440 lines
17 KiB
TeX
440 lines
17 KiB
TeX
\section{\module{httplib} ---
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HTTP protocol client}
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\declaremodule{standard}{httplib}
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\modulesynopsis{HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets).}
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\indexii{HTTP}{protocol}
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\index{HTTP!\module{httplib} (standard module)}
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This module defines classes which implement the client side of the
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HTTP and HTTPS protocols. It is normally not used directly --- the
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module \refmodule{urllib}\refstmodindex{urllib} uses it to handle URLs
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that use HTTP and HTTPS.
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\begin{notice}
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HTTPS support is only available if the \refmodule{socket} module was
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compiled with SSL support.
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\end{notice}
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\begin{notice}
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The public interface for this module changed substantially in Python
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2.0. The \class{HTTP} class is retained only for backward
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compatibility with 1.5.2. It should not be used in new code. Refer
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to the online docstrings for usage.
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\end{notice}
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The module provides the following classes:
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\begin{classdesc}{HTTPConnection}{host\optional{, port}}
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An \class{HTTPConnection} instance represents one transaction with an HTTP
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server. It should be instantiated passing it a host and optional port number.
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If no port number is passed, the port is extracted from the host string if it
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has the form \code{\var{host}:\var{port}}, else the default HTTP port (80) is
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used. For example, the following calls all create instances that connect to
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the server at the same host and port:
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\begin{verbatim}
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>>> h1 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl')
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>>> h2 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl:80')
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>>> h3 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl', 80)
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\end{verbatim}
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\versionadded{2.0}
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{HTTPSConnection}{host\optional{, port, key_file, cert_file}}
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A subclass of \class{HTTPConnection} that uses SSL for communication with
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secure servers. Default port is \code{443}.
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\var{key_file} is
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the name of a PEM formatted file that contains your private
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key. \var{cert_file} is a PEM formatted certificate chain file.
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\warning{This does not do any certificate verification!}
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\versionadded{2.0}
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\end{classdesc}
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\begin{classdesc}{HTTPResponse}{sock\optional{, debuglevel=0}\optional{, strict=0}}
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Class whose instances are returned upon successful connection. Not
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instantiated directly by user.
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\versionadded{2.0}
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\end{classdesc}
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The following exceptions are raised as appropriate:
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\begin{excdesc}{HTTPException}
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The base class of the other exceptions in this module. It is a
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subclass of \exception{Exception}.
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\versionadded{2.0}
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\end{excdesc}
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\begin{excdesc}{NotConnected}
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A subclass of \exception{HTTPException}.
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\versionadded{2.0}
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\end{excdesc}
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\begin{excdesc}{InvalidURL}
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A subclass of \exception{HTTPException}, raised if a port is given and is
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either non-numeric or empty.
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\versionadded{2.3}
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\end{excdesc}
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\begin{excdesc}{UnknownProtocol}
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A subclass of \exception{HTTPException}.
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\versionadded{2.0}
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\end{excdesc}
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\begin{excdesc}{UnknownTransferEncoding}
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A subclass of \exception{HTTPException}.
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\versionadded{2.0}
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\end{excdesc}
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\begin{excdesc}{UnimplementedFileMode}
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A subclass of \exception{HTTPException}.
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\versionadded{2.0}
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\end{excdesc}
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\begin{excdesc}{IncompleteRead}
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A subclass of \exception{HTTPException}.
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\versionadded{2.0}
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\end{excdesc}
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\begin{excdesc}{ImproperConnectionState}
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A subclass of \exception{HTTPException}.
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\versionadded{2.0}
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\end{excdesc}
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\begin{excdesc}{CannotSendRequest}
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A subclass of \exception{ImproperConnectionState}.
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\versionadded{2.0}
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\end{excdesc}
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\begin{excdesc}{CannotSendHeader}
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A subclass of \exception{ImproperConnectionState}.
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\versionadded{2.0}
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\end{excdesc}
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\begin{excdesc}{ResponseNotReady}
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A subclass of \exception{ImproperConnectionState}.
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\versionadded{2.0}
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\end{excdesc}
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\begin{excdesc}{BadStatusLine}
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A subclass of \exception{HTTPException}. Raised if a server responds with a
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HTTP status code that we don't understand.
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\versionadded{2.0}
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\end{excdesc}
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The constants defined in this module are:
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\begin{datadesc}{HTTP_PORT}
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The default port for the HTTP protocol (always \code{80}).
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\end{datadesc}
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\begin{datadesc}{HTTPS_PORT}
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The default port for the HTTPS protocol (always \code{443}).
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\end{datadesc}
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and also the following constants for integer status codes:
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\begin{tableiii}{l|c|l}{constant}{Constant}{Value}{Definition}
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\lineiii{CONTINUE}{\code{100}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.1.1}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.1.1}}
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\lineiii{SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS}{\code{101}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.1.2}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.1.2}}
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\lineiii{PROCESSING}{\code{102}}
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{WEBDAV, \ulink{RFC 2518, Section 10.1}
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{http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_102}}
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\lineiii{OK}{\code{200}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.2.1}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.1}}
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\lineiii{CREATED}{\code{201}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.2.2}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.2}}
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\lineiii{ACCEPTED}{\code{202}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.2.3}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.3}}
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\lineiii{NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION}{\code{203}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.2.4}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.4}}
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\lineiii{NO_CONTENT}{\code{204}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.2.5}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.5}}
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\lineiii{RESET_CONTENT}{\code{205}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.2.6}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.6}}
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\lineiii{PARTIAL_CONTENT}{\code{206}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.2.7}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.7}}
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\lineiii{MULTI_STATUS}{\code{207}}
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{WEBDAV \ulink{RFC 2518, Section 10.2}
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{http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_207}}
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\lineiii{IM_USED}{\code{226}}
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{Delta encoding in HTTP, \rfc{3229}, Section 10.4.1}
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\lineiii{MULTIPLE_CHOICES}{\code{300}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.3.1}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.1}}
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\lineiii{MOVED_PERMANENTLY}{\code{301}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.3.2}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.2}}
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\lineiii{FOUND}{\code{302}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.3.3}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.3}}
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\lineiii{SEE_OTHER}{\code{303}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.3.4}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.4}}
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\lineiii{NOT_MODIFIED}{\code{304}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.3.5}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.5}}
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\lineiii{USE_PROXY}{\code{305}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.3.6}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.6}}
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\lineiii{TEMPORARY_REDIRECT}{\code{307}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.3.8}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.8}}
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\lineiii{BAD_REQUEST}{\code{400}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.1}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.1}}
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\lineiii{UNAUTHORIZED}{\code{401}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.2}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.2}}
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\lineiii{PAYMENT_REQUIRED}{\code{402}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.3}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.3}}
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\lineiii{FORBIDDEN}{\code{403}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.4}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.4}}
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\lineiii{NOT_FOUND}{\code{404}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.5}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.5}}
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\lineiii{METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED}{\code{405}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.6}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.6}}
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\lineiii{NOT_ACCEPTABLE}{\code{406}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.7}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.7}}
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\lineiii{PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED}
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{\code{407}}{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.8}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.8}}
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\lineiii{REQUEST_TIMEOUT}{\code{408}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.9}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.9}}
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\lineiii{CONFLICT}{\code{409}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.10}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.10}}
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\lineiii{GONE}{\code{410}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.11}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.11}}
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\lineiii{LENGTH_REQUIRED}{\code{411}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.12}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.12}}
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\lineiii{PRECONDITION_FAILED}{\code{412}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.13}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.13}}
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\lineiii{REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE}
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{\code{413}}{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.14}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.14}}
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\lineiii{REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG}{\code{414}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.15}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.15}}
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\lineiii{UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE}{\code{415}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.16}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.16}}
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\lineiii{REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE}{\code{416}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.17}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.17}}
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\lineiii{EXPECTATION_FAILED}{\code{417}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.4.18}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.18}}
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\lineiii{UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY}{\code{422}}
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{WEBDAV, \ulink{RFC 2518, Section 10.3}
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{http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_422}}
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\lineiii{LOCKED}{\code{423}}
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{WEBDAV \ulink{RFC 2518, Section 10.4}
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{http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_423}}
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\lineiii{FAILED_DEPENDENCY}{\code{424}}
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{WEBDAV, \ulink{RFC 2518, Section 10.5}
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{http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_424}}
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\lineiii{UPGRADE_REQUIRED}{\code{426}}
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{HTTP Upgrade to TLS, \rfc{2817}, Section 6}
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\lineiii{INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR}{\code{500}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.5.1}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.1}}
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\lineiii{NOT_IMPLEMENTED}{\code{501}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.5.2}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.2}}
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\lineiii{BAD_GATEWAY}{\code{502}}
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{HTTP/1.1 \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.5.3}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.3}}
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\lineiii{SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE}{\code{503}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.5.4}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.4}}
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\lineiii{GATEWAY_TIMEOUT}{\code{504}}
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{HTTP/1.1 \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.5.5}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.5}}
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\lineiii{HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED}{\code{505}}
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{HTTP/1.1, \ulink{RFC 2616, Section 10.5.6}
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{http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.6}}
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\lineiii{INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE}{\code{507}}
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{WEBDAV, \ulink{RFC 2518, Section 10.6}
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{http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_507}}
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\lineiii{NOT_EXTENDED}{\code{510}}
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{An HTTP Extension Framework, \rfc{2774}, Section 7}
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\end{tableiii}
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\begin{datadesc}{responses}
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This dictionary maps the HTTP 1.1 status codes to the W3C names.
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Example: \code{httplib.responses[httplib.NOT_FOUND]} is \code{'Not Found'}.
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\versionadded{2.5}
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\end{datadesc}
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\subsection{HTTPConnection Objects \label{httpconnection-objects}}
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\class{HTTPConnection} instances have the following methods:
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\begin{methoddesc}{request}{method, url\optional{, body\optional{, headers}}}
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This will send a request to the server using the HTTP request method
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\var{method} and the selector \var{url}. If the \var{body} argument is
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present, it should be a string of data to send after the headers are finished.
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Alternatively, it may be an open file object, in which case the
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contents of the file is sent; this file object should support
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\code{fileno()} and \code{read()} methods.
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The header Content-Length is automatically set to the correct value.
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The \var{headers} argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send
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with the request.
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\versionchanged[\var{body} can be a file object]{2.6}
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{getresponse}{}
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Should be called after a request is sent to get the response from the server.
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Returns an \class{HTTPResponse} instance.
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\note{Note that you must have read the whole response before you can send a new
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request to the server.}
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{set_debuglevel}{level}
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Set the debugging level (the amount of debugging output printed).
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The default debug level is \code{0}, meaning no debugging output is
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printed.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{connect}{}
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Connect to the server specified when the object was created.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{close}{}
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Close the connection to the server.
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\end{methoddesc}
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As an alternative to using the \method{request()} method described above,
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you can also send your request step by step, by using the four functions
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below.
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\begin{methoddesc}{putrequest}{request, selector\optional{,
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skip\_host\optional{, skip_accept_encoding}}}
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This should be the first call after the connection to the server has
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been made. It sends a line to the server consisting of the
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\var{request} string, the \var{selector} string, and the HTTP version
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(\code{HTTP/1.1}). To disable automatic sending of \code{Host:} or
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\code{Accept-Encoding:} headers (for example to accept additional
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content encodings), specify \var{skip_host} or \var{skip_accept_encoding}
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with non-False values.
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\versionchanged[\var{skip_accept_encoding} argument added]{2.4}
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{putheader}{header, argument\optional{, ...}}
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Send an \rfc{822}-style header to the server. It sends a line to the
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server consisting of the header, a colon and a space, and the first
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argument. If more arguments are given, continuation lines are sent,
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each consisting of a tab and an argument.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{endheaders}{}
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Send a blank line to the server, signalling the end of the headers.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{send}{data}
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Send data to the server. This should be used directly only after the
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\method{endheaders()} method has been called and before
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\method{getresponse()} is called.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\subsection{HTTPResponse Objects \label{httpresponse-objects}}
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\class{HTTPResponse} instances have the following methods and attributes:
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\begin{methoddesc}{read}{\optional{amt}}
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Reads and returns the response body, or up to the next \var{amt} bytes.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{getheader}{name\optional{, default}}
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Get the contents of the header \var{name}, or \var{default} if there is no
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matching header.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{getheaders}{}
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Return a list of (header, value) tuples. \versionadded{2.4}
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{datadesc}{msg}
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A \class{mimetools.Message} instance containing the response headers.
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\end{datadesc}
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\begin{datadesc}{version}
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|
HTTP protocol version used by server. 10 for HTTP/1.0, 11 for HTTP/1.1.
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\end{datadesc}
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\begin{datadesc}{status}
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|
Status code returned by server.
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|
\end{datadesc}
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\begin{datadesc}{reason}
|
|
Reason phrase returned by server.
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|
\end{datadesc}
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\subsection{Examples \label{httplib-examples}}
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Here is an example session that uses the \samp{GET} method:
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|
|
\begin{verbatim}
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|
>>> import httplib
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>>> conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("www.python.org")
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>>> conn.request("GET", "/index.html")
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|
>>> r1 = conn.getresponse()
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|
>>> print r1.status, r1.reason
|
|
200 OK
|
|
>>> data1 = r1.read()
|
|
>>> conn.request("GET", "/parrot.spam")
|
|
>>> r2 = conn.getresponse()
|
|
>>> print r2.status, r2.reason
|
|
404 Not Found
|
|
>>> data2 = r2.read()
|
|
>>> conn.close()
|
|
\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
|
Here is an example session that shows how to \samp{POST} requests:
|
|
|
|
\begin{verbatim}
|
|
>>> import httplib, urllib
|
|
>>> params = urllib.urlencode({'spam': 1, 'eggs': 2, 'bacon': 0})
|
|
>>> headers = {"Content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
|
|
... "Accept": "text/plain"}
|
|
>>> conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("musi-cal.mojam.com:80")
|
|
>>> conn.request("POST", "/cgi-bin/query", params, headers)
|
|
>>> response = conn.getresponse()
|
|
>>> print response.status, response.reason
|
|
200 OK
|
|
>>> data = response.read()
|
|
>>> conn.close()
|
|
\end{verbatim}
|