669 lines
22 KiB
ReStructuredText
669 lines
22 KiB
ReStructuredText
****************************
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What's New In Python 3.5
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****************************
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:Release: |release|
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:Date: |today|
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.. Rules for maintenance:
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* Anyone can add text to this document. Do not spend very much time
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on the wording of your changes, because your text will probably
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get rewritten to some degree.
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* The maintainer will go through Misc/NEWS periodically and add
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changes; it's therefore more important to add your changes to
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Misc/NEWS than to this file.
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* This is not a complete list of every single change; completeness
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is the purpose of Misc/NEWS. Some changes I consider too small
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or esoteric to include. If such a change is added to the text,
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I'll just remove it. (This is another reason you shouldn't spend
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too much time on writing your addition.)
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* If you want to draw your new text to the attention of the
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maintainer, add 'XXX' to the beginning of the paragraph or
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section.
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* It's OK to just add a fragmentary note about a change. For
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example: "XXX Describe the transmogrify() function added to the
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socket module." The maintainer will research the change and
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write the necessary text.
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* You can comment out your additions if you like, but it's not
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necessary (especially when a final release is some months away).
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* Credit the author of a patch or bugfix. Just the name is
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sufficient; the e-mail address isn't necessary.
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* It's helpful to add the bug/patch number as a comment:
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XXX Describe the transmogrify() function added to the socket
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module.
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(Contributed by P.Y. Developer in :issue:`12345`.)
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This saves the maintainer the effort of going through the Mercurial log
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when researching a change.
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This article explains the new features in Python 3.5, compared to 3.4.
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For full details, see the :source:`Misc/NEWS` file.
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.. note::
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Prerelease users should be aware that this document is currently in draft
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form. It will be updated substantially as Python 3.5 moves towards release,
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so it's worth checking back even after reading earlier versions.
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.. seealso::
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:pep:`478` - Python 3.5 Release Schedule
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Summary -- Release highlights
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=============================
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.. This section singles out the most important changes in Python 3.3.
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Brevity is key.
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New syntax features:
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* None yet.
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New library modules:
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* :mod:`zipapp`: :ref:`Improving Python ZIP Application Support
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<whatsnew-zipapp>` (:pep:`441`).
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New built-in features:
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* None yet.
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Implementation improvements:
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* When the ``LC_TYPE`` locale is the POSIX locale (``C`` locale),
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:py:data:`sys.stdin` and :py:data:`sys.stdout` are now using the
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``surrogateescape`` error handler, instead of the ``strict`` error handler
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(:issue:`19977`).
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Significantly Improved Library Modules:
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* None yet.
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Security improvements:
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* None yet.
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Please read on for a comprehensive list of user-facing changes.
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.. PEP-sized items next.
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.. _pep-4XX:
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.. PEP 4XX: Virtual Environments
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.. =============================
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.. (Implemented by Foo Bar.)
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.. .. seealso::
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:pep:`4XX` - Python Virtual Environments
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PEP written by Carl Meyer
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PEP 471 - os.scandir() function -- a better and faster directory iterator
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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:pep:`471` adds a new directory iteration function, :func:`os.scandir`,
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to the standard library. Additionally, :func:`os.walk` is now
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implemented using :func:`os.scandir`, which speeds it up by 3-5 times
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on POSIX systems and by 7-20 times on Windows systems.
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PEP and implementation written by Ben Hoyt with the help of Victor Stinner.
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.. seealso::
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:pep:`471` -- os.scandir() function -- a better and faster directory
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iterator
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PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR
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----------------------------------------------
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:pep:`475` adds support for automatic retry of system calls failing with EINTR:
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this means that user code doesn't have to deal with EINTR or InterruptedError
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manually, and should make it more robust against asynchronous signal reception.
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.. seealso::
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:pep:`475` -- Retry system calls failing with EINTR
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PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments
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---------------------------------------------------------------
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:pep:`486` makes the Windows launcher (see :pep:`397`) aware of an active
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virtual environment. When the default interpreter would be used and the
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``VIRTUAL_ENV`` environment variable is set, the interpreter in the virtual
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environment will be used.
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.. seealso::
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:pep:`486` -- Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments
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Other Language Changes
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======================
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Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are:
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* Added the ``'namereplace'`` error handlers. The ``'backslashreplace'``
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error handlers now works with decoding and translating.
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(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`19676` and :issue:`22286`.)
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* The :option:`-b` option now affects comparisons of :class:`bytes` with
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:class:`int`. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`23681`)
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New Modules
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===========
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.. _whatsnew-zipapp:
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zipapp
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------
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The new :mod:`zipapp` module (specified in :pep:`441`) provides an API and
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command line tool for creating executable Python Zip Applications, which
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were introduced in Python 2.6 in :issue:`1739468` but which were not well
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publicised, either at the time or since.
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With the new module, bundling your application is as simple as putting all
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the files, including a ``__main__.py`` file, into a directory ``myapp``
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and running::
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$ python -m zipapp myapp
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$ python myapp.pyz
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Improved Modules
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================
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argparse
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--------
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* :class:`~argparse.ArgumentParser` now allows to disable
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:ref:`abbreviated usage <prefix-matching>` of long options by setting
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:ref:`allow_abbrev` to ``False``.
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(Contributed by Jonathan Paugh, Steven Bethard, paul j3 and Daniel Eriksson.)
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cgi
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---
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* :class:`~cgi.FieldStorage` now supports the context management protocol.
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(Contributed by Berker Peksag in :issue:`20289`.)
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code
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----
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* The :func:`code.InteractiveInterpreter.showtraceback` method now prints
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the full chained traceback, just like the interactive interpreter.
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(Contributed by Claudiu Popa in :issue:`17442`.)
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compileall
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----------
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* :func:`compileall.compile_dir` and :mod:`compileall`'s command-line interface
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can now do parallel bytecode compilation.
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(Contributed by Claudiu Popa in :issue:`16104`.)
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contextlib
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----------
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* The new :func:`contextlib.redirect_stderr` context manager(similar to
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:func:`contextlib.redirect_stdout`) makes it easier for utility scripts to
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handle inflexible APIs that write their output to :data:`sys.stderr` and
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don't provide any options to redirect it.
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(Contributed by Berker Peksag in :issue:`22389`.)
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difflib
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-------
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* The charset of the HTML document generated by :meth:`difflib.HtmlDiff.make_file`
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can now be customized by using *charset* keyword-only parameter. The default
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charset of HTML document changed from ``'ISO-8859-1'`` to ``'utf-8'``.
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(Contributed by Berker Peksag in :issue:`2052`.)
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distutils
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---------
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* The ``build`` and ``build_ext`` commands now accept a ``-j``
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option to enable parallel building of extension modules.
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(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in :issue:`5309`.)
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doctest
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-------
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* :func:`doctest.DocTestSuite` returns an empty :class:`unittest.TestSuite` if
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*module* contains no docstrings instead of raising :exc:`ValueError`.
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(Contributed by Glenn Jones in :issue:`15916`.)
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glob
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----
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* :func:`~glob.iglob` and :func:`~glob.glob` now support recursive search in
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subdirectories using the "``**``" pattern.
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(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`13968`.)
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imaplib
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-------
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* :class:`IMAP4` now supports the context management protocol. When used in a
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:keyword:`with` statement, the IMAP4 ``LOGOUT`` command will be called
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automatically at the end of the block. (Contributed by Tarek Ziadé and
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Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`4972`.)
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imghdr
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------
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* :func:`~imghdr.what` now recognizes the `OpenEXR <http://www.openexr.com>`_
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format. (Contributed by Martin Vignali and Claudiu Popa in :issue:`20295`.)
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importlib
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---------
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* :class:`importlib.util.LazyLoader` allows for the lazy loading of modules in
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applications where startup time is paramount.
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(Contributed by Brett Cannon in :issue:`17621`.)
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* :func:`importlib.abc.InspectLoader.source_to_code` is now a
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static method to make it easier to work with source code in a string.
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With a module object that you want to initialize you can then use
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``exec(code, module.__dict__)`` to execute the code in the module.
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* :func:`importlib.util.module_from_spec` is now the preferred way to create a
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new module. Compared to :class:`types.ModuleType`, this new function will set
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the various import-controlled attributes based on the passed-in spec object.
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inspect
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-------
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* :class:`inspect.Signature` and :class:`inspect.Parameter` are now
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picklable and hashable. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in :issue:`20726`
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and :issue:`20334`.)
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* New class method :meth:`inspect.Signature.from_callable`, which makes
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subclassing of :class:`~inspect.Signature` easier. (Contributed
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by Yury Selivanov and Eric Snow in :issue:`17373`.)
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ipaddress
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---------
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* :class:`ipaddress.IPv4Network` and :class:`ipaddress.IPv6Network` now
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accept an ``(address, netmask)`` tuple argument, so as to easily construct
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network objects from existing addresses. (Contributed by Peter Moody
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and Antoine Pitrou in :issue:`16531`.)
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json
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----
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* The output of :mod:`json.tool` command line interface is now in the same
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order as the input. Use the :option:`--sort-keys` option to sort the output
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of dictionaries alphabetically by key. (Contributed by Berker Peksag in
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:issue:`21650`.)
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* JSON decoder now raises :exc:`json.JSONDecodeError` instead of
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:exc:`ValueError`. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`19361`.)
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os
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--
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* New :func:`os.scandir` function that exposes file information from
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the operating system when listing a directory. :func:`os.scandir`
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returns an iterator of :class:`os.DirEntry` objects corresponding to
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the entries in the directory given by *path*. (Contributed by Ben
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Hoyt with the help of Victor Stinner in :issue:`22524`.)
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* :class:`os.stat_result` now has a :attr:`~os.stat_result.st_file_attributes`
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attribute on Windows. (Contributed by Ben Hoyt in :issue:`21719`.)
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re
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--
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* Number of capturing groups in regular expression is no longer limited by 100.
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(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`22437`.)
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* Now unmatched groups are replaced with empty strings in :func:`re.sub`
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and :func:`re.subn`. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`1519638`.)
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math
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----
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* :data:`math.inf` and :data:`math.nan` constants added. (Contributed by Mark
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Dickinson in :issue:`23185`.)
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shutil
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------
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* :func:`~shutil.move` now accepts a *copy_function* argument, allowing,
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for example, :func:`~shutil.copy` to be used instead of the default
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:func:`~shutil.copy2` if there is a need to ignore metadata. (Contributed by
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Claudiu Popa in :issue:`19840`.)
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signal
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------
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* Different constants of :mod:`signal` module are now enumeration values using
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the :mod:`enum` module. This allows meaningful names to be printed during
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debugging, instead of integer “magic numbers”. (Contributed by Giampaolo
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Rodola' in :issue:`21076`.)
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smtpd
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-----
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* Both :class:`~smtpd.SMTPServer` and :class:`smtpd.SMTPChannel` now accept a
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*decode_data* keyword to determine if the DATA portion of the SMTP
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transaction is decoded using the ``utf-8`` codec or is instead provided to
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:meth:`~smtpd.SMTPServer.process_message` as a byte string. The default
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is ``True`` for backward compatibility reasons, but will change to ``False``
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in Python 3.6. (Contributed by Maciej Szulik in :issue:`19662`.)
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* It is now possible to provide, directly or via name resolution, IPv6
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addresses in the :class:`~smtpd.SMTPServer` constructor, and have it
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successfully connect. (Contributed by Milan Oberkirch in :issue:`14758`.)
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* :mod:`~smtpd.SMTPServer` now supports :rfc:`6531` via the *enable_SMTPUTF8*
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constructor argument and a user-provided
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:meth:`~smtpd.SMTPServer.process_smtputf8_message` method.
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smtplib
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-------
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* A new :meth:`~smtplib.SMTP.auth` method provides a convenient way to
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implement custom authentication mechanisms.
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(Contributed by Milan Oberkirch in :issue:`15014`.)
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sndhdr
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------
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* :func:`~sndhdr.what` and :func:`~sndhdr.whathdr` now return
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:func:`~collections.namedtuple`.
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(Contributed by Claudiu Popa in :issue:`18615`.)
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socket
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------
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* New :meth:`socket.socket.sendfile` method allows to send a file over a socket
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by using high-performance :func:`os.sendfile` function on UNIX resulting in
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uploads being from 2x to 3x faster than when using plain
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:meth:`socket.socket.send`.
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(Contributed by Giampaolo Rodola' in :issue:`17552`.)
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sysconfig
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---------
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* The user scripts directory on Windows is now versioned.
|
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(Contributed by Paul Moore in :issue:`23437`.)
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tarfile
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-------
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* The :func:`tarfile.open` function now supports ``'x'`` (exclusive creation)
|
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mode. (Contributed by Berker Peksag in :issue:`21717`.)
|
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time
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----
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* The :func:`time.monotonic` function is now always available. (Contributed by
|
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Victor Stinner in :issue:`22043`.)
|
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urllib
|
|
------
|
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* A new :class:`urllib.request.HTTPBasicPriorAuthHandler` allows HTTP Basic
|
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Authentication credentials to be sent unconditionally with the first HTTP
|
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request, rather than waiting for a HTTP 401 Unauthorized response from the
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server.
|
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(Contributed by Matej Cepl in :issue:`19494`.)
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|
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wsgiref
|
|
-------
|
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* *headers* parameter of :class:`wsgiref.headers.Headers` is now optional.
|
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(Contributed by Pablo Torres Navarrete and SilentGhost in :issue:`5800`.)
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xmlrpc
|
|
------
|
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* :class:`xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy` is now a :term:`context manager`.
|
|
(Contributed by Claudiu Popa in :issue:`20627`.)
|
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|
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faulthandler
|
|
------------
|
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|
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* :func:`~faulthandler.enable`, :func:`~faulthandler.register`,
|
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:func:`~faulthandler.dump_traceback` and
|
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:func:`~faulthandler.dump_traceback_later` functions now accept file
|
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descriptors. (Contributed by Wei Wu in :issue:`23566`.)
|
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|
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zipfile
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|
-------
|
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|
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* Added support for writing ZIP files to unseekable streams.
|
|
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`23252`.)
|
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|
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* The :func:`zipfile.ZipFile.open` function now supports ``'x'`` (exclusive
|
|
creation) mode. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`21717`.)
|
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|
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Optimizations
|
|
=============
|
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|
|
The following performance enhancements have been added:
|
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|
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* :func:`os.walk` has been sped up by 3-5x on POSIX systems and 7-20x
|
|
on Windows. This was done using the new :func:`os.scandir` function,
|
|
which exposes file information from the underlying ``readdir`` and
|
|
``FindFirstFile``/``FindNextFile`` system calls. (Contributed by
|
|
Ben Hoyt with help from Victor Stinner in :issue:`23605`.)
|
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|
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* Construction of ``bytes(int)`` (filled by zero bytes) is faster and use less
|
|
memory for large objects. ``calloc()`` is used instead of ``malloc()`` to
|
|
allocate memory for these objects.
|
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* Some operations on :class:`~ipaddress.IPv4Network` and
|
|
:class:`~ipaddress.IPv6Network` have been massively sped up, such as
|
|
:meth:`~ipaddress.IPv4Network.subnets`, :meth:`~ipaddress.IPv4Network.supernet`,
|
|
:func:`~ipaddress.summarize_address_range`, :func:`~ipaddress.collapse_addresses`.
|
|
The speed up can range from 3x to 15x.
|
|
(:issue:`21486`, :issue:`21487`, :issue:`20826`)
|
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|
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* Many operations on :class:`io.BytesIO` are now 50% to 100% faster.
|
|
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`15381` and David Wilson in
|
|
:issue:`22003`.)
|
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* :func:`marshal.dumps` is now faster (65%-85% with versions 3--4, 20-25% with
|
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versions 0--2 on typical data, and up to 5x in best cases).
|
|
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`20416` and :issue:`23344`.)
|
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|
|
Build and C API Changes
|
|
=======================
|
|
|
|
Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include:
|
|
|
|
* New ``calloc`` functions:
|
|
|
|
* :c:func:`PyMem_RawCalloc`
|
|
* :c:func:`PyMem_Calloc`
|
|
* :c:func:`PyObject_Calloc`
|
|
* :c:func:`_PyObject_GC_Calloc`
|
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|
|
|
|
Deprecated
|
|
==========
|
|
|
|
Unsupported Operating Systems
|
|
-----------------------------
|
|
|
|
* None yet.
|
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|
|
|
|
Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods
|
|
------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
* The :mod:`formatter` module has now graduated to full deprecation and is still
|
|
slated for removal in Python 3.6.
|
|
|
|
* :mod:`smtpd` has in the past always decoded the DATA portion of email
|
|
messages using the ``utf-8`` codec. This can now be controlled by the new
|
|
*decode_data* keyword to :class:`~smtpd.SMTPServer`. The default value is
|
|
``True``, but this default is deprecated. Specify the *decode_data* keyword
|
|
with an appropriate value to avoid the deprecation warning.
|
|
|
|
* Directly assigning values to the :attr:`~http.cookies.Morsel.key`,
|
|
:attr:`~http.cookies.Morsel.value` and
|
|
:attr:`~http.cookies.Morsel.coded_value` of :class:`~http.cookies.Morsel`
|
|
objects is deprecated. Use the :func:`~http.cookies.Morsel.set` method
|
|
instead. In addition, the undocumented *LegalChars* parameter of
|
|
:func:`~http.cookies.Morsel.set` is deprecated, and is now ignored.
|
|
|
|
* Passing a format string as keyword argument *format_string* to the
|
|
:meth:`~string.Formatter.format` method of the :class:`string.Formatter`
|
|
class has been deprecated.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Deprecated functions and types of the C API
|
|
-------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
* None yet.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Deprecated features
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
* None yet.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Removed
|
|
=======
|
|
|
|
API and Feature Removals
|
|
------------------------
|
|
|
|
The following obsolete and previously deprecated APIs and features have been
|
|
removed:
|
|
|
|
* The ``__version__`` attribute has been dropped from the email package. The
|
|
email code hasn't been shipped separately from the stdlib for a long time,
|
|
and the ``__version__`` string was not updated in the last few releases.
|
|
|
|
* The internal ``Netrc`` class in the :mod:`ftplib` module was deprecated in
|
|
3.4, and has now been removed.
|
|
(Contributed by Matt Chaput in :issue:`6623`.)
|
|
|
|
Porting to Python 3.5
|
|
=====================
|
|
|
|
This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes
|
|
that may require changes to your code.
|
|
|
|
Changes in the Python API
|
|
-------------------------
|
|
|
|
* :pep:`475`: the following functions are now retried when interrupted instead
|
|
of raising :exc:`InterruptedError` if the signal handler does not raise
|
|
an exception:
|
|
|
|
- :func:`os.open`, :func:`open`
|
|
- :func:`os.read`, :func:`os.write`
|
|
- :func:`time.sleep`
|
|
|
|
* Before Python 3.5, a :class:`datetime.time` object was considered to be false
|
|
if it represented midnight in UTC. This behavior was considered obscure and
|
|
error-prone and has been removed in Python 3.5. See :issue:`13936` for full
|
|
details.
|
|
|
|
* :meth:`ssl.SSLSocket.send()` now raises either :exc:`ssl.SSLWantReadError`
|
|
or :exc:`ssl.SSLWantWriteError` on a non-blocking socket if the operation
|
|
would block. Previously, it would return 0. See :issue:`20951`.
|
|
|
|
* The ``__name__`` attribute of generator is now set from the function name,
|
|
instead of being set from the code name. Use ``gen.gi_code.co_name`` to
|
|
retrieve the code name. Generators also have a new ``__qualname__``
|
|
attribute, the qualified name, which is now used for the representation
|
|
of a generator (``repr(gen)``). See :issue:`21205`.
|
|
|
|
* The deprecated "strict" mode and argument of :class:`~html.parser.HTMLParser`,
|
|
:meth:`HTMLParser.error`, and the :exc:`HTMLParserError` exception have been
|
|
removed. (Contributed by Ezio Melotti in :issue:`15114`.)
|
|
The *convert_charrefs* argument of :class:`~html.parser.HTMLParser` is
|
|
now ``True`` by default. (Contributed by Berker Peksag in :issue:`21047`.)
|
|
|
|
* Although it is not formally part of the API, it is worth noting for porting
|
|
purposes (ie: fixing tests) that error messages that were previously of the
|
|
form "'sometype' does not support the buffer protocol" are now of the form "a
|
|
bytes-like object is required, not 'sometype'". (Contributed by Ezio Melotti
|
|
in :issue:`16518`.)
|
|
|
|
* If the current directory is set to a directory that no longer exists then
|
|
:exc:`FileNotFoundError` will no longer be raised and instead
|
|
:meth:`~importlib.machinery.FileFinder.find_spec` will return ``None``
|
|
**without** caching ``None`` in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` which is
|
|
different than the typical case (:issue:`22834`).
|
|
|
|
* HTTP status code and messages from :mod:`http.client` and :mod:`http.server`
|
|
were refactored into a common :class:`~http.HTTPStatus` enum. The values in
|
|
:mod:`http.client` and :mod:`http.server` remain available for backwards
|
|
compatibility. (Contributed by Demian Brecht in :issue:`21793`.)
|
|
|
|
* When an import loader defines :meth:`~importlib.machinery.Loader.exec_module`
|
|
it is now expected to also define
|
|
:meth:`~importlib.machinery.Loader.create_module` (raises a
|
|
:exc:`DeprecationWarning` now, will be an error in Python 3.6). If the loader
|
|
inherits from :class:`importlib.abc.Loader` then there is nothing to do, else
|
|
simply define :meth:`~importlib.machinery.Loader.create_module` to return
|
|
``None`` (:issue:`23014`).
|
|
|
|
* :func:`re.split` always ignored empty pattern matches, so the ``'x*'``
|
|
pattern worked the same as ``'x+'``, and the ``'\b'`` pattern never worked.
|
|
Now :func:`re.split` raises a warning if the pattern could match
|
|
an empty string. For compatibility use patterns that never match an empty
|
|
string (e.g. ``'x+'`` instead of ``'x*'``). Patterns that could only match
|
|
an empty string (such as ``'\b'``) now raise an error.
|
|
|
|
* The :class:`~http.cookies.Morsel` dict-like interface has been made self
|
|
consistent: morsel comparison now takes the :attr:`~http.cookies.Morsel.key`
|
|
and :attr:`~http.cookies.Morsel.value` into account,
|
|
:meth:`~http.cookies.Morsel.copy` now results in a
|
|
:class:`~http.cookies.Morsel` instance rather than a *dict*, and
|
|
:meth:`~http.cookies.Morsel.update` will no raise an exception if any of the
|
|
keys in the update dictionary are invalid. In addition, the undocumented
|
|
*LegalChars* parameter of :func:`~http.cookies.Morsel.set` is deprecated and
|
|
is now ignored. (:issue:`2211`)
|
|
|
|
Changes in the C API
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
* The undocumented :c:member:`~PyMemoryViewObject.format` member of the
|
|
(non-public) :c:type:`PyMemoryViewObject` structure has been removed.
|
|
|
|
All extensions relying on the relevant parts in ``memoryobject.h``
|
|
must be rebuilt.
|
|
|
|
* The :c:type:`PyMemAllocator` structure was renamed to
|
|
:c:type:`PyMemAllocatorEx` and a new ``calloc`` field was added.
|
|
|
|
* Removed non-documented macro :c:macro:`PyObject_REPR` which leaked references.
|
|
Use format character ``%R`` in :c:func:`PyUnicode_FromFormat`-like functions
|
|
to format the :func:`repr` of the object.
|
|
|
|
* Because the lack of the :attr:`__module__` attribute breaks pickling and
|
|
introspection, a deprecation warning now is raised for builtin type without
|
|
the :attr:`__module__` attribute. Would be an AttributeError in future.
|
|
(:issue:`20204`)
|