traverseda
/
cpython
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Releases Wiki Activity
cpython/Doc/library/turtle.rst

2429 lines
69 KiB
ReStructuredText
Raw Blame History

=================================
:mod:`turtle` --- Turtle graphics
=================================
.. module:: turtle
:synopsis: An educational framework for simple graphics applications
.. sectionauthor:: Gregor Lingl <gregor.lingl@aon.at>
.. testsetup:: default
from turtle import *
turtle = Turtle()
Introduction
============
Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to kids. It was
part of the original Logo programming language developed by Wally Feurzig and
Seymour Papert in 1966.
Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. After an ``import turtle``, give it the
command ``turtle.forward(15)``, and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in the
direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the command
``turtle.right(25)``, and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise.
.. sidebar:: Turtle star
Turtle can draw intricate shapes using programs that repeat simple
moves.
.. image:: turtle-star.*
:align: center
.. literalinclude:: ../includes/turtle-star.py
By combining together these and similar commands, intricate shapes and pictures
can easily be drawn.
The :mod:`turtle` module is an extended reimplementation of the same-named
module from the Python standard distribution up to version Python 2.5.
It tries to keep the merits of the old turtle module and to be (nearly) 100%
compatible with it. This means in the first place to enable the learning
programmer to use all the commands, classes and methods interactively when using
the module from within IDLE run with the ``-n`` switch.
The turtle module provides turtle graphics primitives, in both object-oriented
and procedure-oriented ways. Because it uses :mod:`tkinter` for the underlying
graphics, it needs a version of Python installed with Tk support.
The object-oriented interface uses essentially two+two classes:
1. The :class:`TurtleScreen` class defines graphics windows as a playground for
the drawing turtles. Its constructor needs a :class:`tkinter.Canvas` or a
:class:`ScrolledCanvas` as argument. It should be used when :mod:`turtle` is
used as part of some application.
The function :func:`Screen` returns a singleton object of a
:class:`TurtleScreen` subclass. This function should be used when
:mod:`turtle` is used as a standalone tool for doing graphics.
As a singleton object, inheriting from its class is not possible.
All methods of TurtleScreen/Screen also exist as functions, i.e. as part of
the procedure-oriented interface.
2. :class:`RawTurtle` (alias: :class:`RawPen`) defines Turtle objects which draw
on a :class:`TurtleScreen`. Its constructor needs a Canvas, ScrolledCanvas
or TurtleScreen as argument, so the RawTurtle objects know where to draw.
Derived from RawTurtle is the subclass :class:`Turtle` (alias: :class:`Pen`),
which draws on "the" :class:`Screen` instance which is automatically
created, if not already present.
All methods of RawTurtle/Turtle also exist as functions, i.e. part of the
procedure-oriented interface.
The procedural interface provides functions which are derived from the methods
of the classes :class:`Screen` and :class:`Turtle`. They have the same names as
the corresponding methods. A screen object is automatically created whenever a
function derived from a Screen method is called. An (unnamed) turtle object is
automatically created whenever any of the functions derived from a Turtle method
is called.
To use multiple turtles on a screen one has to use the object-oriented interface.
.. note::
In the following documentation the argument list for functions is given.
Methods, of course, have the additional first argument *self* which is
omitted here.
Overview of available Turtle and Screen methods
=================================================
Turtle methods
--------------
Turtle motion
Move and draw
| :func:`forward` | :func:`fd`
| :func:`backward` | :func:`bk` | :func:`back`
| :func:`right` | :func:`rt`
| :func:`left` | :func:`lt`
| :func:`goto` | :func:`setpos` | :func:`setposition`
| :func:`setx`
| :func:`sety`
| :func:`setheading` | :func:`seth`
| :func:`home`
| :func:`circle`
| :func:`dot`
| :func:`stamp`
| :func:`clearstamp`
| :func:`clearstamps`
| :func:`undo`
| :func:`speed`
Tell Turtle's state
| :func:`position` | :func:`pos`
| :func:`towards`
| :func:`xcor`
| :func:`ycor`
| :func:`heading`
| :func:`distance`
Setting and measurement
| :func:`degrees`
| :func:`radians`
Pen control
Drawing state
| :func:`pendown` | :func:`pd` | :func:`down`
| :func:`penup` | :func:`pu` | :func:`up`
| :func:`pensize` | :func:`width`
| :func:`pen`
| :func:`isdown`
Color control
| :func:`color`
| :func:`pencolor`
| :func:`fillcolor`
Filling
| :func:`filling`
| :func:`begin_fill`
| :func:`end_fill`
More drawing control
| :func:`reset`
| :func:`clear`
| :func:`write`
Turtle state
Visibility
| :func:`showturtle` | :func:`st`
| :func:`hideturtle` | :func:`ht`
| :func:`isvisible`
Appearance
| :func:`shape`
| :func:`resizemode`
| :func:`shapesize` | :func:`turtlesize`
| :func:`shearfactor`
| :func:`settiltangle`
| :func:`tiltangle`
| :func:`tilt`
| :func:`shapetransform`
| :func:`get_shapepoly`
Using events
| :func:`onclick`
| :func:`onrelease`
| :func:`ondrag`
Special Turtle methods
| :func:`begin_poly`
| :func:`end_poly`
| :func:`get_poly`
| :func:`clone`
| :func:`getturtle` | :func:`getpen`
| :func:`getscreen`
| :func:`setundobuffer`
| :func:`undobufferentries`
Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen
------------------------------
Window control
| :func:`bgcolor`
| :func:`bgpic`
| :func:`clear` | :func:`clearscreen`
| :func:`reset` | :func:`resetscreen`
| :func:`screensize`
| :func:`setworldcoordinates`
Animation control
| :func:`delay`
| :func:`tracer`
| :func:`update`
Using screen events
| :func:`listen`
| :func:`onkey` | :func:`onkeyrelease`
| :func:`onkeypress`
| :func:`onclick` | :func:`onscreenclick`
| :func:`ontimer`
| :func:`mainloop` | :func:`done`
Settings and special methods
| :func:`mode`
| :func:`colormode`
| :func:`getcanvas`
| :func:`getshapes`
| :func:`register_shape` | :func:`addshape`
| :func:`turtles`
| :func:`window_height`
| :func:`window_width`
Input methods
| :func:`textinput`
| :func:`numinput`
Methods specific to Screen
| :func:`bye`
| :func:`exitonclick`
| :func:`setup`
| :func:`title`
Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions
=======================================================
Most of the examples in this section refer to a Turtle instance called
``turtle``.
Turtle motion
-------------
.. function:: forward(distance)
fd(distance)
:param distance: a number (integer or float)
Move the turtle forward by the specified *distance*, in the direction the
turtle is headed.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)
.. function:: back(distance)
bk(distance)
backward(distance)
:param distance: a number
Move the turtle backward by *distance*, opposite to the direction the
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
.. doctest::
:hide:
>>> turtle.goto(0, 0)
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)
.. function:: right(angle)
rt(angle)
:param angle: a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle right by *angle* units. (Units are by default degrees, but
can be set via the :func:`degrees` and :func:`radians` functions.) Angle
orientation depends on the turtle mode, see :func:`mode`.
.. doctest::
:hide:
>>> turtle.setheading(22)
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0
.. function:: left(angle)
lt(angle)
:param angle: a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle left by *angle* units. (Units are by default degrees, but
can be set via the :func:`degrees` and :func:`radians` functions.) Angle
orientation depends on the turtle mode, see :func:`mode`.
.. doctest::
:hide:
>>> turtle.setheading(22)
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
.. function:: goto(x, y=None)
setpos(x, y=None)
setposition(x, y=None)
:param x: a number or a pair/vector of numbers
:param y: a number or ``None``
If *y* is ``None``, *x* must be a pair of coordinates or a :class:`Vec2D`
(e.g. as returned by :func:`pos`).
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down, draw line. Do
not change the turtle's orientation.
.. doctest::
:hide:
>>> turtle.goto(0, 0)
.. doctest::
>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,30.00)
>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
>>> turtle.pos()
(20.00,80.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00,0.00)
.. function:: setx(x)
:param x: a number (integer or float)
Set the turtle's first coordinate to *x*, leave second coordinate
unchanged.
.. doctest::
:hide:
>>> turtle.goto(0, 240)
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)
.. function:: sety(y)
:param y: a number (integer or float)
Set the turtle's second coordinate to *y*, leave first coordinate unchanged.
.. doctest::
:hide:
>>> turtle.goto(0, 40)
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
.. function:: setheading(to_angle)
seth(to_angle)
:param to_angle: a number (integer or float)
Set the orientation of the turtle to *to_angle*. Here are some common
directions in degrees:
=================== ====================
standard mode logo mode
=================== ====================
0 - east 0 - north
90 - north 90 - east
180 - west 180 - south
270 - south 270 - west
=================== ====================
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
.. function:: home()
Move turtle to the origin -- coordinates (0,0) -- and set its heading to
its start-orientation (which depends on the mode, see :func:`mode`).
.. doctest::
:hide:
>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.goto(0, -10)
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0
.. function:: circle(radius, extent=None, steps=None)
:param radius: a number
:param extent: a number (or ``None``)
:param steps: an integer (or ``None``)
Draw a circle with given *radius*. The center is *radius* units left of
the turtle; *extent* -- an angle -- determines which part of the circle
is drawn. If *extent* is not given, draw the entire circle. If *extent*
is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the current pen
position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction if *radius* is
positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally the direction of the
turtle is changed by the amount of *extent*.
As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon, *steps*
determines the number of steps to use. If not given, it will be
calculated automatically. May be used to draw regular polygons.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0
>>> turtle.circle(50)
>>> turtle.position()
(-0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0
>>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # draw a semicircle
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
180.0
.. function:: dot(size=None, *color)
:param size: an integer >= 1 (if given)
:param color: a colorstring or a numeric color tuple
Draw a circular dot with diameter *size*, using *color*. If *size* is
not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.dot()
>>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.position()
(100.00,-0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0
.. function:: stamp()
Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current turtle
position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be used to delete
it by calling ``clearstamp(stamp_id)``.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.color("blue")
>>> turtle.stamp()
11
>>> turtle.fd(50)
.. function:: clearstamp(stampid)
:param stampid: an integer, must be return value of previous
:func:`stamp` call
Delete stamp with given *stampid*.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.position()
(150.00,-0.00)
>>> turtle.color("blue")
>>> astamp = turtle.stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.position()
(200.00,-0.00)
>>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp)
>>> turtle.position()
(200.00,-0.00)
.. function:: clearstamps(n=None)
:param n: an integer (or ``None``)
Delete all or first/last *n* of turtle's stamps. If *n* is None, delete
all stamps, if *n* > 0 delete first *n* stamps, else if *n* < 0 delete
last *n* stamps.
.. doctest::
>>> for i in range(8):
... turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30)
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
>>> turtle.clearstamps(2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps(-2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps()
.. function:: undo()
Undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action(s). Number of available
undo actions is determined by the size of the undobuffer.
.. doctest::
>>> for i in range(4):
... turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80)
...
>>> for i in range(8):
... turtle.undo()
.. function:: speed(speed=None)
:param speed: an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below)
Set the turtle's speed to an integer value in the range 0..10. If no
argument is given, return current speed.
If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5, speed is set
to 0. Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues as follows:
* "fastest": 0
* "fast": 10
* "normal": 6
* "slow": 3
* "slowest": 1
Speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of line drawing
and turtle turning.
Attention: *speed* = 0 means that *no* animation takes
place. forward/back makes turtle jump and likewise left/right make the
turtle turn instantly.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.speed()
3
>>> turtle.speed('normal')
>>> turtle.speed()
6
>>> turtle.speed(9)
>>> turtle.speed()
9
Tell Turtle's state
-------------------
.. function:: position()
pos()
Return the turtle's current location (x,y) (as a :class:`Vec2D` vector).
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.pos()
(440.00,-0.00)
.. function:: towards(x, y=None)
:param x: a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
:param y: a number if *x* is a number, else ``None``
Return the angle between the line from turtle position to position specified
by (x,y), the vector or the other turtle. This depends on the turtle's start
orientation which depends on the mode - "standard"/"world" or "logo").
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.goto(10, 10)
>>> turtle.towards(0,0)
225.0
.. function:: xcor()
Return the turtle's x coordinate.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.left(50)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.pos()
(64.28,76.60)
>>> print(round(turtle.xcor(), 5))
64.27876
.. function:: ycor()
Return the turtle's y coordinate.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> print(turtle.pos())
(50.00,86.60)
>>> print(round(turtle.ycor(), 5))
86.60254
.. function:: heading()
Return the turtle's current heading (value depends on the turtle mode, see
:func:`mode`).
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.left(67)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
.. function:: distance(x, y=None)
:param x: a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
:param y: a number if *x* is a number, else ``None``
Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y), the given vector, or the given
other turtle, in turtle step units.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.distance(30,40)
50.0
>>> turtle.distance((30,40))
50.0
>>> joe = Turtle()
>>> joe.forward(77)
>>> turtle.distance(joe)
77.0
Settings for measurement
------------------------
.. function:: degrees(fullcircle=360.0)
:param fullcircle: a number
Set angle measurement units, i.e. set number of "degrees" for a full circle.
Default value is 360 degrees.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon,
grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.)
>>> turtle.degrees(400.0)
>>> turtle.heading()
100.0
>>> turtle.degrees(360)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
.. function:: radians()
Set the angle measurement units to radians. Equivalent to
``degrees(2*math.pi)``.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
>>> turtle.radians()
>>> turtle.heading()
1.5707963267948966
.. doctest::
:hide:
>>> turtle.degrees(360)
Pen control
-----------
Drawing state
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. function:: pendown()
pd()
down()
Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
.. function:: penup()
pu()
up()
Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
.. function:: pensize(width=None)
width(width=None)
:param width: a positive number
Set the line thickness to *width* or return it. If resizemode is set to
"auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with the same line
thickness. If no argument is given, the current pensize is returned.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.pensize()
1
>>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn
.. function:: pen(pen=None, **pendict)
:param pen: a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys
:param pendict: one or more keyword-arguments with the below listed keys as keywords
Return or set the pen's attributes in a "pen-dictionary" with the following
key/value pairs:
* "shown": True/False
* "pendown": True/False
* "pencolor": color-string or color-tuple
* "fillcolor": color-string or color-tuple
* "pensize": positive number
* "speed": number in range 0..10
* "resizemode": "auto" or "user" or "noresize"
* "stretchfactor": (positive number, positive number)
* "outline": positive number
* "tilt": number
This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent call to :func:`pen`
to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one or more of these attributes
can be provided as keyword-arguments. This can be used to set several pen
attributes in one statement.
.. doctest::
:options: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
>>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10)
>>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())
[('fillcolor', 'black'), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'red'),
('pendown', True), ('pensize', 10), ('resizemode', 'noresize'),
('shearfactor', 0.0), ('shown', True), ('speed', 9),
('stretchfactor', (1.0, 1.0)), ('tilt', 0.0)]
>>> penstate=turtle.pen()
>>> turtle.color("yellow", "")
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())[:3]
[('fillcolor', ''), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'yellow')]
>>> turtle.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green")
>>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())[:3]
[('fillcolor', 'green'), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'red')]
.. function:: isdown()
Return ``True`` if pen is down, ``False`` if it's up.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.isdown()
False
>>> turtle.pendown()
>>> turtle.isdown()
True
Color control
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. function:: pencolor(*args)
Return or set the pencolor.
Four input formats are allowed:
``pencolor()``
Return the current pencolor as color specification string or
as a tuple (see example). May be used as input to another
color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
``pencolor(colorstring)``
Set pencolor to *colorstring*, which is a Tk color specification string,
such as ``"red"``, ``"yellow"``, or ``"#33cc8c"``.
``pencolor((r, g, b))``
Set pencolor to the RGB color represented by the tuple of *r*, *g*, and
*b*. Each of *r*, *g*, and *b* must be in the range 0..colormode, where
colormode is either 1.0 or 255 (see :func:`colormode`).
``pencolor(r, g, b)``
Set pencolor to the RGB color represented by *r*, *g*, and *b*. Each of
*r*, *g*, and *b* must be in the range 0..colormode.
If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn with the
newly set pencolor.
.. doctest::
>>> colormode()
1.0
>>> turtle.pencolor()
'red'
>>> turtle.pencolor("brown")
>>> turtle.pencolor()
'brown'
>>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55)
>>> turtle.pencolor(tup)
>>> turtle.pencolor()
(0.2, 0.8, 0.5490196078431373)
>>> colormode(255)
>>> turtle.pencolor()
(51.0, 204.0, 140.0)
>>> turtle.pencolor('#32c18f')
>>> turtle.pencolor()
(50.0, 193.0, 143.0)
.. function:: fillcolor(*args)
Return or set the fillcolor.
Four input formats are allowed:
``fillcolor()``
Return the current fillcolor as color specification string, possibly
in tuple format (see example). May be used as input to another
color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
``fillcolor(colorstring)``
Set fillcolor to *colorstring*, which is a Tk color specification string,
such as ``"red"``, ``"yellow"``, or ``"#33cc8c"``.
``fillcolor((r, g, b))``
Set fillcolor to the RGB color represented by the tuple of *r*, *g*, and
*b*. Each of *r*, *g*, and *b* must be in the range 0..colormode, where
colormode is either 1.0 or 255 (see :func:`colormode`).
``fillcolor(r, g, b)``
Set fillcolor to the RGB color represented by *r*, *g*, and *b*. Each of
*r*, *g*, and *b* must be in the range 0..colormode.
If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn
with the newly set fillcolor.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.fillcolor("violet")
>>> turtle.fillcolor()
'violet'
>>> col = turtle.pencolor()
>>> col
(50.0, 193.0, 143.0)
>>> turtle.fillcolor(col)
>>> turtle.fillcolor()
(50.0, 193.0, 143.0)
>>> turtle.fillcolor('#ffffff')
>>> turtle.fillcolor()
(255.0, 255.0, 255.0)
.. function:: color(*args)
Return or set pencolor and fillcolor.
Several input formats are allowed. They use 0 to 3 arguments as
follows:
``color()``
Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor as a pair of color
specification strings or tuples as returned by :func:`pencolor` and
:func:`fillcolor`.
``color(colorstring)``, ``color((r,g,b))``, ``color(r,g,b)``
Inputs as in :func:`pencolor`, set both, fillcolor and pencolor, to the
given value.
``color(colorstring1, colorstring2)``, ``color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2))``
Equivalent to ``pencolor(colorstring1)`` and ``fillcolor(colorstring2)``
and analogously if the other input format is used.
If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon is drawn
with the newly set colors.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.color("red", "green")
>>> turtle.color()
('red', 'green')
>>> color("#285078", "#a0c8f0")
>>> color()
((40.0, 80.0, 120.0), (160.0, 200.0, 240.0))
See also: Screen method :func:`colormode`.
Filling
~~~~~~~
.. doctest::
:hide:
>>> turtle.home()
.. function:: filling()
Return fillstate (``True`` if filling, ``False`` else).
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> if turtle.filling():
... turtle.pensize(5)
... else:
... turtle.pensize(3)
.. function:: begin_fill()
To be called just before drawing a shape to be filled.
.. function:: end_fill()
Fill the shape drawn after the last call to :func:`begin_fill`.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.color("black", "red")
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.circle(80)
>>> turtle.end_fill()
More drawing control
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. function:: reset()
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle and set
variables to the default values.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.goto(0,-22)
>>> turtle.left(100)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-22.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
100.0
>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0
.. function:: clear()
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle. State and
position of the turtle as well as drawings of other turtles are not affected.
.. function:: write(arg, move=False, align="left", font=("Arial", 8, "normal"))
:param arg: object to be written to the TurtleScreen
:param move: True/False
:param align: one of the strings "left", "center" or right"
:param font: a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype)
Write text - the string representation of *arg* - at the current turtle
position according to *align* ("left", "center" or right") and with the given
font. If *move* is true, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner of the
text. By default, *move* is ``False``.
>>> turtle.write("Home = ", True, align="center")
>>> turtle.write((0,0), True)
Turtle state
------------
Visibility
~~~~~~~~~~
.. function:: hideturtle()
ht()
Make the turtle invisible. It's a good idea to do this while you're in the
middle of doing some complex drawing, because hiding the turtle speeds up the
drawing observably.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
.. function:: showturtle()
st()
Make the turtle visible.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.showturtle()
.. function:: isvisible()
Return ``True`` if the Turtle is shown, ``False`` if it's hidden.
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> turtle.isvisible()
False
>>> turtle.showturtle()
>>> turtle.isvisible()
True
Appearance
~~~~~~~~~~
.. function:: shape(name=None)
:param name: a string which is a valid shapename
Set turtle shape to shape with given *name* or, if name is not given, return
name of current shape. Shape with *name* must exist in the TurtleScreen's
shape dictionary. Initially there are the following polygon shapes: "arrow",
"turtle", "circle", "square", "triangle", "classic". To learn about how to
deal with shapes see Screen method :func:`register_shape`.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.shape()
'classic'
>>> turtle.shape("turtle")
>>> turtle.shape()
'turtle'
.. function:: resizemode(rmode=None)
:param rmode: one of the strings "auto", "user", "noresize"
Set resizemode to one of the values: "auto", "user", "noresize". If *rmode*
is not given, return current resizemode. Different resizemodes have the
following effects:
- "auto": adapts the appearance of the turtle corresponding to the value of pensize.
- "user": adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the values of
stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline), which are set by
:func:`shapesize`.
- "noresize": no adaption of the turtle's appearance takes place.
resizemode("user") is called by :func:`shapesize` when used with arguments.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.resizemode()
'noresize'
>>> turtle.resizemode("auto")
>>> turtle.resizemode()
'auto'
.. function:: shapesize(stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)
turtlesize(stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)
:param stretch_wid: positive number
:param stretch_len: positive number
:param outline: positive number
Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline. Set
resizemode to "user". If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle
will be displayed stretched according to its stretchfactors: *stretch_wid* is
stretchfactor perpendicular to its orientation, *stretch_len* is
stretchfactor in direction of its orientation, *outline* determines the width
of the shapes's outline.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.shapesize()
(1.0, 1.0, 1)
>>> turtle.resizemode("user")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
>>> turtle.shapesize()
(5, 5, 12)
>>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
>>> turtle.shapesize()
(5, 5, 8)
.. function:: shearfactor(shear=None)
:param shear: number (optional)
Set or return the current shearfactor. Shear the turtleshape according to
the given shearfactor shear, which is the tangent of the shear angle.
Do *not* change the turtle's heading (direction of movement).
If shear is not given: return the current shearfactor, i. e. the
tangent of the shear angle, by which lines parallel to the
heading of the turtle are sheared.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.shearfactor(0.5)
>>> turtle.shearfactor()
0.5
.. function:: tilt(angle)
:param angle: a number
Rotate the turtleshape by *angle* from its current tilt-angle, but do *not*
change the turtle's heading (direction of movement).
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
.. function:: settiltangle(angle)
:param angle: a number
Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by *angle*,
regardless of its current tilt-angle. *Do not* change the turtle's heading
(direction of movement).
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(45)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(-45)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
.. deprecated:: 3.1
.. function:: tiltangle(angle=None)
:param angle: a number (optional)
Set or return the current tilt-angle. If angle is given, rotate the
turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,
regardless of its current tilt-angle. Do *not* change the turtle's
heading (direction of movement).
If angle is not given: return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle
between the orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the
turtle (its direction of movement).
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.tilt(45)
>>> turtle.tiltangle()
45.0
.. function:: shapetransform(t11=None, t12=None, t21=None, t22=None)
:param t11: a number (optional)
:param t12: a number (optional)
:param t21: a number (optional)
:param t12: a number (optional)
Set or return the current transformation matrix of the turtle shape.
If none of the matrix elements are given, return the transformation
matrix as a tuple of 4 elements.
Otherwise set the given elements and transform the turtleshape
according to the matrix consisting of first row t11, t12 and
second row t21, 22. The determinant t11 * t22 - t12 * t21 must not be
zero, otherwise an error is raised.
Modify stretchfactor, shearfactor and tiltangle according to the
given matrix.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle = Turtle()
>>> turtle.shape("square")
>>> turtle.shapesize(4,2)
>>> turtle.shearfactor(-0.5)
>>> turtle.shapetransform()
(4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0)
.. function:: get_shapepoly()
Return the current shape polygon as tuple of coordinate pairs. This
can be used to define a new shape or components of a compound shape.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.shape("square")
>>> turtle.shapetransform(4, -1, 0, 2)
>>> turtle.get_shapepoly()
((50, -20), (30, 20), (-50, 20), (-30, -20))
Using events
------------
.. function:: onclick(fun, btn=1, add=None)
:param fun: a function with two arguments which will be called with the
coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas
:param num: number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)
:param add: ``True`` or ``False`` -- if ``True``, a new binding will be
added, otherwise it will replace a former binding
Bind *fun* to mouse-click events on this turtle. If *fun* is ``None``,
existing bindings are removed. Example for the anonymous turtle, i.e. the
procedural way:
.. doctest::
>>> def turn(x, y):
... left(180)
...
>>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it.
>>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed
.. function:: onrelease(fun, btn=1, add=None)
:param fun: a function with two arguments which will be called with the
coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas
:param num: number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)
:param add: ``True`` or ``False`` -- if ``True``, a new binding will be
added, otherwise it will replace a former binding
Bind *fun* to mouse-button-release events on this turtle. If *fun* is
``None``, existing bindings are removed.
.. doctest::
>>> class MyTurtle(Turtle):
... def glow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor("red")
... def unglow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor("")
...
>>> turtle = MyTurtle()
>>> turtle.onclick(turtle.glow) # clicking on turtle turns fillcolor red,
>>> turtle.onrelease(turtle.unglow) # releasing turns it to transparent.
.. function:: ondrag(fun, btn=1, add=None)
:param fun: a function with two arguments which will be called with the
coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas
:param num: number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)
:param add: ``True`` or ``False`` -- if ``True``, a new binding will be
added, otherwise it will replace a former binding
Bind *fun* to mouse-move events on this turtle. If *fun* is ``None``,
existing bindings are removed.
Remark: Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a
mouse-click event on that turtle.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto)
Subsequently, clicking and dragging the Turtle will move it across
the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is down).
Special Turtle methods
----------------------
.. function:: begin_poly()
Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is first
vertex of polygon.
.. function:: end_poly()
Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is last
vertex of polygon. This will be connected with the first vertex.
.. function:: get_poly()
Return the last recorded polygon.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.begin_poly()
>>> turtle.fd(100)
>>> turtle.left(20)
>>> turtle.fd(30)
>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.end_poly()
>>> p = turtle.get_poly()
>>> register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)
.. function:: clone()
Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading and
turtle properties.
.. doctest::
>>> mick = Turtle()
>>> joe = mick.clone()
.. function:: getturtle()
getpen()
Return the Turtle object itself. Only reasonable use: as a function to
return the "anonymous turtle":
.. doctest::
>>> pet = getturtle()
>>> pet.fd(50)
>>> pet
<turtle.Turtle object at 0x...>
.. function:: getscreen()
Return the :class:`TurtleScreen` object the turtle is drawing on.
TurtleScreen methods can then be called for that object.
.. doctest::
>>> ts = turtle.getscreen()
>>> ts
<turtle._Screen object at 0x...>
>>> ts.bgcolor("pink")
.. function:: setundobuffer(size)
:param size: an integer or ``None``
Set or disable undobuffer. If *size* is an integer an empty undobuffer of
given size is installed. *size* gives the maximum number of turtle actions
that can be undone by the :func:`undo` method/function. If *size* is
``None``, the undobuffer is disabled.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.setundobuffer(42)
.. function:: undobufferentries()
Return number of entries in the undobuffer.
.. doctest::
>>> while undobufferentries():
... undo()
.. _compoundshapes:
Compound shapes
---------------
To use compound turtle shapes, which consist of several polygons of different
color, you must use the helper class :class:`Shape` explicitly as described
below:
1. Create an empty Shape object of type "compound".
2. Add as many components to this object as desired, using the
:meth:`addcomponent` method.
For example:
.. doctest::
>>> s = Shape("compound")
>>> poly1 = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5))
>>> s.addcomponent(poly1, "red", "blue")
>>> poly2 = ((0,0),(10,-5),(-10,-5))
>>> s.addcomponent(poly2, "blue", "red")
3. Now add the Shape to the Screen's shapelist and use it:
.. doctest::
>>> register_shape("myshape", s)
>>> shape("myshape")
.. note::
The :class:`Shape` class is used internally by the :func:`register_shape`
method in different ways. The application programmer has to deal with the
Shape class *only* when using compound shapes like shown above!
Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions
==========================================================
Most of the examples in this section refer to a TurtleScreen instance called
``screen``.
.. doctest::
:hide:
>>> screen = Screen()
Window control
--------------
.. function:: bgcolor(*args)
:param args: a color string or three numbers in the range 0..colormode or a
3-tuple of such numbers
Set or return background color of the TurtleScreen.
.. doctest::
>>> screen.bgcolor("orange")
>>> screen.bgcolor()
'orange'
>>> screen.bgcolor("#800080")
>>> screen.bgcolor()
(128.0, 0.0, 128.0)
.. function:: bgpic(picname=None)
:param picname: a string, name of a gif-file or ``"nopic"``, or ``None``
Set background image or return name of current backgroundimage. If *picname*
is a filename, set the corresponding image as background. If *picname* is
``"nopic"``, delete background image, if present. If *picname* is ``None``,
return the filename of the current backgroundimage. ::
>>> screen.bgpic()
'nopic'
>>> screen.bgpic("landscape.gif")
>>> screen.bgpic()
"landscape.gif"
.. function:: clear()
clearscreen()
Delete all drawings and all turtles from the TurtleScreen. Reset the now
empty TurtleScreen to its initial state: white background, no background
image, no event bindings and tracing on.
.. note::
This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the
name ``clearscreen``. The global function ``clear`` is a different one
derived from the Turtle method ``clear``.
.. function:: reset()
resetscreen()
Reset all Turtles on the Screen to their initial state.
.. note::
This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the
name ``resetscreen``. The global function ``reset`` is another one
derived from the Turtle method ``reset``.
.. function:: screensize(canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None)
:param canvwidth: positive integer, new width of canvas in pixels
:param canvheight: positive integer, new height of canvas in pixels
:param bg: colorstring or color-tuple, new background color
If no arguments are given, return current (canvaswidth, canvasheight). Else
resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Do not alter the drawing
window. To observe hidden parts of the canvas, use the scrollbars. With this
method, one can make visible those parts of a drawing which were outside the
canvas before.
>>> screen.screensize()
(400, 300)
>>> screen.screensize(2000,1500)
>>> screen.screensize()
(2000, 1500)
e.g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-)
.. function:: setworldcoordinates(llx, lly, urx, ury)
:param llx: a number, x-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas
:param lly: a number, y-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas
:param urx: a number, x-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas
:param ury: a number, y-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas
Set up user-defined coordinate system and switch to mode "world" if
necessary. This performs a ``screen.reset()``. If mode "world" is already
active, all drawings are redrawn according to the new coordinates.
**ATTENTION**: in user-defined coordinate systems angles may appear
distorted.
.. doctest::
>>> screen.reset()
>>> screen.setworldcoordinates(-50,-7.5,50,7.5)
>>> for _ in range(72):
... left(10)
...
>>> for _ in range(8):
... left(45); fd(2) # a regular octagon
.. doctest::
:hide:
>>> screen.reset()
>>> for t in turtles():
... t.reset()
Animation control
-----------------
.. function:: delay(delay=None)
:param delay: positive integer
Set or return the drawing *delay* in milliseconds. (This is approximately
the time interval between two consecutive canvas updates.) The longer the
drawing delay, the slower the animation.
Optional argument:
.. doctest::
>>> screen.delay()
10
>>> screen.delay(5)
>>> screen.delay()
5
.. function:: tracer(n=None, delay=None)
:param n: nonnegative integer
:param delay: nonnegative integer
Turn turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. If
*n* is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really
performed. (Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex
graphics.) When called without arguments, returns the currently
stored value of n. Second argument sets delay value (see
:func:`delay`).
.. doctest::
>>> screen.tracer(8, 25)
>>> dist = 2
>>> for i in range(200):
... fd(dist)
... rt(90)
... dist += 2
.. function:: update()
Perform a TurtleScreen update. To be used when tracer is turned off.
See also the RawTurtle/Turtle method :func:`speed`.
Using screen events
-------------------
.. function:: listen(xdummy=None, ydummy=None)
Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events). Dummy arguments
are provided in order to be able to pass :func:`listen` to the onclick method.
.. function:: onkey(fun, key)
onkeyrelease(fun, key)
:param fun: a function with no arguments or ``None``
:param key: a string: key (e.g. "a") or key-symbol (e.g. "space")
Bind *fun* to key-release event of key. If *fun* is ``None``, event bindings
are removed. Remark: in order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen
must have the focus. (See method :func:`listen`.)
.. doctest::
>>> def f():
... fd(50)
... lt(60)
...
>>> screen.onkey(f, "Up")
>>> screen.listen()
.. function:: onkeypress(fun, key=None)
:param fun: a function with no arguments or ``None``
:param key: a string: key (e.g. "a") or key-symbol (e.g. "space")
Bind *fun* to key-press event of key if key is given,
or to any key-press-event if no key is given.
Remark: in order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen
must have focus. (See method :func:`listen`.)
.. doctest::
>>> def f():
... fd(50)
...
>>> screen.onkey(f, "Up")
>>> screen.listen()
.. function:: onclick(fun, btn=1, add=None)
onscreenclick(fun, btn=1, add=None)
:param fun: a function with two arguments which will be called with the
coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas
:param num: number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)
:param add: ``True`` or ``False`` -- if ``True``, a new binding will be
added, otherwise it will replace a former binding
Bind *fun* to mouse-click events on this screen. If *fun* is ``None``,
existing bindings are removed.
Example for a TurtleScreen instance named ``screen`` and a Turtle instance
named turtle:
.. doctest::
>>> screen.onclick(turtle.goto) # Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will
>>> # make the turtle move to the clicked point.
>>> screen.onclick(None) # remove event binding again
.. note::
This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the
name ``onscreenclick``. The global function ``onclick`` is another one
derived from the Turtle method ``onclick``.
.. function:: ontimer(fun, t=0)
:param fun: a function with no arguments
:param t: a number >= 0
Install a timer that calls *fun* after *t* milliseconds.
.. doctest::
>>> running = True
>>> def f():
... if running:
... fd(50)
... lt(60)
... screen.ontimer(f, 250)
>>> f() ### makes the turtle march around
>>> running = False
.. function:: mainloop()
done()
Starts event loop - calling Tkinter's mainloop function.
Must be the last statement in a turtle graphics program.
Must *not* be used if a script is run from within IDLE in -n mode
(No subprocess) - for interactive use of turtle graphics. ::
>>> screen.mainloop()
Input methods
-------------
.. function:: textinput(title, prompt)
:param title: string
:param prompt: string
Pop up a dialog window for input of a string. Parameter title is
the title of the dialog window, propmt is a text mostly describing
what information to input.
Return the string input. If the dialog is canceled, return None. ::
>>> screen.textinput("NIM", "Name of first player:")
.. function:: numinput(title, prompt, default=None, minval=None, maxval=None)
:param title: string
:param prompt: string
:param default: number (optional)
:param minval: number (optional)
:param maxval: number (optional)
Pop up a dialog window for input of a number. title is the title of the
dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing what numerical information
to input. default: default value, minval: minimum value for input,
maxval: maximum value for input
The number input must be in the range minval .. maxval if these are
given. If not, a hint is issued and the dialog remains open for
correction.
Return the number input. If the dialog is canceled, return None. ::
>>> screen.numinput("Poker", "Your stakes:", 1000, minval=10, maxval=10000)
Settings and special methods
----------------------------
.. function:: mode(mode=None)
:param mode: one of the strings "standard", "logo" or "world"
Set turtle mode ("standard", "logo" or "world") and perform reset. If mode
is not given, current mode is returned.
Mode "standard" is compatible with old :mod:`turtle`. Mode "logo" is
compatible with most Logo turtle graphics. Mode "world" uses user-defined
"world coordinates". **Attention**: in this mode angles appear distorted if
``x/y`` unit-ratio doesn't equal 1.
============ ========================= ===================
Mode Initial turtle heading positive angles
============ ========================= ===================
"standard" to the right (east) counterclockwise
"logo" upward (north) clockwise
============ ========================= ===================
.. doctest::
>>> mode("logo") # resets turtle heading to north
>>> mode()
'logo'
.. function:: colormode(cmode=None)
:param cmode: one of the values 1.0 or 255
Return the colormode or set it to 1.0 or 255. Subsequently *r*, *g*, *b*
values of color triples have to be in the range 0..\ *cmode*.
.. doctest::
>>> screen.colormode(1)
>>> turtle.pencolor(240, 160, 80)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TurtleGraphicsError: bad color sequence: (240, 160, 80)
>>> screen.colormode()
1.0
>>> screen.colormode(255)
>>> screen.colormode()
255
>>> turtle.pencolor(240,160,80)
.. function:: getcanvas()
Return the Canvas of this TurtleScreen. Useful for insiders who know what to
do with a Tkinter Canvas.
.. doctest::
>>> cv = screen.getcanvas()
>>> cv
<turtle.ScrolledCanvas object ...>
.. function:: getshapes()
Return a list of names of all currently available turtle shapes.
.. doctest::
>>> screen.getshapes()
['arrow', 'blank', 'circle', ..., 'turtle']
.. function:: register_shape(name, shape=None)
addshape(name, shape=None)
There are three different ways to call this function:
(1) *name* is the name of a gif-file and *shape* is ``None``: Install the
corresponding image shape. ::
>>> screen.register_shape("turtle.gif")
.. note::
Image shapes *do not* rotate when turning the turtle, so they do not
display the heading of the turtle!
(2) *name* is an arbitrary string and *shape* is a tuple of pairs of
coordinates: Install the corresponding polygon shape.
.. doctest::
>>> screen.register_shape("triangle", ((5,-3), (0,5), (-5,-3)))
(3) *name* is an arbitrary string and shape is a (compound) :class:`Shape`
object: Install the corresponding compound shape.
Add a turtle shape to TurtleScreen's shapelist. Only thusly registered
shapes can be used by issuing the command ``shape(shapename)``.
.. function:: turtles()
Return the list of turtles on the screen.
.. doctest::
>>> for turtle in screen.turtles():
... turtle.color("red")
.. function:: window_height()
Return the height of the turtle window. ::
>>> screen.window_height()
480
.. function:: window_width()
Return the width of the turtle window. ::
>>> screen.window_width()
640
.. _screenspecific:
Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen
-----------------------------------------------------------
.. function:: bye()
Shut the turtlegraphics window.
.. function:: exitonclick()
Bind bye() method to mouse clicks on the Screen.
If the value "using_IDLE" in the configuration dictionary is ``False``
(default value), also enter mainloop. Remark: If IDLE with the ``-n`` switch
(no subprocess) is used, this value should be set to ``True`` in
:file:`turtle.cfg`. In this case IDLE's own mainloop is active also for the
client script.
.. function:: setup(width=_CFG["width"], height=_CFG["height"], startx=_CFG["leftright"], starty=_CFG["topbottom"])
Set the size and position of the main window. Default values of arguments
are stored in the configuration dictionary and can be changed via a
:file:`turtle.cfg` file.
:param width: if an integer, a size in pixels, if a float, a fraction of the
screen; default is 50% of screen
:param height: if an integer, the height in pixels, if a float, a fraction of
the screen; default is 75% of screen
:param startx: if positive, starting position in pixels from the left
edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge, if None,
center window horizontally
:param startx: if positive, starting position in pixels from the top
edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge, if None,
center window vertically
.. doctest::
>>> screen.setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0)
>>> # sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen
>>> screen.setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None)
>>> # sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers
.. function:: title(titlestring)
:param titlestring: a string that is shown in the titlebar of the turtle
graphics window
Set title of turtle window to *titlestring*.
.. doctest::
>>> screen.title("Welcome to the turtle zoo!")
Public classes
==============
.. class:: RawTurtle(canvas)
RawPen(canvas)
:param canvas: a :class:`tkinter.Canvas`, a :class:`ScrolledCanvas` or a
:class:`TurtleScreen`
Create a turtle. The turtle has all methods described above as "methods of
Turtle/RawTurtle".
.. class:: Turtle()
Subclass of RawTurtle, has the same interface but draws on a default
:class:`Screen` object created automatically when needed for the first time.
.. class:: TurtleScreen(cv)
:param cv: a :class:`tkinter.Canvas`
Provides screen oriented methods like :func:`setbg` etc. that are described
above.
.. class:: Screen()
Subclass of TurtleScreen, with :ref:`four methods added <screenspecific>`.
.. class:: ScrolledCanvas(master)
:param master: some Tkinter widget to contain the ScrolledCanvas, i.e.
a Tkinter-canvas with scrollbars added
Used by class Screen, which thus automatically provides a ScrolledCanvas as
playground for the turtles.
.. class:: Shape(type_, data)
:param type\_: one of the strings "polygon", "image", "compound"
Data structure modeling shapes. The pair ``(type_, data)`` must follow this
specification:
=========== ===========
*type_* *data*
=========== ===========
"polygon" a polygon-tuple, i.e. a tuple of pairs of coordinates
"image" an image (in this form only used internally!)
"compound" ``None`` (a compound shape has to be constructed using the
:meth:`addcomponent` method)
=========== ===========
.. method:: addcomponent(poly, fill, outline=None)
:param poly: a polygon, i.e. a tuple of pairs of numbers
:param fill: a color the *poly* will be filled with
:param outline: a color for the poly's outline (if given)
Example:
.. doctest::
>>> poly = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5))
>>> s = Shape("compound")
>>> s.addcomponent(poly, "red", "blue")
>>> # ... add more components and then use register_shape()
See :ref:`compoundshapes`.
.. class:: Vec2D(x, y)
A two-dimensional vector class, used as a helper class for implementing
turtle graphics. May be useful for turtle graphics programs too. Derived
from tuple, so a vector is a tuple!
Provides (for *a*, *b* vectors, *k* number):
* ``a + b`` vector addition
* ``a - b`` vector subtraction
* ``a * b`` inner product
* ``k * a`` and ``a * k`` multiplication with scalar
* ``abs(a)`` absolute value of a
* ``a.rotate(angle)`` rotation
Help and configuration
======================
How to use help
---------------
The public methods of the Screen and Turtle classes are documented extensively
via docstrings. So these can be used as online-help via the Python help
facilities:
- When using IDLE, tooltips show the signatures and first lines of the
docstrings of typed in function-/method calls.
- Calling :func:`help` on methods or functions displays the docstrings::
>>> help(Screen.bgcolor)
Help on method bgcolor in module turtle:
bgcolor(self, *args) unbound turtle.Screen method
Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.
Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers
in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.
>>> screen.bgcolor("orange")
>>> screen.bgcolor()
"orange"
>>> screen.bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)
>>> screen.bgcolor()
"#800080"
>>> help(Turtle.penup)
Help on method penup in module turtle:
penup(self) unbound turtle.Turtle method
Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
Aliases: penup | pu | up
No argument
>>> turtle.penup()
- The docstrings of the functions which are derived from methods have a modified
form::
>>> help(bgcolor)
Help on function bgcolor in module turtle:
bgcolor(*args)
Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.
Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers
in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.
Example::
>>> bgcolor("orange")
>>> bgcolor()
"orange"
>>> bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)
>>> bgcolor()
"#800080"
>>> help(penup)
Help on function penup in module turtle:
penup()
Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
Aliases: penup | pu | up
No argument
Example:
>>> penup()
These modified docstrings are created automatically together with the function
definitions that are derived from the methods at import time.
Translation of docstrings into different languages
--------------------------------------------------
There is a utility to create a dictionary the keys of which are the method names
and the values of which are the docstrings of the public methods of the classes
Screen and Turtle.
.. function:: write_docstringdict(filename="turtle_docstringdict")
:param filename: a string, used as filename
Create and write docstring-dictionary to a Python script with the given
filename. This function has to be called explicitly (it is not used by the
turtle graphics classes). The docstring dictionary will be written to the
Python script :file:`{filename}.py`. It is intended to serve as a template
for translation of the docstrings into different languages.
If you (or your students) want to use :mod:`turtle` with online help in your
native language, you have to translate the docstrings and save the resulting
file as e.g. :file:`turtle_docstringdict_german.py`.
If you have an appropriate entry in your :file:`turtle.cfg` file this dictionary
will be read in at import time and will replace the original English docstrings.
At the time of this writing there are docstring dictionaries in German and in
Italian. (Requests please to glingl@aon.at.)
How to configure Screen and Turtles
-----------------------------------
The built-in default configuration mimics the appearance and behaviour of the
old turtle module in order to retain best possible compatibility with it.
If you want to use a different configuration which better reflects the features
of this module or which better fits to your needs, e.g. for use in a classroom,
you can prepare a configuration file ``turtle.cfg`` which will be read at import
time and modify the configuration according to its settings.
The built in configuration would correspond to the following turtle.cfg::
width = 0.5
height = 0.75
leftright = None
topbottom = None
canvwidth = 400
canvheight = 300
mode = standard
colormode = 1.0
delay = 10
undobuffersize = 1000
shape = classic
pencolor = black
fillcolor = black
resizemode = noresize
visible = True
language = english
exampleturtle = turtle
examplescreen = screen
title = Python Turtle Graphics
using_IDLE = False
Short explanation of selected entries:
- The first four lines correspond to the arguments of the :meth:`Screen.setup`
method.
- Line 5 and 6 correspond to the arguments of the method
:meth:`Screen.screensize`.
- *shape* can be any of the built-in shapes, e.g: arrow, turtle, etc. For more
info try ``help(shape)``.
- If you want to use no fillcolor (i.e. make the turtle transparent), you have
to write ``fillcolor = ""`` (but all nonempty strings must not have quotes in
the cfg-file).
- If you want to reflect the turtle its state, you have to use ``resizemode =
auto``.
- If you set e.g. ``language = italian`` the docstringdict
:file:`turtle_docstringdict_italian.py` will be loaded at import time (if
present on the import path, e.g. in the same directory as :mod:`turtle`.
- The entries *exampleturtle* and *examplescreen* define the names of these
objects as they occur in the docstrings. The transformation of
method-docstrings to function-docstrings will delete these names from the
docstrings.
- *using_IDLE*: Set this to ``True`` if you regularly work with IDLE and its -n
switch ("no subprocess"). This will prevent :func:`exitonclick` to enter the
mainloop.
There can be a :file:`turtle.cfg` file in the directory where :mod:`turtle` is
stored and an additional one in the current working directory. The latter will
override the settings of the first one.
The :file:`Lib/turtledemo` directory contains a :file:`turtle.cfg` file. You can
study it as an example and see its effects when running the demos (preferably
not from within the demo-viewer).
Demo scripts
============
There is a set of demo scripts in the :mod:`turtledemo` package. These
scripts can be run and viewed using the supplied demo viewer as follows::
python -m turtledemo
Alternatively, you can run the demo scripts individually. For example, ::
python -m turtledemo.bytedesign
The :mod:`turtledemo` package directory contains:
- a set of 15 demo scripts demonstrating different features of the new module
:mod:`turtle`;
- a demo viewer :file:`__main__.py` which can be used to view the sourcecode
of the scripts and run them at the same time. 14 of the examples can be
accessed via the Examples menu; all of them can also be run standalone.
- The example :mod:`turtledemo.two_canvases` demonstrates the simultaneous
use of two canvases with the turtle module. Therefore it only can be run
standalone.
- There is a :file:`turtle.cfg` file in this directory, which serves as an
example for how to write and use such files.
The demo scripts are:
.. tabularcolumns:: |l|L|L|
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Name | Description | Features |
+================+==============================+=======================+
| bytedesign | complex classical | :func:`tracer`, delay,|
| | turtle graphics pattern | :func:`update` |
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| chaos | graphs Verhulst dynamics, | world coordinates |
| | shows that computer's | |
| | computations can generate | |
| | results sometimes against the| |
| | common sense expectations | |
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| clock | analog clock showing time | turtles as clock's |
| | of your computer | hands, ontimer |
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| colormixer | experiment with r, g, b | :func:`ondrag` |
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| fractalcurves | Hilbert & Koch curves | recursion |
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| lindenmayer | ethnomathematics | L-System |
| | (indian kolams) | |
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| minimal_hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Rectangular Turtles |
| | | as Hanoi discs |
| | | (shape, shapesize) |
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| nim | play the classical nim game | turtles as nimsticks, |
| | with three heaps of sticks | event driven (mouse, |
| | against the computer. | keyboard) |
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| paint | super minimalistic | :func:`onclick` |
| | drawing program | |
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| peace | elementary | turtle: appearance |
| | | and animation |
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| penrose | aperiodic tiling with | :func:`stamp` |
| | kites and darts | |
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| planet_and_moon| simulation of | compound shapes, |
| | gravitational system | :class:`Vec2D` |
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| round_dance | dancing turtles rotating | compound shapes, clone|
| | pairwise in opposite | shapesize, tilt, |
| | direction | get_shapepoly, update |
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| tree | a (graphical) breadth | :func:`clone` |
| | first tree (using generators)| |
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| wikipedia | a pattern from the wikipedia | :func:`clone`, |
| | article on turtle graphics | :func:`undo` |
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| yingyang | another elementary example | :func:`circle` |
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
Have fun!
Changes since Python 2.6
========================
- The methods :meth:`Turtle.tracer`, :meth:`Turtle.window_width` and
:meth:`Turtle.window_height` have been eliminated.
Methods with these names and functionality are now available only
as methods of :class:`Screen`. The functions derived from these remain
available. (In fact already in Python 2.6 these methods were merely
duplications of the corresponding
:class:`TurtleScreen`/:class:`Screen`-methods.)
- The method :meth:`Turtle.fill` has been eliminated.
The behaviour of :meth:`begin_fill` and :meth:`end_fill`
have changed slightly: now every filling-process must be completed with an
``end_fill()`` call.
- A method :meth:`Turtle.filling` has been added. It returns a boolean
value: ``True`` if a filling process is under way, ``False`` otherwise.
This behaviour corresponds to a ``fill()`` call without arguments in
Python 2.6.
Changes since Python 3.0
========================
- The methods :meth:`Turtle.shearfactor`, :meth:`Turtle.shapetransform` and
:meth:`Turtle.get_shapepoly` have been added. Thus the full range of
regular linear transforms is now available for transforming turtle shapes.
:meth:`Turtle.tiltangle` has been enhanced in functionality: it now can
be used to get or set the tiltangle. :meth:`Turtle.settiltangle` has been
deprecated.
- The method :meth:`Screen.onkeypress` has been added as a complement to
:meth:`Screen.onkey` which in fact binds actions to the keyrelease event.
Accordingly the latter has got an alias: :meth:`Screen.onkeyrelease`.
- The method :meth:`Screen.mainloop` has been added. So when working only
with Screen and Turtle objects one must not additionally import
:func:`mainloop` anymore.
- Two input methods has been added :meth:`Screen.textinput` and
:meth:`Screen.numinput`. These popup input dialogs and return
strings and numbers respectively.
- Two example scripts :file:`tdemo_nim.py` and :file:`tdemo_round_dance.py`
have been added to the :file:`Lib/turtledemo` directory.
.. doctest::
:hide:
>>> for turtle in turtles():
... turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.goto(-200,25)
>>> turtle.pendown()
>>> turtle.write("No one expects the Spanish Inquisition!",
... font=("Arial", 20, "normal"))
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.goto(-100,-50)
>>> turtle.pendown()
>>> turtle.write("Our two chief Turtles are...",
... font=("Arial", 16, "normal"))
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.goto(-450,-75)
>>> turtle.write(str(turtles()))
Reference in New Issue View Git Blame Copy Permalink