128 lines
2.9 KiB
Plaintext
128 lines
2.9 KiB
Plaintext
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(* Copyright (c) 2011 Stefan Krah. All rights reserved. *)
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==========================================================================
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Calculate (a * b) % p using special primes
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==========================================================================
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A description of the algorithm can be found in the apfloat manual by
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Tommila [1].
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Definitions:
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------------
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In the whole document, "==" stands for "is congruent with".
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Result of a * b in terms of high/low words:
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(1) hi * 2**64 + lo = a * b
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Special primes:
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(2) p = 2**64 - z + 1, where z = 2**n
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Single step modular reduction:
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(3) R(hi, lo) = hi * z - hi + lo
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Strategy:
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---------
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a) Set (hi, lo) to the result of a * b.
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b) Set (hi', lo') to the result of R(hi, lo).
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c) Repeat step b) until 0 <= hi' * 2**64 + lo' < 2*p.
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d) If the result is less than p, return lo'. Otherwise return lo' - p.
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The reduction step b) preserves congruence:
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-------------------------------------------
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hi * 2**64 + lo == hi * z - hi + lo (mod p)
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Proof:
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~~~~~~
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hi * 2**64 + lo = (2**64 - z + 1) * hi + z * hi - hi + lo
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= p * hi + z * hi - hi + lo
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== z * hi - hi + lo (mod p)
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Maximum numbers of step b):
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---------------------------
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# To avoid unnecessary formalism, define:
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def R(hi, lo, z):
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return divmod(hi * z - hi + lo, 2**64)
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# For simplicity, assume hi=2**64-1, lo=2**64-1 after the
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# initial multiplication a * b. This is of course impossible
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# but certainly covers all cases.
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# Then, for p1:
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hi=2**64-1; lo=2**64-1; z=2**32
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p1 = 2**64 - z + 1
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hi, lo = R(hi, lo, z) # First reduction
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hi, lo = R(hi, lo, z) # Second reduction
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hi * 2**64 + lo < 2 * p1 # True
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# For p2:
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hi=2**64-1; lo=2**64-1; z=2**34
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p2 = 2**64 - z + 1
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hi, lo = R(hi, lo, z) # First reduction
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hi, lo = R(hi, lo, z) # Second reduction
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hi, lo = R(hi, lo, z) # Third reduction
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hi * 2**64 + lo < 2 * p2 # True
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# For p3:
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hi=2**64-1; lo=2**64-1; z=2**40
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p3 = 2**64 - z + 1
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hi, lo = R(hi, lo, z) # First reduction
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hi, lo = R(hi, lo, z) # Second reduction
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hi, lo = R(hi, lo, z) # Third reduction
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hi * 2**64 + lo < 2 * p3 # True
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Step d) preserves congruence and yields a result < p:
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-----------------------------------------------------
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Case hi = 0:
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Case lo < p: trivial.
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Case lo >= p:
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lo == lo - p (mod p) # result is congruent
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p <= lo < 2*p -> 0 <= lo - p < p # result is in the correct range
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Case hi = 1:
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p < 2**64 /\ 2**64 + lo < 2*p -> lo < p # lo is always less than p
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2**64 + lo == 2**64 + (lo - p) (mod p) # result is congruent
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= lo - p # exactly the same value as the previous RHS
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# in uint64_t arithmetic.
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p < 2**64 + lo < 2*p -> 0 < 2**64 + (lo - p) < p # correct range
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[1] http://www.apfloat.org/apfloat/2.40/apfloat.pdf
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