530 lines
21 KiB
ReStructuredText
530 lines
21 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. highlight:: c
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.. _object:
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Object Protocol
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===============
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.. c:var:: PyObject* Py_NotImplemented
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The ``NotImplemented`` singleton, used to signal that an operation is
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not implemented for the given type combination.
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.. c:macro:: Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED
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Properly handle returning :c:data:`Py_NotImplemented` from within a C
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function (that is, increment the reference count of NotImplemented and
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return it).
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_Print(PyObject *o, FILE *fp, int flags)
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Print an object *o*, on file *fp*. Returns ``-1`` on error. The flags argument
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is used to enable certain printing options. The only option currently supported
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is :const:`Py_PRINT_RAW`; if given, the :func:`str` of the object is written
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instead of the :func:`repr`.
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_HasAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)
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Returns ``1`` if *o* has the attribute *attr_name*, and ``0`` otherwise. This
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is equivalent to the Python expression ``hasattr(o, attr_name)``. This function
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always succeeds.
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Note that exceptions which occur while calling :meth:`__getattr__` and
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:meth:`__getattribute__` methods will get suppressed.
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To get error reporting use :c:func:`PyObject_GetAttr()` instead.
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_HasAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
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Returns ``1`` if *o* has the attribute *attr_name*, and ``0`` otherwise. This
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is equivalent to the Python expression ``hasattr(o, attr_name)``. This function
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always succeeds.
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Note that exceptions which occur while calling :meth:`__getattr__` and
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:meth:`__getattribute__` methods and creating a temporary string object
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will get suppressed.
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To get error reporting use :c:func:`PyObject_GetAttrString()` instead.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_GetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)
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Retrieve an attribute named *attr_name* from object *o*. Returns the attribute
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value on success, or *NULL* on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python
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expression ``o.attr_name``.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_GetAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
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Retrieve an attribute named *attr_name* from object *o*. Returns the attribute
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value on success, or *NULL* on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python
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expression ``o.attr_name``.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_GenericGetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *name)
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Generic attribute getter function that is meant to be put into a type
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object's ``tp_getattro`` slot. It looks for a descriptor in the dictionary
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of classes in the object's MRO as well as an attribute in the object's
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:attr:`~object.__dict__` (if present). As outlined in :ref:`descriptors`,
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data descriptors take preference over instance attributes, while non-data
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descriptors don't. Otherwise, an :exc:`AttributeError` is raised.
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_SetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name, PyObject *v)
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Set the value of the attribute named *attr_name*, for object *o*, to the value
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*v*. Raise an exception and return ``-1`` on failure;
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return ``0`` on success. This is the equivalent of the Python statement
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``o.attr_name = v``.
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If *v* is *NULL*, the attribute is deleted, however this feature is
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deprecated in favour of using :c:func:`PyObject_DelAttr`.
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_SetAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name, PyObject *v)
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Set the value of the attribute named *attr_name*, for object *o*, to the value
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*v*. Raise an exception and return ``-1`` on failure;
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return ``0`` on success. This is the equivalent of the Python statement
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``o.attr_name = v``.
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If *v* is *NULL*, the attribute is deleted, however this feature is
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deprecated in favour of using :c:func:`PyObject_DelAttrString`.
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_GenericSetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *name, PyObject *value)
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Generic attribute setter and deleter function that is meant
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to be put into a type object's :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_setattro`
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slot. It looks for a data descriptor in the
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dictionary of classes in the object's MRO, and if found it takes preference
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over setting or deleting the attribute in the instance dictionary. Otherwise, the
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attribute is set or deleted in the object's :attr:`~object.__dict__` (if present).
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On success, ``0`` is returned, otherwise an :exc:`AttributeError`
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is raised and ``-1`` is returned.
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_DelAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)
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Delete attribute named *attr_name*, for object *o*. Returns ``-1`` on failure.
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This is the equivalent of the Python statement ``del o.attr_name``.
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_DelAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
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Delete attribute named *attr_name*, for object *o*. Returns ``-1`` on failure.
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This is the equivalent of the Python statement ``del o.attr_name``.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_GenericGetDict(PyObject *o, void *context)
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A generic implementation for the getter of a ``__dict__`` descriptor. It
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creates the dictionary if necessary.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_GenericSetDict(PyObject *o, void *context)
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A generic implementation for the setter of a ``__dict__`` descriptor. This
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implementation does not allow the dictionary to be deleted.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_RichCompare(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2, int opid)
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Compare the values of *o1* and *o2* using the operation specified by *opid*,
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which must be one of :const:`Py_LT`, :const:`Py_LE`, :const:`Py_EQ`,
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:const:`Py_NE`, :const:`Py_GT`, or :const:`Py_GE`, corresponding to ``<``,
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``<=``, ``==``, ``!=``, ``>``, or ``>=`` respectively. This is the equivalent of
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the Python expression ``o1 op o2``, where ``op`` is the operator corresponding
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to *opid*. Returns the value of the comparison on success, or *NULL* on failure.
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_RichCompareBool(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2, int opid)
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Compare the values of *o1* and *o2* using the operation specified by *opid*,
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which must be one of :const:`Py_LT`, :const:`Py_LE`, :const:`Py_EQ`,
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:const:`Py_NE`, :const:`Py_GT`, or :const:`Py_GE`, corresponding to ``<``,
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``<=``, ``==``, ``!=``, ``>``, or ``>=`` respectively. Returns ``-1`` on error,
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``0`` if the result is false, ``1`` otherwise. This is the equivalent of the
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Python expression ``o1 op o2``, where ``op`` is the operator corresponding to
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*opid*.
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.. note::
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If *o1* and *o2* are the same object, :c:func:`PyObject_RichCompareBool`
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will always return ``1`` for :const:`Py_EQ` and ``0`` for :const:`Py_NE`.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_Repr(PyObject *o)
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.. index:: builtin: repr
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Compute a string representation of object *o*. Returns the string
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representation on success, *NULL* on failure. This is the equivalent of the
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Python expression ``repr(o)``. Called by the :func:`repr` built-in function.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.4
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This function now includes a debug assertion to help ensure that it
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does not silently discard an active exception.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_ASCII(PyObject *o)
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.. index:: builtin: ascii
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As :c:func:`PyObject_Repr`, compute a string representation of object *o*, but
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escape the non-ASCII characters in the string returned by
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:c:func:`PyObject_Repr` with ``\x``, ``\u`` or ``\U`` escapes. This generates
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a string similar to that returned by :c:func:`PyObject_Repr` in Python 2.
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Called by the :func:`ascii` built-in function.
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.. index:: string; PyObject_Str (C function)
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_Str(PyObject *o)
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Compute a string representation of object *o*. Returns the string
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representation on success, *NULL* on failure. This is the equivalent of the
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Python expression ``str(o)``. Called by the :func:`str` built-in function
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and, therefore, by the :func:`print` function.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.4
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This function now includes a debug assertion to help ensure that it
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does not silently discard an active exception.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_Bytes(PyObject *o)
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.. index:: builtin: bytes
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Compute a bytes representation of object *o*. *NULL* is returned on
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failure and a bytes object on success. This is equivalent to the Python
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expression ``bytes(o)``, when *o* is not an integer. Unlike ``bytes(o)``,
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a TypeError is raised when *o* is an integer instead of a zero-initialized
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bytes object.
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_IsSubclass(PyObject *derived, PyObject *cls)
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Return ``1`` if the class *derived* is identical to or derived from the class
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*cls*, otherwise return ``0``. In case of an error, return ``-1``.
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If *cls* is a tuple, the check will be done against every entry in *cls*.
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The result will be ``1`` when at least one of the checks returns ``1``,
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otherwise it will be ``0``.
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If *cls* has a :meth:`~class.__subclasscheck__` method, it will be called to
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determine the subclass status as described in :pep:`3119`. Otherwise,
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*derived* is a subclass of *cls* if it is a direct or indirect subclass,
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i.e. contained in ``cls.__mro__``.
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Normally only class objects, i.e. instances of :class:`type` or a derived
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class, are considered classes. However, objects can override this by having
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a :attr:`__bases__` attribute (which must be a tuple of base classes).
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_IsInstance(PyObject *inst, PyObject *cls)
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Return ``1`` if *inst* is an instance of the class *cls* or a subclass of
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*cls*, or ``0`` if not. On error, returns ``-1`` and sets an exception.
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If *cls* is a tuple, the check will be done against every entry in *cls*.
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The result will be ``1`` when at least one of the checks returns ``1``,
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otherwise it will be ``0``.
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If *cls* has a :meth:`~class.__instancecheck__` method, it will be called to
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determine the subclass status as described in :pep:`3119`. Otherwise, *inst*
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is an instance of *cls* if its class is a subclass of *cls*.
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An instance *inst* can override what is considered its class by having a
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:attr:`__class__` attribute.
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An object *cls* can override if it is considered a class, and what its base
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classes are, by having a :attr:`__bases__` attribute (which must be a tuple
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of base classes).
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.. c:function:: int PyCallable_Check(PyObject *o)
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Determine if the object *o* is callable. Return ``1`` if the object is callable
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and ``0`` otherwise. This function always succeeds.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_Call(PyObject *callable, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
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Call a callable Python object *callable*, with arguments given by the
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tuple *args*, and named arguments given by the dictionary *kwargs*.
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*args* must not be *NULL*, use an empty tuple if no arguments are needed.
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If no named arguments are needed, *kwargs* can be *NULL*.
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Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return
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*NULL* on failure.
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This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
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``callable(*args, **kwargs)``.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_CallObject(PyObject *callable, PyObject *args)
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Call a callable Python object *callable*, with arguments given by the
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tuple *args*. If no arguments are needed, then *args* can be *NULL*.
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Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return
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*NULL* on failure.
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This is the equivalent of the Python expression: ``callable(*args)``.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_CallFunction(PyObject *callable, const char *format, ...)
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Call a callable Python object *callable*, with a variable number of C arguments.
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The C arguments are described using a :c:func:`Py_BuildValue` style format
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string. The format can be *NULL*, indicating that no arguments are provided.
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Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return
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*NULL* on failure.
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This is the equivalent of the Python expression: ``callable(*args)``.
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Note that if you only pass :c:type:`PyObject \*` args,
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:c:func:`PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs` is a faster alternative.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.4
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The type of *format* was changed from ``char *``.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_CallMethod(PyObject *obj, const char *name, const char *format, ...)
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Call the method named *name* of object *obj* with a variable number of C
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arguments. The C arguments are described by a :c:func:`Py_BuildValue` format
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string that should produce a tuple.
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The format can be *NULL*, indicating that no arguments are provided.
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Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return
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*NULL* on failure.
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This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
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``obj.name(arg1, arg2, ...)``.
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Note that if you only pass :c:type:`PyObject \*` args,
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:c:func:`PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs` is a faster alternative.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.4
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The types of *name* and *format* were changed from ``char *``.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(PyObject *callable, ..., NULL)
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Call a callable Python object *callable*, with a variable number of
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:c:type:`PyObject\*` arguments. The arguments are provided as a variable number
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of parameters followed by *NULL*.
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Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return
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*NULL* on failure.
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This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
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``callable(arg1, arg2, ...)``.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(PyObject *obj, PyObject *name, ..., NULL)
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Calls a method of the Python object *obj*, where the name of the method is given as a
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Python string object in *name*. It is called with a variable number of
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:c:type:`PyObject\*` arguments. The arguments are provided as a variable number
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of parameters followed by *NULL*.
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Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return
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*NULL* on failure.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* _PyObject_Vectorcall(PyObject *callable, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames)
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Call a callable Python object *callable*, using
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:c:data:`vectorcall <PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall_offset>` if possible.
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*args* is a C array with the positional arguments.
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*nargsf* is the number of positional arguments plus optionally the flag
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:const:`PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET` (see below).
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To get actual number of arguments, use
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:c:func:`PyVectorcall_NARGS(nargsf) <PyVectorcall_NARGS>`.
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*kwnames* can be either NULL (no keyword arguments) or a tuple of keyword
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names. In the latter case, the values of the keyword arguments are stored
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in *args* after the positional arguments.
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The number of keyword arguments does not influence *nargsf*.
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*kwnames* must contain only objects of type ``str`` (not a subclass),
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and all keys must be unique.
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Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return
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*NULL* on failure.
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This uses the vectorcall protocol if the callable supports it;
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otherwise, the arguments are converted to use
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:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_call`.
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.. note::
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This function is provisional and expected to become public in Python 3.9,
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with a different name and, possibly, changed semantics.
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If you use the function, plan for updating your code for Python 3.9.
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.. versionadded:: 3.8
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.. c:var:: PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET
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If set in a vectorcall *nargsf* argument, the callee is allowed to
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temporarily change ``args[-1]``. In other words, *args* points to
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argument 1 (not 0) in the allocated vector.
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The callee must restore the value of ``args[-1]`` before returning.
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Whenever they can do so cheaply (without additional allocation), callers
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are encouraged to use :const:`PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET`.
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Doing so will allow callables such as bound methods to make their onward
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calls (which include a prepended *self* argument) cheaply.
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.. versionadded:: 3.8
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.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyVectorcall_NARGS(size_t nargsf)
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Given a vectorcall *nargsf* argument, return the actual number of
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arguments.
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Currently equivalent to ``nargsf & ~PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET``.
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.. versionadded:: 3.8
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.. c:function:: PyObject* _PyObject_FastCallDict(PyObject *callable, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwdict)
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Same as :c:func:`_PyObject_Vectorcall` except that the keyword arguments
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are passed as a dictionary in *kwdict*. This may be *NULL* if there
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are no keyword arguments.
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For callables supporting :c:data:`vectorcall <PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall_offset>`,
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the arguments are internally converted to the vectorcall convention.
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Therefore, this function adds some overhead compared to
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:c:func:`_PyObject_Vectorcall`.
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It should only be used if the caller already has a dictionary ready to use.
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.. note::
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This function is provisional and expected to become public in Python 3.9,
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with a different name and, possibly, changed semantics.
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If you use the function, plan for updating your code for Python 3.9.
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.. versionadded:: 3.8
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.. c:function:: Py_hash_t PyObject_Hash(PyObject *o)
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.. index:: builtin: hash
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Compute and return the hash value of an object *o*. On failure, return ``-1``.
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This is the equivalent of the Python expression ``hash(o)``.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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The return type is now Py_hash_t. This is a signed integer the same size
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as Py_ssize_t.
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.. c:function:: Py_hash_t PyObject_HashNotImplemented(PyObject *o)
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Set a :exc:`TypeError` indicating that ``type(o)`` is not hashable and return ``-1``.
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This function receives special treatment when stored in a ``tp_hash`` slot,
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allowing a type to explicitly indicate to the interpreter that it is not
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hashable.
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject *o)
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Returns ``1`` if the object *o* is considered to be true, and ``0`` otherwise.
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This is equivalent to the Python expression ``not not o``. On failure, return
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``-1``.
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_Not(PyObject *o)
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Returns ``0`` if the object *o* is considered to be true, and ``1`` otherwise.
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This is equivalent to the Python expression ``not o``. On failure, return
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``-1``.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_Type(PyObject *o)
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.. index:: builtin: type
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When *o* is non-*NULL*, returns a type object corresponding to the object type
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of object *o*. On failure, raises :exc:`SystemError` and returns *NULL*. This
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is equivalent to the Python expression ``type(o)``. This function increments the
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reference count of the return value. There's really no reason to use this
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function instead of the common expression ``o->ob_type``, which returns a
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pointer of type :c:type:`PyTypeObject\*`, except when the incremented reference
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count is needed.
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_TypeCheck(PyObject *o, PyTypeObject *type)
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Return true if the object *o* is of type *type* or a subtype of *type*. Both
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parameters must be non-*NULL*.
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.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyObject_Size(PyObject *o)
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Py_ssize_t PyObject_Length(PyObject *o)
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.. index:: builtin: len
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Return the length of object *o*. If the object *o* provides either the sequence
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and mapping protocols, the sequence length is returned. On error, ``-1`` is
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returned. This is the equivalent to the Python expression ``len(o)``.
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.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyObject_LengthHint(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t default)
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Return an estimated length for the object *o*. First try to return its
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actual length, then an estimate using :meth:`~object.__length_hint__`, and
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finally return the default value. On error return ``-1``. This is the
|
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equivalent to the Python expression ``operator.length_hint(o, default)``.
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.. versionadded:: 3.4
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_GetItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key)
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Return element of *o* corresponding to the object *key* or *NULL* on failure.
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This is the equivalent of the Python expression ``o[key]``.
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_SetItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key, PyObject *v)
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Map the object *key* to the value *v*. Raise an exception and
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return ``-1`` on failure; return ``0`` on success. This is the
|
|
equivalent of the Python statement ``o[key] = v``.
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_DelItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key)
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Remove the mapping for the object *key* from the object *o*. Return ``-1``
|
|
on failure. This is equivalent to the Python statement ``del o[key]``.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_Dir(PyObject *o)
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This is equivalent to the Python expression ``dir(o)``, returning a (possibly
|
|
empty) list of strings appropriate for the object argument, or *NULL* if there
|
|
was an error. If the argument is *NULL*, this is like the Python ``dir()``,
|
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returning the names of the current locals; in this case, if no execution frame
|
|
is active then *NULL* is returned but :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred` will return false.
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.. c:function:: PyObject* PyObject_GetIter(PyObject *o)
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This is equivalent to the Python expression ``iter(o)``. It returns a new
|
|
iterator for the object argument, or the object itself if the object is already
|
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an iterator. Raises :exc:`TypeError` and returns *NULL* if the object cannot be
|
|
iterated.
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