351 lines
13 KiB
ReStructuredText
351 lines
13 KiB
ReStructuredText
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:mod:`shutil` --- High-level file operations
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============================================
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.. module:: shutil
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:synopsis: High-level file operations, including copying.
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.. sectionauthor:: Fred L. Drake, Jr. <fdrake@acm.org>
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.. partly based on the docstrings
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.. index::
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single: file; copying
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single: copying files
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The :mod:`shutil` module offers a number of high-level operations on files and
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collections of files. In particular, functions are provided which support file
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copying and removal. For operations on individual files, see also the
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:mod:`os` module.
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.. seealso::
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Latest version of the `shutil module Python source code
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<http://svn.python.org/view/python/branches/release27-maint/Lib/shutil.py?view=markup>`_
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.. warning::
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Even the higher-level file copying functions (:func:`copy`, :func:`copy2`)
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can't copy all file metadata.
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On POSIX platforms, this means that file owner and group are lost as well
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as ACLs. On Mac OS, the resource fork and other metadata are not used.
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This means that resources will be lost and file type and creator codes will
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not be correct. On Windows, file owners, ACLs and alternate data streams
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are not copied.
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Directory and files operations
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------------------------------
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.. function:: copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
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Copy the contents of the file-like object *fsrc* to the file-like object *fdst*.
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The integer *length*, if given, is the buffer size. In particular, a negative
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*length* value means to copy the data without looping over the source data in
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chunks; by default the data is read in chunks to avoid uncontrolled memory
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consumption. Note that if the current file position of the *fsrc* object is not
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0, only the contents from the current file position to the end of the file will
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be copied.
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.. function:: copyfile(src, dst)
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Copy the contents (no metadata) of the file named *src* to a file named *dst*.
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*dst* must be the complete target file name; look at :func:`copy` for a copy that
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accepts a target directory path. If *src* and *dst* are the same files,
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:exc:`Error` is raised.
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The destination location must be writable; otherwise, an :exc:`IOError` exception
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will be raised. If *dst* already exists, it will be replaced. Special files
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such as character or block devices and pipes cannot be copied with this
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function. *src* and *dst* are path names given as strings.
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.. function:: copymode(src, dst)
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Copy the permission bits from *src* to *dst*. The file contents, owner, and
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group are unaffected. *src* and *dst* are path names given as strings.
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.. function:: copystat(src, dst)
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Copy the permission bits, last access time, last modification time, and flags
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from *src* to *dst*. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. *src*
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and *dst* are path names given as strings.
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.. function:: copy(src, dst)
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Copy the file *src* to the file or directory *dst*. If *dst* is a directory, a
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file with the same basename as *src* is created (or overwritten) in the
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directory specified. Permission bits are copied. *src* and *dst* are path
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names given as strings.
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.. function:: copy2(src, dst)
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Similar to :func:`copy`, but metadata is copied as well -- in fact, this is just
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:func:`copy` followed by :func:`copystat`. This is similar to the
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Unix command :program:`cp -p`.
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.. function:: ignore_patterns(\*patterns)
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This factory function creates a function that can be used as a callable for
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:func:`copytree`\'s *ignore* argument, ignoring files and directories that
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match one of the glob-style *patterns* provided. See the example below.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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.. function:: copytree(src, dst[, symlinks=False[, ignore=None]])
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Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at *src*. The destination
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directory, named by *dst*, must not already exist; it will be created as well
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as missing parent directories. Permissions and times of directories are
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copied with :func:`copystat`, individual files are copied using
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:func:`copy2`.
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If *symlinks* is true, symbolic links in the source tree are represented as
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symbolic links in the new tree, but the metadata of the original links is NOT
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copied; if false or omitted, the contents and metadata of the linked files
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are copied to the new tree.
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If *ignore* is given, it must be a callable that will receive as its
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arguments the directory being visited by :func:`copytree`, and a list of its
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contents, as returned by :func:`os.listdir`. Since :func:`copytree` is
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called recursively, the *ignore* callable will be called once for each
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directory that is copied. The callable must return a sequence of directory
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and file names relative to the current directory (i.e. a subset of the items
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in its second argument); these names will then be ignored in the copy
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process. :func:`ignore_patterns` can be used to create such a callable that
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ignores names based on glob-style patterns.
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If exception(s) occur, an :exc:`Error` is raised with a list of reasons.
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The source code for this should be considered an example rather than the
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ultimate tool.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.3
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:exc:`Error` is raised if any exceptions occur during copying, rather than
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printing a message.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.5
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Create intermediate directories needed to create *dst*, rather than raising an
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error. Copy permissions and times of directories using :func:`copystat`.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.6
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Added the *ignore* argument to be able to influence what is being copied.
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.. function:: rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
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.. index:: single: directory; deleting
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Delete an entire directory tree; *path* must point to a directory (but not a
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symbolic link to a directory). If *ignore_errors* is true, errors resulting
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from failed removals will be ignored; if false or omitted, such errors are
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handled by calling a handler specified by *onerror* or, if that is omitted,
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they raise an exception.
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If *onerror* is provided, it must be a callable that accepts three
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parameters: *function*, *path*, and *excinfo*. The first parameter,
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*function*, is the function which raised the exception; it will be
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:func:`os.path.islink`, :func:`os.listdir`, :func:`os.remove` or
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:func:`os.rmdir`. The second parameter, *path*, will be the path name passed
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to *function*. The third parameter, *excinfo*, will be the exception
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information return by :func:`sys.exc_info`. Exceptions raised by *onerror*
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will not be caught.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.6
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Explicitly check for *path* being a symbolic link and raise :exc:`OSError`
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in that case.
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.. function:: move(src, dst)
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Recursively move a file or directory (*src*) to another location (*dst*).
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If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, then *src* is
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moved inside that directory.
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The destination directory must not already exist. If the destination already
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exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on
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:func:`os.rename` semantics.
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If the destination is on the current filesystem, then :func:`os.rename` is
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used. Otherwise, *src* is copied (using :func:`copy2`) to *dst* and then
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removed.
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.. versionadded:: 2.3
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.. exception:: Error
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This exception collects exceptions that are raised during a multi-file
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operation. For :func:`copytree`, the exception argument is a list of 3-tuples
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(*srcname*, *dstname*, *exception*).
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.. versionadded:: 2.3
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.. _shutil-example:
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copytree example
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::::::::::::::::
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This example is the implementation of the :func:`copytree` function, described
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above, with the docstring omitted. It demonstrates many of the other functions
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provided by this module. ::
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def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None):
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names = os.listdir(src)
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if ignore is not None:
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ignored_names = ignore(src, names)
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else:
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ignored_names = set()
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os.makedirs(dst)
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errors = []
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for name in names:
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if name in ignored_names:
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continue
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srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
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dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
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try:
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if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
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linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
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os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
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elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
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copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore)
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else:
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copy2(srcname, dstname)
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# XXX What about devices, sockets etc.?
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except (IOError, os.error), why:
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errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
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# catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
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# continue with other files
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except Error, err:
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errors.extend(err.args[0])
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try:
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copystat(src, dst)
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except WindowsError:
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# can't copy file access times on Windows
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pass
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except OSError, why:
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errors.extend((src, dst, str(why)))
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if errors:
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raise Error(errors)
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Another example that uses the :func:`ignore_patterns` helper::
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from shutil import copytree, ignore_patterns
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copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))
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This will copy everything except ``.pyc`` files and files or directories whose
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name starts with ``tmp``.
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Another example that uses the *ignore* argument to add a logging call::
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from shutil import copytree
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import logging
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def _logpath(path, names):
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logging.info('Working in %s' % path)
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return [] # nothing will be ignored
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copytree(source, destination, ignore=_logpath)
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Archives operations
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-------------------
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.. function:: make_archive(base_name, format, [root_dir, [base_dir, [verbose, [dry_run, [owner, [group, [logger]]]]]]])
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Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar) and returns its name.
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*base_name* is the name of the file to create, including the path, minus
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any format-specific extension. *format* is the archive format: one of
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"zip", "tar", "bztar" or "gztar".
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*root_dir* is a directory that will be the root directory of the
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archive; ie. we typically chdir into *root_dir* before creating the
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archive.
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*base_dir* is the directory where we start archiving from;
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ie. *base_dir* will be the common prefix of all files and
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directories in the archive.
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*root_dir* and *base_dir* both default to the current directory.
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*owner* and *group* are used when creating a tar archive. By default,
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uses the current owner and group.
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.. versionadded:: 2.7
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.. function:: get_archive_formats()
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Return a list of supported formats for archiving.
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Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple ``(name, description)``
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By default :mod:`shutil` provides these formats:
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- *gztar*: gzip'ed tar-file
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- *bztar*: bzip2'ed tar-file
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- *tar*: uncompressed tar file
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- *zip*: ZIP file
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You can register new formats or provide your own archiver for any existing
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formats, by using :func:`register_archive_format`.
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.. versionadded:: 2.7
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.. function:: register_archive_format(name, function, [extra_args, [description]])
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Register an archiver for the format *name*. *function* is a callable that
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will be used to invoke the archiver.
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If given, *extra_args* is a sequence of ``(name, value)`` that will be
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used as extra keywords arguments when the archiver callable is used.
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*description* is used by :func:`get_archive_formats` which returns the
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list of archivers. Defaults to an empty list.
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.. versionadded:: 2.7
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.. function:: unregister_archive_format(name)
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Remove the archive format *name* from the list of supported formats.
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.. versionadded:: 2.7
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Archiving example
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:::::::::::::::::
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In this example, we create a gzip'ed tar-file archive containing all files
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found in the :file:`.ssh` directory of the user::
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>>> from shutil import make_archive
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>>> import os
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>>> archive_name = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', 'myarchive'))
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>>> root_dir = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', '.ssh'))
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>>> make_archive(archive_name, 'gztar', root_dir)
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'/Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz'
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The resulting archive contains::
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$ tar -tzvf /Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz
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drwx------ tarek/staff 0 2010-02-01 16:23:40 ./
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-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./authorized_keys
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-rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff 65 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./config
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-rwx------ tarek/staff 668 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa
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-rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff 609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa.pub
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-rw------- tarek/staff 1675 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa
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-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 397 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa.pub
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-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 37192 2010-02-06 18:23:10 ./known_hosts
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