outside
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world but also "private" code.
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* Whitebox testing (examining the code being tested when the tests are being
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written) is preferred. Blackbox testing (testing only the published user
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interface) is not complete enough to make sure all boundary and edge cases
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are tested.
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* Make sure all possible values are tested including invalid ones. This makes
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sure that not only all valid values are acceptable but also that improper
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values are handled correctly.
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* Exhaust as many code paths as possible. Test where branching occurs and thus
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tailor input to make sure as many different paths through the code are taken.
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* Add an explicit test for any bugs discovered for the tested code. This will
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make sure that the error does not crop up again if the code is changed in the
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future.
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* Make sure to clean up after your tests (such as close and remove all temporary
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files).
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* If a test is dependent on a specific condition of the operating system then
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verify the condition already exists before attempting the test.
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* Import as few modules as possible and do it as soon as possible. This
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minimizes external dependencies of tests and also minimizes possible anomalous
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behavior from side-effects of importing a module.
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* Try to maximize code reuse. On occasion, tests will vary by something as small
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as what type of input is used. Minimize code duplication by subclassing a
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basic test class with a class that specifies the input::
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class TestFuncAcceptsSequences(unittest.TestCase):
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func = mySuperWhammyFunction
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def test_func(self):
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self.func(self.arg)
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class AcceptLists(TestFuncAcceptsSequences):
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arg = [1, 2, 3]
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class AcceptStrings(TestFuncAcceptsSequences):
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arg = 'abc'
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class AcceptTuples(TestFuncAcceptsSequences):
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arg = (1, 2, 3)
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.. seealso::
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Test Driven Development
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A book by Kent Beck on writing tests before code.
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.. _regrtest:
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Running tests using :mod:`test.regrtest`
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----------------------------------------
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:mod:`test.regrtest` can be used as a script to drive Python's regression test
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suite. Running the script by itself automatically starts running all regression
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tests in the :mod:`test` package. It does this by finding all modules in the
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package whose name starts with ``test_``, importing them, and executing the
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function :func:`test_main` if present. The names of tests to execute may also
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be passed to the script. Specifying a single regression test (:program:`python
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regrtest.py` :option:`test_spam.py`) will minimize output and only print
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whether the test passed or failed and thus minimize output.
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Running :mod:`test.regrtest` directly allows what resources are available for
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tests to use to be set. You do this by using the :option:`-u` command-line
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option. Run :program:`python regrtest.py` :option:`-uall` to turn on all
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resources; specifying :option:`all` as an option for :option:`-u` enables all
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possible resources. If all but one resource is desired (a more common case), a
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comma-separated list of resources that are not desired may be listed after
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:option:`all`. The command :program:`python regrtest.py`
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:option:`-uall,-audio,-largefile` will run :mod:`test.regrtest` with all
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resources except the :option:`audio` and :option:`largefile` resources. For a
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list of all resources and more command-line options, run :program:`python
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regrtest.py` :option:`-h`.
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Some other ways to execute the regression tests depend on what platform the
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tests are being executed on. On Unix, you can run :program:`make`
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:option:`test` at the top-level directory where Python was built. On Windows,
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executing :program:`rt.bat` from your :file:`PCBuild` directory will run all
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regression tests.
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:mod:`test.support` --- Utility functions for tests
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===================================================
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.. module:: test.support
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:synopsis: Support for Python regression tests.
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The :mod:`test.support` module provides support for Python's regression
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tests.
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This module defines the following exceptions:
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.. exception:: TestFailed
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Exception to be raised when a test fails. This is deprecated in favor of
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:mod:`unittest`\ -based tests and :class:`unittest.TestCase`'s assertion
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methods.
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.. exception:: ResourceDenied
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Subclass of :exc:`unittest.SkipTest`. Raised when a resource (such as a
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network connection) is not available. Raised by the :func:`requires`
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function.
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The :mod:`test.support` module defines the following constants:
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.. data:: verbose
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:const:`True` when verbose output is enabled. Should be checked when more
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detailed information is desired about a running test. *verbose* is set by
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:mod:`test.regrtest`.
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.. data:: is_jython
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:const:`True` if the running interpreter is Jython.
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.. data:: TESTFN
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Set to the name that a temporary file could use. Any temporary file that is
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created should be closed and unlinked (removed).
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The :mod:`test.support` module defines the following functions:
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.. function:: forget(module_name)
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Remove the module named *module_name* from ``sys.modules`` and deletes any
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byte-compiled files of the module.
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.. function:: is_resource_enabled(resource)
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Return :const:`True` if *resource* is enabled and available. The list of
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available resources is only set when :mod:`test.regrtest` is executing the
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tests.
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.. function:: requires(resource, msg=None)
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Raise :exc:`ResourceDenied` if *resource* is not available. *msg* is the
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argument to :exc:`ResourceDenied` if it is raised. Always returns
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:const:`True` if called by a function whose ``__name__`` is ``'__main__'``.
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Used when tests are executed by :mod:`test.regrtest`.
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.. function:: findfile(filename)
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Return the path to the file named *filename*. If no match is found
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*filename* is returned. This does not equal a failure since it could be the
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path to the file.
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.. function:: run_unittest(*classes)
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Execute :class:`unittest.TestCase` subclasses passed to the function. The
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function scans the classes for methods starting with the prefix ``test_``
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and executes the tests individually.
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It is also legal to pass strings as parameters; these should be keys in
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``sys.modules``. Each associated module will be scanned by
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``unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule()``. This is usually seen in the
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following :func:`test_main` function::
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def test_main():
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support.run_unittest(__name__)
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This will run all tests defined in the named module.
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.. function:: check_warnings(*filters, quiet=None)
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A convenience wrapper for ``warnings.catch_warnings()`` that makes
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it easier to test that a warning was correctly raised with a single
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assertion. It is approximately equivalent to calling
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``warnings.catch_warnings(record=True)``.
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It accepts 2-tuples ``("message regexp", WarningCategory)`` as positional
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arguments. If there's some ``*filters`` defined, or if the optional keyword
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argument ``quiet`` is :const:`False`, it checks if the warnings are
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effective. If some filter did not catch any warning, the test fails. If some
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warnings are not caught, the test fails, too. To disable these checks, set
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argument ``quiet`` to :const:`True`.
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Without argument, it defaults to::
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check_warnings(("", Warning), quiet=True)
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Additionally, on entry to the context manager, a :class:`WarningRecorder`
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instance is returned. The underlying warnings list is available via the
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recorder object's :attr:`warnings` attribute, while the attributes of the
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last raised warning are also accessible directly on the object. If no
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warning has been raised, then the latter attributes will all be
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:const:`None`.
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A :meth:`reset` method is also provided on the recorder object. This
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method simply clears the warnings list.
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The context manager may be used like this::
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import warnings
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with check_warnings(quiet=False):
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exec('assert(False, "Hey!")')
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warnings.warn(UserWarning("Hide me!"))
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with check_warnings(("assertion is always true", SyntaxWarning),
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("", UserWarning)):
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exec('assert(False, "Hey!")')
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warnings.warn(UserWarning("Hide me!"))
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with check_warnings(quiet=True) as w:
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warnings.simplefilter("always")
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warnings.warn("foo")
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assert str(w.args[0]) == "foo"
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warnings.warn("bar")
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assert str(w.args[0]) == "bar"
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assert str(w.warnings[0].args[0]) == "foo"
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assert str(w.warnings[1].args[0]) == "bar"
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w.reset()
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assert len(w.warnings) == 0
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.. versionchanged:: 2.7
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New optional attributes ``*filters`` and ``quiet``.
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.. function:: captured_stdout()
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This is a context manager than runs the :keyword:`with` statement body using
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a :class:`StringIO.StringIO` object as sys.stdout. That object can be
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retrieved using the ``as`` clause of the :keyword:`with` statement.
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Example use::
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with captured_stdout() as s:
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print("hello")
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assert s.getvalue() == "hello"
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.. function:: import_module(name, deprecated=False)
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This function imports and returns the named module. Unlike a normal
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import, this function raises :exc:`unittest.SkipTest` if the module
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cannot be imported.
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Module and package deprecation messages are suppressed during this import
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if *deprecated* is :const:`True`.
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.. versionadded:: 3.1
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.. function:: import_fresh_module(name, fresh=(), blocked=(), deprecated=False)
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This function imports and returns a fresh copy of the named Python module
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by removing the named module from ``sys.modules`` before doing the import.
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Note that unlike :func:`reload`, the original module is not affected by
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this operation.
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*fresh* is an iterable of additional module names that are also removed
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from the ``sys.modules`` cache before doing the import.
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*blocked* is an iterable of module names that are replaced with :const:`0`
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in the module cache during the import to ensure that attempts to import
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them raise :exc:`ImportError`.
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The named module and any modules named in the *fresh* and *blocked*
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parameters are saved before starting the import and then reinserted into
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``sys.modules`` when the fresh import is complete.
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Module and package deprecation messages are suppressed during this import
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if *deprecated* is :const:`True`.
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This function will raise :exc:`unittest.SkipTest` is the named module
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cannot be imported.
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Example use::
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# Get copies of the warnings module for testing without
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# affecting the version being used by the rest of the test suite
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# One copy uses the C implementation, the other is forced to use
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# the pure Python fallback implementation
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py_warnings = import_fresh_module('warnings', blocked=['_warnings'])
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c_warnings = import_fresh_module('warnings', fresh=['_warnings'])
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.. versionadded:: 3.1
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The :mod:`test.support` module defines the following classes:
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.. class:: TransientResource(exc, **kwargs)
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Instances are a context manager that raises :exc:`ResourceDenied` if the
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specified exception type is raised. Any keyword arguments are treated as
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attribute/value pairs to be compared against any exception raised within the
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:keyword:`with` statement. Only if all pairs match properly against
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attributes on the exception is :exc:`ResourceDenied` raised.
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.. class:: EnvironmentVarGuard()
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Class used to temporarily set or unset environment variables. Instances can
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be used as a context manager and have a complete dictionary interface for
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querying/modifying the underlying ``os.environ``. After exit from the
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context manager all changes to environment variables done through this
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instance will be rolled back.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.1
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Added dictionary interface.
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.. method:: EnvironmentVarGuard.set(envvar, value)
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Temporarily set the environment variable ``envvar`` to the value of
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``value``.
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.. method:: EnvironmentVarGuard.unset(envvar)
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Temporarily unset the environment variable ``envvar``.
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.. class:: WarningsRecorder()
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Class used to record warnings for unit tests. See documentation of
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:func:`check_warnings` above for more details.
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