167 lines
7.5 KiB
TeX
167 lines
7.5 KiB
TeX
\section{\module{shelve} ---
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Python object persistence}
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\declaremodule{standard}{shelve}
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\modulesynopsis{Python object persistence.}
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A ``shelf'' is a persistent, dictionary-like object. The difference
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with ``dbm'' databases is that the values (not the keys!) in a shelf
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can be essentially arbitrary Python objects --- anything that the
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\refmodule{pickle} module can handle. This includes most class
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instances, recursive data types, and objects containing lots of shared
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sub-objects. The keys are ordinary strings.
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\refstmodindex{pickle}
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\begin{funcdesc}{open}{filename\optional{,flag='c'\optional{,protocol=\code{None}\optional{,writeback=\code{False}\optional{,binary=\code{None}}}}}}
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Open a persistent dictionary. The filename specified is the base filename
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for the underlying database. As a side-effect, an extension may be added to
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the filename and more than one file may be created. By default, the
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underlying database file is opened for reading and writing. The optional
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{}\var{flag} pararameter has the same interpretation as the \var{flag}
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parameter of \function{anydbm.open}.
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By default, version 0 pickles are used to serialize values.
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The version of the pickle protocol can be specified with the
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\var{protocol} parameter. \versionchanged[The \var{protocol}
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parameter was added. The \var{binary} parameter is deprecated
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and provided for backwards compatibility only]{2.3}
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By default, mutations to persistent-dictionary mutable entries are not
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automatically written back. If the optional \var{writeback} parameter
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is set to {}\var{True}, all entries accessed are cached in memory, and
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written back at close time; this can make it handier to mutate mutable
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entries in the persistent dictionary, but, if many entries are
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accessed, it can consume vast amounts of memory for the cache, and it
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can make the close operation very slow since all accessed entries are
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written back (there is no way to determine which accessed entries are
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mutable, nor which ones were actually mutated).
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\end{funcdesc}
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Shelve objects support all methods supported by dictionaries. This eases
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the transition from dictionary based scripts to those requiring persistent
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storage.
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\subsection{Restrictions}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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The choice of which database package will be used
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(such as \refmodule{dbm}, \refmodule{gdbm} or \refmodule{bsddb}) depends on
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which interface is available. Therefore it is not safe to open the database
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directly using \refmodule{dbm}. The database is also (unfortunately) subject
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to the limitations of \refmodule{dbm}, if it is used --- this means
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that (the pickled representation of) the objects stored in the
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database should be fairly small, and in rare cases key collisions may
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cause the database to refuse updates.
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\refbimodindex{dbm}
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\refbimodindex{gdbm}
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\refbimodindex{bsddb}
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\item
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Depending on the implementation, closing a persistent dictionary may
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or may not be necessary to flush changes to disk. The \method{__del__}
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method of the \class{Shelf} class calls the \method{close} method, so the
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programmer generally need not do this explicitly.
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\item
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The \module{shelve} module does not support \emph{concurrent} read/write
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access to shelved objects. (Multiple simultaneous read accesses are
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safe.) When a program has a shelf open for writing, no other program
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should have it open for reading or writing. \UNIX{} file locking can
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be used to solve this, but this differs across \UNIX{} versions and
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requires knowledge about the database implementation used.
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\end{itemize}
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\begin{classdesc}{Shelf}{dict\optional{, protocol=None\optional{, writeback=False\optional{, binary=None}}}}
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A subclass of \class{UserDict.DictMixin} which stores pickled values in the
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\var{dict} object.
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By default, version 0 pickles are used to serialize values. The
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version of the pickle protocol can be specified with the
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\var{protocol} parameter. See the \module{pickle} documentation for a
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discussion of the pickle protocols. \versionchanged[The \var{protocol}
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parameter was added. The \var{binary} parameter is deprecated and
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provided for backwards compatibility only]{2.3}
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If the \var{writeback} parameter is \code{True}, the object will hold a
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cache of all entries accessed and write them back to the \var{dict} at
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sync and close times. This allows natural operations on mutable entries,
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but can consume much more memory and make sync and close take a long time.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{BsdDbShelf}{dict\optional{, protocol=None\optional{, writeback=False\optional{, binary=None}}}}
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A subclass of \class{Shelf} which exposes \method{first},
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\method{next}, \method{previous}, \method{last} and
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\method{set_location} which are available in the \module{bsddb} module
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but not in other database modules. The \var{dict} object passed to
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the constructor must support those methods. This is generally
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accomplished by calling one of \function{bsddb.hashopen},
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\function{bsddb.btopen} or \function{bsddb.rnopen}. The optional
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\var{protocol}, \var{writeback}, and \var{binary} parameters have the
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same interpretation as for the \class{Shelf} class.
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{DbfilenameShelf}{filename\optional{, flag='c'\optional{, protocol=None\optional{, writeback=False\optional{, binary=None}}}}}
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A subclass of \class{Shelf} which accepts a \var{filename} instead of
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a dict-like object. The underlying file will be opened using
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{}\function{anydbm.open}. By default, the file will be created and
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opened for both read and write. The optional \var{flag} parameter has
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the same interpretation as for the \function{open} function. The
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optional \var{protocol}, \var{writeback}, and \var{binary} parameters
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have the same interpretation as for the \class{Shelf} class.
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\end{classdesc}
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\subsection{Example}
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To summarize the interface (\code{key} is a string, \code{data} is an
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arbitrary object):
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\begin{verbatim}
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import shelve
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d = shelve.open(filename) # open -- file may get suffix added by low-level
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# library
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d[key] = data # store data at key (overwrites old data if
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# using an existing key)
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data = d[key] # retrieve a COPY of data at key (raise KeyError if no
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# such key)
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del d[key] # delete data stored at key (raises KeyError
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# if no such key)
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flag = d.has_key(key) # true if the key exists
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list = d.keys() # a list of all existing keys (slow!)
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# as d was opened WITHOUT writeback=True, beware:
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d['xx'] = range(4) # this works as expected, but...
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d['xx'].append(5) # *this doesn't!* -- d['xx'] is STILL range(4)!!!
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# having opened d without writeback=True, you need to code carefully:
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temp = d['xx'] # extracts the copy
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temp.append(5) # mutates the copy
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d['xx'] = temp # stores the copy right back, to persist it
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# or, d=shelve.open(filename,writeback=True) would let you just code
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# d['xx'].append(5) and have it work as expected, BUT it would also
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# consume more memory and make the d.close() operation slower.
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d.close() # close it
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\end{verbatim}
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\begin{seealso}
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\seemodule{anydbm}{Generic interface to \code{dbm}-style databases.}
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\seemodule{bsddb}{BSD \code{db} database interface.}
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\seemodule{dbhash}{Thin layer around the \module{bsddb} which provides an
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\function{open} function like the other database modules.}
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\seemodule{dbm}{Standard \UNIX{} database interface.}
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\seemodule{dumbdbm}{Portable implementation of the \code{dbm} interface.}
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\seemodule{gdbm}{GNU database interface, based on the \code{dbm} interface.}
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\seemodule{pickle}{Object serialization used by \module{shelve}.}
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\seemodule{cPickle}{High-performance version of \refmodule{pickle}.}
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\end{seealso}
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