597 lines
36 KiB
ReStructuredText
597 lines
36 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`http.client` --- HTTP protocol client
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===========================================
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.. module:: http.client
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:synopsis: HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets).
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.. index::
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pair: HTTP; protocol
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single: HTTP; http.client (standard module)
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.. index:: module: urllib.request
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This module defines classes which implement the client side of the HTTP and
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HTTPS protocols. It is normally not used directly --- the module
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:mod:`urllib.request` uses it to handle URLs that use HTTP and HTTPS.
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.. note::
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HTTPS support is only available if Python was compiled with SSL support
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(through the :mod:`ssl` module).
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The module provides the following classes:
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.. class:: HTTPConnection(host, port=None[, strict[, timeout[, source_address]]])
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An :class:`HTTPConnection` instance represents one transaction with an HTTP
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server. It should be instantiated passing it a host and optional port
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number. If no port number is passed, the port is extracted from the host
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string if it has the form ``host:port``, else the default HTTP port (80) is
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used. If the optional *timeout* parameter is given, blocking
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operations (like connection attempts) will timeout after that many seconds
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(if it is not given, the global default timeout setting is used).
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The optional *source_address* parameter may be a typle of a (host, port)
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to use as the source address the HTTP connection is made from.
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For example, the following calls all create instances that connect to the server
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at the same host and port::
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>>> h1 = http.client.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl')
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>>> h2 = http.client.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl:80')
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>>> h3 = http.client.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl', 80)
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>>> h3 = http.client.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl', 80, timeout=10)
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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*source_address* was added.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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The *strict* parameter is deprecated. HTTP 0.9-style "Simple Responses"
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are not supported anymore.
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.. class:: HTTPSConnection(host, port=None, key_file=None, cert_file=None[, strict[, timeout[, source_address]]], *, context=None, check_hostname=None)
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A subclass of :class:`HTTPConnection` that uses SSL for communication with
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secure servers. Default port is ``443``. If *context* is specified, it
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must be a :class:`ssl.SSLContext` instance describing the various SSL
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options. If *context* is specified and has a :attr:`~ssl.SSLContext.verify_mode`
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of either :data:`~ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL` or :data:`~ssl.CERT_REQUIRED`, then
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by default *host* is matched against the host name(s) allowed by the
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server's certificate. If you want to change that behaviour, you can
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explicitly set *check_hostname* to False.
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*key_file* and *cert_file* are deprecated, please use
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:meth:`ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain` instead.
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If you access arbitrary hosts on the Internet, it is recommended to
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require certificate checking and feed the *context* with a set of
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trusted CA certificates::
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context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1)
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context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
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context.load_verify_locations('/etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt')
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h = client.HTTPSConnection('svn.python.org', 443, context=context)
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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*source_address*, *context* and *check_hostname* were added.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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This class now supports HTTPS virtual hosts if possible (that is,
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if :data:`ssl.HAS_SNI` is true).
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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The *strict* parameter is deprecated. HTTP 0.9-style "Simple Responses"
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are not supported anymore.
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.. class:: HTTPResponse(sock, debuglevel=0[, strict], method=None, url=None)
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Class whose instances are returned upon successful connection. Not
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instantiated directly by user.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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The *strict* parameter is deprecated. HTTP 0.9-style "Simple Responses"
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are not supported anymore.
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The following exceptions are raised as appropriate:
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.. exception:: HTTPException
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The base class of the other exceptions in this module. It is a subclass of
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:exc:`Exception`.
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.. exception:: NotConnected
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A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`.
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.. exception:: InvalidURL
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A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`, raised if a port is given and is either
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non-numeric or empty.
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.. exception:: UnknownProtocol
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A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`.
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.. exception:: UnknownTransferEncoding
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A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`.
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.. exception:: UnimplementedFileMode
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A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`.
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.. exception:: IncompleteRead
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A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`.
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.. exception:: ImproperConnectionState
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A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`.
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.. exception:: CannotSendRequest
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A subclass of :exc:`ImproperConnectionState`.
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.. exception:: CannotSendHeader
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A subclass of :exc:`ImproperConnectionState`.
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.. exception:: ResponseNotReady
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A subclass of :exc:`ImproperConnectionState`.
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.. exception:: BadStatusLine
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A subclass of :exc:`HTTPException`. Raised if a server responds with a HTTP
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status code that we don't understand.
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The constants defined in this module are:
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.. data:: HTTP_PORT
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The default port for the HTTP protocol (always ``80``).
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.. data:: HTTPS_PORT
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The default port for the HTTPS protocol (always ``443``).
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and also the following constants for integer status codes:
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| Constant | Value | Definition |
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+==========================================+=========+=======================================================================+
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| :const:`CONTINUE` | ``100`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.1.1 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.1.1>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS` | ``101`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.1.2 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.1.2>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`PROCESSING` | ``102`` | WEBDAV, `RFC 2518, Section 10.1 |
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| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_102>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`OK` | ``200`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.2.1 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.1>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`CREATED` | ``201`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.2.2 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.2>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`ACCEPTED` | ``202`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.2.3 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.3>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION` | ``203`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.2.4 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.4>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`NO_CONTENT` | ``204`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.2.5 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.5>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`RESET_CONTENT` | ``205`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.2.6 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.2.6>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`PARTIAL_CONTENT` | ``206`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`MULTI_STATUS` | ``207`` | WEBDAV `RFC 2518, Section 10.2 |
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| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_207>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`IM_USED` | ``226`` | Delta encoding in HTTP, |
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| | | :rfc:`3229`, Section 10.4.1 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`MULTIPLE_CHOICES` | ``300`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.1>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`MOVED_PERMANENTLY` | ``301`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`FOUND` | ``302`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.3>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`SEE_OTHER` | ``303`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`NOT_MODIFIED` | ``304`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`USE_PROXY` | ``305`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`TEMPORARY_REDIRECT` | ``307`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`BAD_REQUEST` | ``400`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`UNAUTHORIZED` | ``401`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`PAYMENT_REQUIRED` | ``402`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.3 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.3>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`FORBIDDEN` | ``403`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.4 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`NOT_FOUND` | ``404`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.5 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED` | ``405`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`NOT_ACCEPTABLE` | ``406`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.7 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED` | ``407`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.8 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.8>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`REQUEST_TIMEOUT` | ``408`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.9 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`CONFLICT` | ``409`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.10 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`GONE` | ``410`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.11 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`LENGTH_REQUIRED` | ``411`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.12 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`PRECONDITION_FAILED` | ``412`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.13 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE` | ``413`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.14 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.14>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG` | ``414`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.15 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.15>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE` | ``415`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.16 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.16>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE` | ``416`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.17 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.17>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`EXPECTATION_FAILED` | ``417`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.4.18 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.4.18>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY` | ``422`` | WEBDAV, `RFC 2518, Section 10.3 |
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| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_422>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`LOCKED` | ``423`` | WEBDAV `RFC 2518, Section 10.4 |
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| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_423>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`FAILED_DEPENDENCY` | ``424`` | WEBDAV, `RFC 2518, Section 10.5 |
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| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_424>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`UPGRADE_REQUIRED` | ``426`` | HTTP Upgrade to TLS, |
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| | | :rfc:`2817`, Section 6 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR` | ``500`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.1>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`NOT_IMPLEMENTED` | ``501`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.2>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`BAD_GATEWAY` | ``502`` | HTTP/1.1 `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.5.3 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.3>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE` | ``503`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.5.4 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.4>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`GATEWAY_TIMEOUT` | ``504`` | HTTP/1.1 `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.5.5 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.5>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED` | ``505`` | HTTP/1.1, `RFC 2616, Section |
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| | | 10.5.6 |
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| | | <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.5.6>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE` | ``507`` | WEBDAV, `RFC 2518, Section 10.6 |
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| | | <http://www.webdav.org/specs/rfc2518.html#STATUS_507>`_ |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| :const:`NOT_EXTENDED` | ``510`` | An HTTP Extension Framework, |
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| | | :rfc:`2774`, Section 7 |
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+------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
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.. data:: responses
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This dictionary maps the HTTP 1.1 status codes to the W3C names.
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Example: ``http.client.responses[http.client.NOT_FOUND]`` is ``'Not Found'``.
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.. _httpconnection-objects:
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HTTPConnection Objects
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----------------------
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:class:`HTTPConnection` instances have the following methods:
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.request(method, url, body=None, headers={})
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This will send a request to the server using the HTTP request
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method *method* and the selector *url*. If the *body* argument is
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present, it should be string or bytes object of data to send after
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the headers are finished. Strings are encoded as ISO-8859-1, the
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default charset for HTTP. To use other encodings, pass a bytes
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object. The Content-Length header is set to the length of the
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string.
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The *body* may also be an open :term:`file object`, in which case the
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contents of the file is sent; this file object should support
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``fileno()`` and ``read()`` methods. The header Content-Length is
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automatically set to the length of the file as reported by
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stat.
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The *headers* argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP
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headers to send with the request.
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.getresponse()
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Should be called after a request is sent to get the response from the server.
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Returns an :class:`HTTPResponse` instance.
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.. note::
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Note that you must have read the whole response before you can send a new
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request to the server.
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.set_debuglevel(level)
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Set the debugging level. The default debug level is ``0``, meaning no
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debugging output is printed. Any value greater than ``0`` will cause all
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currently defined debug output to be printed to stdout. The ``debuglevel``
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is passed to any new :class:`HTTPResponse` objects that are created.
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.. versionadded:: 3.1
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.set_tunnel(host, port=None, headers=None)
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Set the host and the port for HTTP Connect Tunnelling. Normally used when it
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is required to a HTTPS Connection through a proxy server.
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The headers argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to to sent
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with the CONNECT request.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.connect()
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Connect to the server specified when the object was created.
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.close()
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Close the connection to the server.
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As an alternative to using the :meth:`request` method described above, you can
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also send your request step by step, by using the four functions below.
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.putrequest(request, selector, skip_host=False, skip_accept_encoding=False)
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This should be the first call after the connection to the server has been made.
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It sends a line to the server consisting of the *request* string, the *selector*
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string, and the HTTP version (``HTTP/1.1``). To disable automatic sending of
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``Host:`` or ``Accept-Encoding:`` headers (for example to accept additional
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content encodings), specify *skip_host* or *skip_accept_encoding* with non-False
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values.
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.putheader(header, argument[, ...])
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Send an :rfc:`822`\ -style header to the server. It sends a line to the server
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consisting of the header, a colon and a space, and the first argument. If more
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arguments are given, continuation lines are sent, each consisting of a tab and
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an argument.
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.endheaders()
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Send a blank line to the server, signalling the end of the headers.
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.. method:: HTTPConnection.send(data)
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Send data to the server. This should be used directly only after the
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:meth:`endheaders` method has been called and before :meth:`getresponse` is
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called.
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.. _httpresponse-objects:
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HTTPResponse Objects
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--------------------
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An :class:`HTTPResponse` instance wraps the HTTP response from the
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server. It provides access to the request headers and the entity
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body. The response is an iterable object and can be used in a with
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statement.
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.. method:: HTTPResponse.read([amt])
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Reads and returns the response body, or up to the next *amt* bytes.
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.. method:: HTTPResponse.getheader(name, default=None)
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Return the value of the header *name*, or *default* if there is no header
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matching *name*. If there is more than one header with the name *name*,
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return all of the values joined by ', '. If 'default' is any iterable other
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than a single string, its elements are similarly returned joined by commas.
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.. method:: HTTPResponse.getheaders()
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Return a list of (header, value) tuples.
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.. method:: HTTPResponse.fileno()
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Return the ``fileno`` of the underlying socket.
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.. attribute:: HTTPResponse.msg
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A :class:`http.client.HTTPMessage` instance containing the response
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headers. :class:`http.client.HTTPMessage` is a subclass of
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:class:`email.message.Message`.
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.. attribute:: HTTPResponse.version
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HTTP protocol version used by server. 10 for HTTP/1.0, 11 for HTTP/1.1.
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.. attribute:: HTTPResponse.status
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Status code returned by server.
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.. attribute:: HTTPResponse.reason
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Reason phrase returned by server.
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.. attribute:: HTTPResponse.debuglevel
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A debugging hook. If :attr:`debuglevel` is greater than zero, messages
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will be printed to stdout as the response is read and parsed.
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Examples
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--------
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Here is an example session that uses the ``GET`` method::
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>>> import http.client
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>>> conn = http.client.HTTPConnection("www.python.org")
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>>> conn.request("GET", "/index.html")
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>>> r1 = conn.getresponse()
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>>> print(r1.status, r1.reason)
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200 OK
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>>> data1 = r1.read()
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>>> conn.request("GET", "/parrot.spam")
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>>> r2 = conn.getresponse()
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>>> print(r2.status, r2.reason)
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404 Not Found
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>>> data2 = r2.read()
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>>> conn.close()
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Here is an example session that uses the ``HEAD`` method. Note that the
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``HEAD`` method never returns any data. ::
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>>> import http.client
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>>> conn = http.client.HTTPConnection("www.python.org")
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>>> conn.request("HEAD","/index.html")
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>>> res = conn.getresponse()
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>>> print(res.status, res.reason)
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200 OK
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>>> data = res.read()
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>>> print(len(data))
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0
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>>> data == b''
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True
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Here is an example session that shows how to ``POST`` requests::
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>>> import http.client, urllib.parse
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>>> params = urllib.parse.urlencode({'spam': 1, 'eggs': 2, 'bacon': 0})
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>>> headers = {"Content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
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... "Accept": "text/plain"}
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>>> conn = http.client.HTTPConnection("musi-cal.mojam.com:80")
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>>> conn.request("POST", "/cgi-bin/query", params, headers)
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>>> response = conn.getresponse()
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>>> print(response.status, response.reason)
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200 OK
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>>> data = response.read()
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>>> conn.close()
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.. _httpmessage-objects:
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HTTPMessage Objects
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-------------------
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An :class:`http.client.HTTPMessage` instance holds the headers from an HTTP
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response. It is implemented using the :class:`email.message.Message` class.
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.. XXX Define the methods that clients can depend upon between versions.
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