630 lines
27 KiB
ReStructuredText
630 lines
27 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`urllib.parse` --- Parse URLs into components
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==================================================
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.. module:: urllib.parse
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:synopsis: Parse URLs into or assemble them from components.
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**Source code:** :source:`Lib/urllib/parse.py`
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.. index::
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single: WWW
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single: World Wide Web
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single: URL
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pair: URL; parsing
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pair: relative; URL
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--------------
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This module defines a standard interface to break Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
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strings up in components (addressing scheme, network location, path etc.), to
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combine the components back into a URL string, and to convert a "relative URL"
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to an absolute URL given a "base URL."
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The module has been designed to match the Internet RFC on Relative Uniform
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Resource Locators. It supports the following URL schemes: ``file``, ``ftp``,
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``gopher``, ``hdl``, ``http``, ``https``, ``imap``, ``mailto``, ``mms``,
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``news``, ``nntp``, ``prospero``, ``rsync``, ``rtsp``, ``rtspu``, ``sftp``,
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``shttp``, ``sip``, ``sips``, ``snews``, ``svn``, ``svn+ssh``, ``telnet``,
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``wais``, ``ws``, ``wss``.
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The :mod:`urllib.parse` module defines functions that fall into two broad
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categories: URL parsing and URL quoting. These are covered in detail in
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the following sections.
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URL Parsing
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-----------
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The URL parsing functions focus on splitting a URL string into its components,
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or on combining URL components into a URL string.
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.. function:: urlparse(urlstring, scheme='', allow_fragments=True)
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Parse a URL into six components, returning a 6-tuple. This corresponds to the
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general structure of a URL: ``scheme://netloc/path;parameters?query#fragment``.
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Each tuple item is a string, possibly empty. The components are not broken up in
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smaller parts (for example, the network location is a single string), and %
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escapes are not expanded. The delimiters as shown above are not part of the
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result, except for a leading slash in the *path* component, which is retained if
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present. For example:
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>>> from urllib.parse import urlparse
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>>> o = urlparse('http://www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html')
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>>> o # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
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ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',
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params='', query='', fragment='')
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>>> o.scheme
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'http'
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>>> o.port
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80
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>>> o.geturl()
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'http://www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html'
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Following the syntax specifications in :rfc:`1808`, urlparse recognizes
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a netloc only if it is properly introduced by '//'. Otherwise the
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input is presumed to be a relative URL and thus to start with
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a path component.
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.. doctest::
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:options: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
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>>> from urllib.parse import urlparse
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>>> urlparse('//www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html')
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ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',
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params='', query='', fragment='')
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>>> urlparse('www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html')
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ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='', path='www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html',
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params='', query='', fragment='')
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>>> urlparse('help/Python.html')
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ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='', path='help/Python.html', params='',
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query='', fragment='')
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The *scheme* argument gives the default addressing scheme, to be
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used only if the URL does not specify one. It should be the same type
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(text or bytes) as *urlstring*, except that the default value ``''`` is
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always allowed, and is automatically converted to ``b''`` if appropriate.
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If the *allow_fragments* argument is false, fragment identifiers are not
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recognized. Instead, they are parsed as part of the path, parameters
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or query component, and :attr:`fragment` is set to the empty string in
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the return value.
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The return value is actually an instance of a subclass of :class:`tuple`. This
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class has the following additional read-only convenience attributes:
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| Attribute | Index | Value | Value if not present |
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+==================+=======+==========================+======================+
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| :attr:`scheme` | 0 | URL scheme specifier | *scheme* parameter |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`netloc` | 1 | Network location part | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`path` | 2 | Hierarchical path | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`params` | 3 | Parameters for last path | empty string |
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| | | element | |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`query` | 4 | Query component | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`fragment` | 5 | Fragment identifier | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`username` | | User name | :const:`None` |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`password` | | Password | :const:`None` |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`hostname` | | Host name (lower case) | :const:`None` |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`port` | | Port number as integer, | :const:`None` |
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| | | if present | |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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Reading the :attr:`port` attribute will raise a :exc:`ValueError` if
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an invalid port is specified in the URL. See section
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:ref:`urlparse-result-object` for more information on the result object.
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Unmatched square brackets in the :attr:`netloc` attribute will raise a
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:exc:`ValueError`.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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Added IPv6 URL parsing capabilities.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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The fragment is now parsed for all URL schemes (unless *allow_fragment* is
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false), in accordance with :rfc:`3986`. Previously, a whitelist of
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schemes that support fragments existed.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.6
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Out-of-range port numbers now raise :exc:`ValueError`, instead of
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returning :const:`None`.
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.. function:: parse_qs(qs, keep_blank_values=False, strict_parsing=False, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace', max_num_fields=None)
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Parse a query string given as a string argument (data of type
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:mimetype:`application/x-www-form-urlencoded`). Data are returned as a
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dictionary. The dictionary keys are the unique query variable names and the
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values are lists of values for each name.
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The optional argument *keep_blank_values* is a flag indicating whether blank
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values in percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings. A true value
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indicates that blanks should be retained as blank strings. The default false
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value indicates that blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were
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not included.
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The optional argument *strict_parsing* is a flag indicating what to do with
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parsing errors. If false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true,
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errors raise a :exc:`ValueError` exception.
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The optional *encoding* and *errors* parameters specify how to decode
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percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the
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:meth:`bytes.decode` method.
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The optional argument *max_num_fields* is the maximum number of fields to
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read. If set, then throws a :exc:`ValueError` if there are more than
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*max_num_fields* fields read.
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Use the :func:`urllib.parse.urlencode` function (with the ``doseq``
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parameter set to ``True``) to convert such dictionaries into query
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strings.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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Add *encoding* and *errors* parameters.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8
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Added *max_num_fields* parameter.
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.. function:: parse_qsl(qs, keep_blank_values=False, strict_parsing=False, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace', max_num_fields=None)
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Parse a query string given as a string argument (data of type
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:mimetype:`application/x-www-form-urlencoded`). Data are returned as a list of
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name, value pairs.
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The optional argument *keep_blank_values* is a flag indicating whether blank
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values in percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings. A true value
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indicates that blanks should be retained as blank strings. The default false
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value indicates that blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were
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not included.
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The optional argument *strict_parsing* is a flag indicating what to do with
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parsing errors. If false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true,
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errors raise a :exc:`ValueError` exception.
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The optional *encoding* and *errors* parameters specify how to decode
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percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the
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:meth:`bytes.decode` method.
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The optional argument *max_num_fields* is the maximum number of fields to
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read. If set, then throws a :exc:`ValueError` if there are more than
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*max_num_fields* fields read.
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Use the :func:`urllib.parse.urlencode` function to convert such lists of pairs into
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query strings.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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Add *encoding* and *errors* parameters.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8
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Added *max_num_fields* parameter.
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.. function:: urlunparse(parts)
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Construct a URL from a tuple as returned by ``urlparse()``. The *parts*
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argument can be any six-item iterable. This may result in a slightly
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different, but equivalent URL, if the URL that was parsed originally had
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unnecessary delimiters (for example, a ``?`` with an empty query; the RFC
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states that these are equivalent).
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.. function:: urlsplit(urlstring, scheme='', allow_fragments=True)
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This is similar to :func:`urlparse`, but does not split the params from the URL.
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This should generally be used instead of :func:`urlparse` if the more recent URL
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syntax allowing parameters to be applied to each segment of the *path* portion
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of the URL (see :rfc:`2396`) is wanted. A separate function is needed to
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separate the path segments and parameters. This function returns a 5-tuple:
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(addressing scheme, network location, path, query, fragment identifier).
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The return value is actually an instance of a subclass of :class:`tuple`. This
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class has the following additional read-only convenience attributes:
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| Attribute | Index | Value | Value if not present |
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+==================+=======+=========================+======================+
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| :attr:`scheme` | 0 | URL scheme specifier | *scheme* parameter |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`netloc` | 1 | Network location part | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`path` | 2 | Hierarchical path | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`query` | 3 | Query component | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`fragment` | 4 | Fragment identifier | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`username` | | User name | :const:`None` |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`password` | | Password | :const:`None` |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`hostname` | | Host name (lower case) | :const:`None` |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`port` | | Port number as integer, | :const:`None` |
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| | | if present | |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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Reading the :attr:`port` attribute will raise a :exc:`ValueError` if
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an invalid port is specified in the URL. See section
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:ref:`urlparse-result-object` for more information on the result object.
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Unmatched square brackets in the :attr:`netloc` attribute will raise a
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:exc:`ValueError`.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.6
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Out-of-range port numbers now raise :exc:`ValueError`, instead of
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returning :const:`None`.
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.. function:: urlunsplit(parts)
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Combine the elements of a tuple as returned by :func:`urlsplit` into a
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complete URL as a string. The *parts* argument can be any five-item
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iterable. This may result in a slightly different, but equivalent URL, if the
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URL that was parsed originally had unnecessary delimiters (for example, a ?
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with an empty query; the RFC states that these are equivalent).
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.. function:: urljoin(base, url, allow_fragments=True)
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Construct a full ("absolute") URL by combining a "base URL" (*base*) with
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another URL (*url*). Informally, this uses components of the base URL, in
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particular the addressing scheme, the network location and (part of) the
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path, to provide missing components in the relative URL. For example:
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>>> from urllib.parse import urljoin
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>>> urljoin('http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html', 'FAQ.html')
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'http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/FAQ.html'
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The *allow_fragments* argument has the same meaning and default as for
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:func:`urlparse`.
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.. note::
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If *url* is an absolute URL (that is, starting with ``//`` or ``scheme://``),
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the *url*'s host name and/or scheme will be present in the result. For example:
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.. doctest::
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>>> urljoin('http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html',
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... '//www.python.org/%7Eguido')
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'http://www.python.org/%7Eguido'
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If you do not want that behavior, preprocess the *url* with :func:`urlsplit` and
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:func:`urlunsplit`, removing possible *scheme* and *netloc* parts.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.5
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Behaviour updated to match the semantics defined in :rfc:`3986`.
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.. function:: urldefrag(url)
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If *url* contains a fragment identifier, return a modified version of *url*
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with no fragment identifier, and the fragment identifier as a separate
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string. If there is no fragment identifier in *url*, return *url* unmodified
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and an empty string.
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The return value is actually an instance of a subclass of :class:`tuple`. This
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class has the following additional read-only convenience attributes:
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| Attribute | Index | Value | Value if not present |
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+==================+=======+=========================+======================+
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| :attr:`url` | 0 | URL with no fragment | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`fragment` | 1 | Fragment identifier | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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See section :ref:`urlparse-result-object` for more information on the result
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object.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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Result is a structured object rather than a simple 2-tuple.
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.. _parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes:
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Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes
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---------------------------
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The URL parsing functions were originally designed to operate on character
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strings only. In practice, it is useful to be able to manipulate properly
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quoted and encoded URLs as sequences of ASCII bytes. Accordingly, the
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URL parsing functions in this module all operate on :class:`bytes` and
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:class:`bytearray` objects in addition to :class:`str` objects.
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If :class:`str` data is passed in, the result will also contain only
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:class:`str` data. If :class:`bytes` or :class:`bytearray` data is
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passed in, the result will contain only :class:`bytes` data.
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Attempting to mix :class:`str` data with :class:`bytes` or
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:class:`bytearray` in a single function call will result in a
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:exc:`TypeError` being raised, while attempting to pass in non-ASCII
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byte values will trigger :exc:`UnicodeDecodeError`.
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To support easier conversion of result objects between :class:`str` and
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:class:`bytes`, all return values from URL parsing functions provide
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either an :meth:`encode` method (when the result contains :class:`str`
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data) or a :meth:`decode` method (when the result contains :class:`bytes`
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data). The signatures of these methods match those of the corresponding
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:class:`str` and :class:`bytes` methods (except that the default encoding
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is ``'ascii'`` rather than ``'utf-8'``). Each produces a value of a
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corresponding type that contains either :class:`bytes` data (for
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:meth:`encode` methods) or :class:`str` data (for
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:meth:`decode` methods).
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Applications that need to operate on potentially improperly quoted URLs
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that may contain non-ASCII data will need to do their own decoding from
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bytes to characters before invoking the URL parsing methods.
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The behaviour described in this section applies only to the URL parsing
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functions. The URL quoting functions use their own rules when producing
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or consuming byte sequences as detailed in the documentation of the
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individual URL quoting functions.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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URL parsing functions now accept ASCII encoded byte sequences
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.. _urlparse-result-object:
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Structured Parse Results
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------------------------
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The result objects from the :func:`urlparse`, :func:`urlsplit` and
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:func:`urldefrag` functions are subclasses of the :class:`tuple` type.
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These subclasses add the attributes listed in the documentation for
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those functions, the encoding and decoding support described in the
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previous section, as well as an additional method:
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.. method:: urllib.parse.SplitResult.geturl()
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Return the re-combined version of the original URL as a string. This may
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differ from the original URL in that the scheme may be normalized to lower
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case and empty components may be dropped. Specifically, empty parameters,
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queries, and fragment identifiers will be removed.
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For :func:`urldefrag` results, only empty fragment identifiers will be removed.
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For :func:`urlsplit` and :func:`urlparse` results, all noted changes will be
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made to the URL returned by this method.
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The result of this method remains unchanged if passed back through the original
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parsing function:
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>>> from urllib.parse import urlsplit
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>>> url = 'HTTP://www.Python.org/doc/#'
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>>> r1 = urlsplit(url)
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>>> r1.geturl()
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'http://www.Python.org/doc/'
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>>> r2 = urlsplit(r1.geturl())
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>>> r2.geturl()
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'http://www.Python.org/doc/'
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The following classes provide the implementations of the structured parse
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results when operating on :class:`str` objects:
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.. class:: DefragResult(url, fragment)
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Concrete class for :func:`urldefrag` results containing :class:`str`
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data. The :meth:`encode` method returns a :class:`DefragResultBytes`
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instance.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. class:: ParseResult(scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment)
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Concrete class for :func:`urlparse` results containing :class:`str`
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data. The :meth:`encode` method returns a :class:`ParseResultBytes`
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instance.
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.. class:: SplitResult(scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment)
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Concrete class for :func:`urlsplit` results containing :class:`str`
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data. The :meth:`encode` method returns a :class:`SplitResultBytes`
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instance.
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The following classes provide the implementations of the parse results when
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operating on :class:`bytes` or :class:`bytearray` objects:
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.. class:: DefragResultBytes(url, fragment)
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Concrete class for :func:`urldefrag` results containing :class:`bytes`
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data. The :meth:`decode` method returns a :class:`DefragResult`
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instance.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. class:: ParseResultBytes(scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment)
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Concrete class for :func:`urlparse` results containing :class:`bytes`
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data. The :meth:`decode` method returns a :class:`ParseResult`
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instance.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. class:: SplitResultBytes(scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment)
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Concrete class for :func:`urlsplit` results containing :class:`bytes`
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data. The :meth:`decode` method returns a :class:`SplitResult`
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instance.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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URL Quoting
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-----------
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The URL quoting functions focus on taking program data and making it safe
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for use as URL components by quoting special characters and appropriately
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encoding non-ASCII text. They also support reversing these operations to
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recreate the original data from the contents of a URL component if that
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task isn't already covered by the URL parsing functions above.
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.. function:: quote(string, safe='/', encoding=None, errors=None)
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Replace special characters in *string* using the ``%xx`` escape. Letters,
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digits, and the characters ``'_.-~'`` are never quoted. By default, this
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|
function is intended for quoting the path section of URL. The optional *safe*
|
|
parameter specifies additional ASCII characters that should not be quoted
|
|
--- its default value is ``'/'``.
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*string* may be either a :class:`str` or a :class:`bytes`.
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|
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
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|
Moved from :rfc:`2396` to :rfc:`3986` for quoting URL strings. "~" is now
|
|
included in the set of reserved characters.
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The optional *encoding* and *errors* parameters specify how to deal with
|
|
non-ASCII characters, as accepted by the :meth:`str.encode` method.
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*encoding* defaults to ``'utf-8'``.
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*errors* defaults to ``'strict'``, meaning unsupported characters raise a
|
|
:class:`UnicodeEncodeError`.
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*encoding* and *errors* must not be supplied if *string* is a
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|
:class:`bytes`, or a :class:`TypeError` is raised.
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Note that ``quote(string, safe, encoding, errors)`` is equivalent to
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|
``quote_from_bytes(string.encode(encoding, errors), safe)``.
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Example: ``quote('/El Niño/')`` yields ``'/El%20Ni%C3%B1o/'``.
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|
.. function:: quote_plus(string, safe='', encoding=None, errors=None)
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Like :func:`quote`, but also replace spaces by plus signs, as required for
|
|
quoting HTML form values when building up a query string to go into a URL.
|
|
Plus signs in the original string are escaped unless they are included in
|
|
*safe*. It also does not have *safe* default to ``'/'``.
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|
|
|
Example: ``quote_plus('/El Niño/')`` yields ``'%2FEl+Ni%C3%B1o%2F'``.
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|
|
|
|
.. function:: quote_from_bytes(bytes, safe='/')
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|
|
Like :func:`quote`, but accepts a :class:`bytes` object rather than a
|
|
:class:`str`, and does not perform string-to-bytes encoding.
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|
|
|
Example: ``quote_from_bytes(b'a&\xef')`` yields
|
|
``'a%26%EF'``.
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|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: unquote(string, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace')
|
|
|
|
Replace ``%xx`` escapes by their single-character equivalent.
|
|
The optional *encoding* and *errors* parameters specify how to decode
|
|
percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the
|
|
:meth:`bytes.decode` method.
|
|
|
|
*string* must be a :class:`str`.
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|
|
|
*encoding* defaults to ``'utf-8'``.
|
|
*errors* defaults to ``'replace'``, meaning invalid sequences are replaced
|
|
by a placeholder character.
|
|
|
|
Example: ``unquote('/El%20Ni%C3%B1o/')`` yields ``'/El Niño/'``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: unquote_plus(string, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace')
|
|
|
|
Like :func:`unquote`, but also replace plus signs by spaces, as required for
|
|
unquoting HTML form values.
|
|
|
|
*string* must be a :class:`str`.
|
|
|
|
Example: ``unquote_plus('/El+Ni%C3%B1o/')`` yields ``'/El Niño/'``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: unquote_to_bytes(string)
|
|
|
|
Replace ``%xx`` escapes by their single-octet equivalent, and return a
|
|
:class:`bytes` object.
|
|
|
|
*string* may be either a :class:`str` or a :class:`bytes`.
|
|
|
|
If it is a :class:`str`, unescaped non-ASCII characters in *string*
|
|
are encoded into UTF-8 bytes.
|
|
|
|
Example: ``unquote_to_bytes('a%26%EF')`` yields ``b'a&\xef'``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: urlencode(query, doseq=False, safe='', encoding=None, \
|
|
errors=None, quote_via=quote_plus)
|
|
|
|
Convert a mapping object or a sequence of two-element tuples, which may
|
|
contain :class:`str` or :class:`bytes` objects, to a percent-encoded ASCII
|
|
text string. If the resultant string is to be used as a *data* for POST
|
|
operation with the :func:`~urllib.request.urlopen` function, then
|
|
it should be encoded to bytes, otherwise it would result in a
|
|
:exc:`TypeError`.
|
|
|
|
The resulting string is a series of ``key=value`` pairs separated by ``'&'``
|
|
characters, where both *key* and *value* are quoted using the *quote_via*
|
|
function. By default, :func:`quote_plus` is used to quote the values, which
|
|
means spaces are quoted as a ``'+'`` character and '/' characters are
|
|
encoded as ``%2F``, which follows the standard for GET requests
|
|
(``application/x-www-form-urlencoded``). An alternate function that can be
|
|
passed as *quote_via* is :func:`quote`, which will encode spaces as ``%20``
|
|
and not encode '/' characters. For maximum control of what is quoted, use
|
|
``quote`` and specify a value for *safe*.
|
|
|
|
When a sequence of two-element tuples is used as the *query*
|
|
argument, the first element of each tuple is a key and the second is a
|
|
value. The value element in itself can be a sequence and in that case, if
|
|
the optional parameter *doseq* is evaluates to ``True``, individual
|
|
``key=value`` pairs separated by ``'&'`` are generated for each element of
|
|
the value sequence for the key. The order of parameters in the encoded
|
|
string will match the order of parameter tuples in the sequence.
|
|
|
|
The *safe*, *encoding*, and *errors* parameters are passed down to
|
|
*quote_via* (the *encoding* and *errors* parameters are only passed
|
|
when a query element is a :class:`str`).
|
|
|
|
To reverse this encoding process, :func:`parse_qs` and :func:`parse_qsl` are
|
|
provided in this module to parse query strings into Python data structures.
|
|
|
|
Refer to :ref:`urllib examples <urllib-examples>` to find out how urlencode
|
|
method can be used for generating query string for a URL or data for POST.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
|
|
Query parameter supports bytes and string objects.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.5
|
|
*quote_via* parameter.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:rfc:`3986` - Uniform Resource Identifiers
|
|
This is the current standard (STD66). Any changes to urllib.parse module
|
|
should conform to this. Certain deviations could be observed, which are
|
|
mostly for backward compatibility purposes and for certain de-facto
|
|
parsing requirements as commonly observed in major browsers.
|
|
|
|
:rfc:`2732` - Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL's.
|
|
This specifies the parsing requirements of IPv6 URLs.
|
|
|
|
:rfc:`2396` - Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax
|
|
Document describing the generic syntactic requirements for both Uniform Resource
|
|
Names (URNs) and Uniform Resource Locators (URLs).
|
|
|
|
:rfc:`2368` - The mailto URL scheme.
|
|
Parsing requirements for mailto URL schemes.
|
|
|
|
:rfc:`1808` - Relative Uniform Resource Locators
|
|
This Request For Comments includes the rules for joining an absolute and a
|
|
relative URL, including a fair number of "Abnormal Examples" which govern the
|
|
treatment of border cases.
|
|
|
|
:rfc:`1738` - Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
|
|
This specifies the formal syntax and semantics of absolute URLs.
|