import functools import collections import sys import unittest from test import support from weakref import proxy import pickle from random import choice @staticmethod def PythonPartial(func, *args, **keywords): 'Pure Python approximation of partial()' def newfunc(*fargs, **fkeywords): newkeywords = keywords.copy() newkeywords.update(fkeywords) return func(*(args + fargs), **newkeywords) newfunc.func = func newfunc.args = args newfunc.keywords = keywords return newfunc def capture(*args, **kw): """capture all positional and keyword arguments""" return args, kw def signature(part): """ return the signature of a partial object """ return (part.func, part.args, part.keywords, part.__dict__) class TestPartial(unittest.TestCase): thetype = functools.partial def test_basic_examples(self): p = self.thetype(capture, 1, 2, a=10, b=20) self.assertEqual(p(3, 4, b=30, c=40), ((1, 2, 3, 4), dict(a=10, b=30, c=40))) p = self.thetype(map, lambda x: x*10) self.assertEqual(list(p([1,2,3,4])), [10, 20, 30, 40]) def test_attributes(self): p = self.thetype(capture, 1, 2, a=10, b=20) # attributes should be readable self.assertEqual(p.func, capture) self.assertEqual(p.args, (1, 2)) self.assertEqual(p.keywords, dict(a=10, b=20)) # attributes should not be writable if not isinstance(self.thetype, type): return self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, p, 'func', map) self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, p, 'args', (1, 2)) self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, p, 'keywords', dict(a=1, b=2)) p = self.thetype(hex) try: del p.__dict__ except TypeError: pass else: self.fail('partial object allowed __dict__ to be deleted') def test_argument_checking(self): self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.thetype) # need at least a func arg try: self.thetype(2)() except TypeError: pass else: self.fail('First arg not checked for callability') def test_protection_of_callers_dict_argument(self): # a caller's dictionary should not be altered by partial def func(a=10, b=20): return a d = {'a':3} p = self.thetype(func, a=5) self.assertEqual(p(**d), 3) self.assertEqual(d, {'a':3}) p(b=7) self.assertEqual(d, {'a':3}) def test_arg_combinations(self): # exercise special code paths for zero args in either partial # object or the caller p = self.thetype(capture) self.assertEqual(p(), ((), {})) self.assertEqual(p(1,2), ((1,2), {})) p = self.thetype(capture, 1, 2) self.assertEqual(p(), ((1,2), {})) self.assertEqual(p(3,4), ((1,2,3,4), {})) def test_kw_combinations(self): # exercise special code paths for no keyword args in # either the partial object or the caller p = self.thetype(capture) self.assertEqual(p(), ((), {})) self.assertEqual(p(a=1), ((), {'a':1})) p = self.thetype(capture, a=1) self.assertEqual(p(), ((), {'a':1})) self.assertEqual(p(b=2), ((), {'a':1, 'b':2})) # keyword args in the call override those in the partial object self.assertEqual(p(a=3, b=2), ((), {'a':3, 'b':2})) def test_positional(self): # make sure positional arguments are captured correctly for args in [(), (0,), (0,1), (0,1,2), (0,1,2,3)]: p = self.thetype(capture, *args) expected = args + ('x',) got, empty = p('x') self.assertTrue(expected == got and empty == {}) def test_keyword(self): # make sure keyword arguments are captured correctly for a in ['a', 0, None, 3.5]: p = self.thetype(capture, a=a) expected = {'a':a,'x':None} empty, got = p(x=None) self.assertTrue(expected == got and empty == ()) def test_no_side_effects(self): # make sure there are no side effects that affect subsequent calls p = self.thetype(capture, 0, a=1) args1, kw1 = p(1, b=2) self.assertTrue(args1 == (0,1) and kw1 == {'a':1,'b':2}) args2, kw2 = p() self.assertTrue(args2 == (0,) and kw2 == {'a':1}) def test_error_propagation(self): def f(x, y): x / y self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, self.thetype(f, 1, 0)) self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, self.thetype(f, 1), 0) self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, self.thetype(f), 1, 0) self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, self.thetype(f, y=0), 1) def test_weakref(self): f = self.thetype(int, base=16) p = proxy(f) self.assertEqual(f.func, p.func) f = None self.assertRaises(ReferenceError, getattr, p, 'func') def test_with_bound_and_unbound_methods(self): data = list(map(str, range(10))) join = self.thetype(str.join, '') self.assertEqual(join(data), '0123456789') join = self.thetype(''.join) self.assertEqual(join(data), '0123456789') def test_repr(self): args = (object(), object()) args_repr = ', '.join(repr(a) for a in args) kwargs = {'a': object(), 'b': object()} kwargs_repr = ', '.join("%s=%r" % (k, v) for k, v in kwargs.items()) if self.thetype is functools.partial: name = 'functools.partial' else: name = self.thetype.__name__ f = self.thetype(capture) self.assertEqual('{}({!r})'.format(name, capture), repr(f)) f = self.thetype(capture, *args) self.assertEqual('{}({!r}, {})'.format(name, capture, args_repr), repr(f)) f = self.thetype(capture, **kwargs) self.assertEqual('{}({!r}, {})'.format(name, capture, kwargs_repr), repr(f)) f = self.thetype(capture, *args, **kwargs) self.assertEqual('{}({!r}, {}, {})'.format(name, capture, args_repr, kwargs_repr), repr(f)) def test_pickle(self): f = self.thetype(signature, 'asdf', bar=True) f.add_something_to__dict__ = True f_copy = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(f)) self.assertEqual(signature(f), signature(f_copy)) # Issue 6083: Reference counting bug def test_setstate_refcount(self): class BadSequence: def __len__(self): return 4 def __getitem__(self, key): if key == 0: return max elif key == 1: return tuple(range(1000000)) elif key in (2, 3): return {} raise IndexError f = self.thetype(object) self.assertRaisesRegex(SystemError, "new style getargs format but argument is not a tuple", f.__setstate__, BadSequence()) class PartialSubclass(functools.partial): pass class TestPartialSubclass(TestPartial): thetype = PartialSubclass class TestPythonPartial(TestPartial): thetype = PythonPartial # the python version hasn't a nice repr def test_repr(self): pass # the python version isn't picklable def test_pickle(self): pass def test_setstate_refcount(self): pass class TestUpdateWrapper(unittest.TestCase): def check_wrapper(self, wrapper, wrapped, assigned=functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS, updated=functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES): # Check attributes were assigned for name in assigned: self.assertTrue(getattr(wrapper, name) is getattr(wrapped, name)) # Check attributes were updated for name in updated: wrapper_attr = getattr(wrapper, name) wrapped_attr = getattr(wrapped, name) for key in wrapped_attr: self.assertTrue(wrapped_attr[key] is wrapper_attr[key]) def _default_update(self): def f(a:'This is a new annotation'): """This is a test""" pass f.attr = 'This is also a test' def wrapper(b:'This is the prior annotation'): pass functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, f) return wrapper, f def test_default_update(self): wrapper, f = self._default_update() self.check_wrapper(wrapper, f) self.assertIs(wrapper.__wrapped__, f) self.assertEqual(wrapper.__name__, 'f') self.assertEqual(wrapper.__qualname__, f.__qualname__) self.assertEqual(wrapper.attr, 'This is also a test') self.assertEqual(wrapper.__annotations__['a'], 'This is a new annotation') self.assertNotIn('b', wrapper.__annotations__) @unittest.skipIf(sys.flags.optimize >= 2, "Docstrings are omitted with -O2 and above") def test_default_update_doc(self): wrapper, f = self._default_update() self.assertEqual(wrapper.__doc__, 'This is a test') def test_no_update(self): def f(): """This is a test""" pass f.attr = 'This is also a test' def wrapper(): pass functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, f, (), ()) self.check_wrapper(wrapper, f, (), ()) self.assertEqual(wrapper.__name__, 'wrapper') self.assertNotEqual(wrapper.__qualname__, f.__qualname__) self.assertEqual(wrapper.__doc__, None) self.assertEqual(wrapper.__annotations__, {}) self.assertFalse(hasattr(wrapper, 'attr')) def test_selective_update(self): def f(): pass f.attr = 'This is a different test' f.dict_attr = dict(a=1, b=2, c=3) def wrapper(): pass wrapper.dict_attr = {} assign = ('attr',) update = ('dict_attr',) functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, f, assign, update) self.check_wrapper(wrapper, f, assign, update) self.assertEqual(wrapper.__name__, 'wrapper') self.assertNotEqual(wrapper.__qualname__, f.__qualname__) self.assertEqual(wrapper.__doc__, None) self.assertEqual(wrapper.attr, 'This is a different test') self.assertEqual(wrapper.dict_attr, f.dict_attr) def test_missing_attributes(self): def f(): pass def wrapper(): pass wrapper.dict_attr = {} assign = ('attr',) update = ('dict_attr',) # Missing attributes on wrapped object are ignored functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, f, assign, update) self.assertNotIn('attr', wrapper.__dict__) self.assertEqual(wrapper.dict_attr, {}) # Wrapper must have expected attributes for updating del wrapper.dict_attr with self.assertRaises(AttributeError): functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, f, assign, update) wrapper.dict_attr = 1 with self.assertRaises(AttributeError): functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, f, assign, update) @support.requires_docstrings @unittest.skipIf(sys.flags.optimize >= 2, "Docstrings are omitted with -O2 and above") def test_builtin_update(self): # Test for bug #1576241 def wrapper(): pass functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, max) self.assertEqual(wrapper.__name__, 'max') self.assertTrue(wrapper.__doc__.startswith('max(')) self.assertEqual(wrapper.__annotations__, {}) class TestWraps(TestUpdateWrapper): def _default_update(self): def f(): """This is a test""" pass f.attr = 'This is also a test' @functools.wraps(f) def wrapper(): pass self.check_wrapper(wrapper, f) return wrapper, f def test_default_update(self): wrapper, f = self._default_update() self.assertEqual(wrapper.__name__, 'f') self.assertEqual(wrapper.__qualname__, f.__qualname__) self.assertEqual(wrapper.attr, 'This is also a test') @unittest.skipIf(sys.flags.optimize >= 2, "Docstrings are omitted with -O2 and above") def test_default_update_doc(self): wrapper, _ = self._default_update() self.assertEqual(wrapper.__doc__, 'This is a test') def test_no_update(self): def f(): """This is a test""" pass f.attr = 'This is also a test' @functools.wraps(f, (), ()) def wrapper(): pass self.check_wrapper(wrapper, f, (), ()) self.assertEqual(wrapper.__name__, 'wrapper') self.assertNotEqual(wrapper.__qualname__, f.__qualname__) self.assertEqual(wrapper.__doc__, None) self.assertFalse(hasattr(wrapper, 'attr')) def test_selective_update(self): def f(): pass f.attr = 'This is a different test' f.dict_attr = dict(a=1, b=2, c=3) def add_dict_attr(f): f.dict_attr = {} return f assign = ('attr',) update = ('dict_attr',) @functools.wraps(f, assign, update) @add_dict_attr def wrapper(): pass self.check_wrapper(wrapper, f, assign, update) self.assertEqual(wrapper.__name__, 'wrapper') self.assertNotEqual(wrapper.__qualname__, f.__qualname__) self.assertEqual(wrapper.__doc__, None) self.assertEqual(wrapper.attr, 'This is a different test') self.assertEqual(wrapper.dict_attr, f.dict_attr) class TestReduce(unittest.TestCase): func = functools.reduce def test_reduce(self): class Squares: def __init__(self, max): self.max = max self.sofar = [] def __len__(self): return len(self.sofar) def __getitem__(self, i): if not 0 <= i < self.max: raise IndexError n = len(self.sofar) while n <= i: self.sofar.append(n*n) n += 1 return self.sofar[i] def add(x, y): return x + y self.assertEqual(self.func(add, ['a', 'b', 'c'], ''), 'abc') self.assertEqual( self.func(add, [['a', 'c'], [], ['d', 'w']], []), ['a','c','d','w'] ) self.assertEqual(self.func(lambda x, y: x*y, range(2,8), 1), 5040) self.assertEqual( self.func(lambda x, y: x*y, range(2,21), 1), 2432902008176640000 ) self.assertEqual(self.func(add, Squares(10)), 285) self.assertEqual(self.func(add, Squares(10), 0), 285) self.assertEqual(self.func(add, Squares(0), 0), 0) self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.func) self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.func, 42, 42) self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.func, 42, 42, 42) self.assertEqual(self.func(42, "1"), "1") # func is never called with one item self.assertEqual(self.func(42, "", "1"), "1") # func is never called with one item self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.func, 42, (42, 42)) self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.func, add, []) # arg 2 must not be empty sequence with no initial value self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.func, add, "") self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.func, add, ()) self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.func, add, object()) class TestFailingIter: def __iter__(self): raise RuntimeError self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, self.func, add, TestFailingIter()) self.assertEqual(self.func(add, [], None), None) self.assertEqual(self.func(add, [], 42), 42) class BadSeq: def __getitem__(self, index): raise ValueError self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.func, 42, BadSeq()) # Test reduce()'s use of iterators. def test_iterator_usage(self): class SequenceClass: def __init__(self, n): self.n = n def __getitem__(self, i): if 0 <= i < self.n: return i else: raise IndexError from operator import add self.assertEqual(self.func(add, SequenceClass(5)), 10) self.assertEqual(self.func(add, SequenceClass(5), 42), 52) self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.func, add, SequenceClass(0)) self.assertEqual(self.func(add, SequenceClass(0), 42), 42) self.assertEqual(self.func(add, SequenceClass(1)), 0) self.assertEqual(self.func(add, SequenceClass(1), 42), 42) d = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3} self.assertEqual(self.func(add, d), "".join(d.keys())) class TestCmpToKey(unittest.TestCase): def test_cmp_to_key(self): def cmp1(x, y): return (x > y) - (x < y) key = functools.cmp_to_key(cmp1) self.assertEqual(key(3), key(3)) self.assertGreater(key(3), key(1)) def cmp2(x, y): return int(x) - int(y) key = functools.cmp_to_key(cmp2) self.assertEqual(key(4.0), key('4')) self.assertLess(key(2), key('35')) def test_cmp_to_key_arguments(self): def cmp1(x, y): return (x > y) - (x < y) key = functools.cmp_to_key(mycmp=cmp1) self.assertEqual(key(obj=3), key(obj=3)) self.assertGreater(key(obj=3), key(obj=1)) with self.assertRaises((TypeError, AttributeError)): key(3) > 1 # rhs is not a K object with self.assertRaises((TypeError, AttributeError)): 1 < key(3) # lhs is not a K object with self.assertRaises(TypeError): key = functools.cmp_to_key() # too few args with self.assertRaises(TypeError): key = functools.cmp_to_key(cmp1, None) # too many args key = functools.cmp_to_key(cmp1) with self.assertRaises(TypeError): key() # too few args with self.assertRaises(TypeError): key(None, None) # too many args def test_bad_cmp(self): def cmp1(x, y): raise ZeroDivisionError key = functools.cmp_to_key(cmp1) with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError): key(3) > key(1) class BadCmp: def __lt__(self, other): raise ZeroDivisionError def cmp1(x, y): return BadCmp() with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError): key(3) > key(1) def test_obj_field(self): def cmp1(x, y): return (x > y) - (x < y) key = functools.cmp_to_key(mycmp=cmp1) self.assertEqual(key(50).obj, 50) def test_sort_int(self): def mycmp(x, y): return y - x self.assertEqual(sorted(range(5), key=functools.cmp_to_key(mycmp)), [4, 3, 2, 1, 0]) def test_sort_int_str(self): def mycmp(x, y): x, y = int(x), int(y) return (x > y) - (x < y) values = [5, '3', 7, 2, '0', '1', 4, '10', 1] values = sorted(values, key=functools.cmp_to_key(mycmp)) self.assertEqual([int(value) for value in values], [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10]) def test_hash(self): def mycmp(x, y): return y - x key = functools.cmp_to_key(mycmp) k = key(10) self.assertRaises(TypeError, hash, k) self.assertNotIsInstance(k, collections.Hashable) class TestTotalOrdering(unittest.TestCase): def test_total_ordering_lt(self): @functools.total_ordering class A: def __init__(self, value): self.value = value def __lt__(self, other): return self.value < other.value def __eq__(self, other): return self.value == other.value self.assertTrue(A(1) < A(2)) self.assertTrue(A(2) > A(1)) self.assertTrue(A(1) <= A(2)) self.assertTrue(A(2) >= A(1)) self.assertTrue(A(2) <= A(2)) self.assertTrue(A(2) >= A(2)) def test_total_ordering_le(self): @functools.total_ordering class A: def __init__(self, value): self.value = value def __le__(self, other): return self.value <= other.value def __eq__(self, other): return self.value == other.value self.assertTrue(A(1) < A(2)) self.assertTrue(A(2) > A(1)) self.assertTrue(A(1) <= A(2)) self.assertTrue(A(2) >= A(1)) self.assertTrue(A(2) <= A(2)) self.assertTrue(A(2) >= A(2)) def test_total_ordering_gt(self): @functools.total_ordering class A: def __init__(self, value): self.value = value def __gt__(self, other): return self.value > other.value def __eq__(self, other): return self.value == other.value self.assertTrue(A(1) < A(2)) self.assertTrue(A(2) > A(1)) self.assertTrue(A(1) <= A(2)) self.assertTrue(A(2) >= A(1)) self.assertTrue(A(2) <= A(2)) self.assertTrue(A(2) >= A(2)) def test_total_ordering_ge(self): @functools.total_ordering class A: def __init__(self, value): self.value = value def __ge__(self, other): return self.value >= other.value def __eq__(self, other): return self.value == other.value self.assertTrue(A(1) < A(2)) self.assertTrue(A(2) > A(1)) self.assertTrue(A(1) <= A(2)) self.assertTrue(A(2) >= A(1)) self.assertTrue(A(2) <= A(2)) self.assertTrue(A(2) >= A(2)) def test_total_ordering_no_overwrite(self): # new methods should not overwrite existing @functools.total_ordering class A(int): pass self.assertTrue(A(1) < A(2)) self.assertTrue(A(2) > A(1)) self.assertTrue(A(1) <= A(2)) self.assertTrue(A(2) >= A(1)) self.assertTrue(A(2) <= A(2)) self.assertTrue(A(2) >= A(2)) def test_no_operations_defined(self): with self.assertRaises(ValueError): @functools.total_ordering class A: pass def test_bug_10042(self): @functools.total_ordering class TestTO: def __init__(self, value): self.value = value def __eq__(self, other): if isinstance(other, TestTO): return self.value == other.value return False def __lt__(self, other): if isinstance(other, TestTO): return self.value < other.value raise TypeError with self.assertRaises(TypeError): TestTO(8) <= () class TestLRU(unittest.TestCase): def test_lru(self): def orig(x, y): return 3*x+y f = functools.lru_cache(maxsize=20)(orig) hits, misses, maxsize, currsize = f.cache_info() self.assertEqual(maxsize, 20) self.assertEqual(currsize, 0) self.assertEqual(hits, 0) self.assertEqual(misses, 0) domain = range(5) for i in range(1000): x, y = choice(domain), choice(domain) actual = f(x, y) expected = orig(x, y) self.assertEqual(actual, expected) hits, misses, maxsize, currsize = f.cache_info() self.assertTrue(hits > misses) self.assertEqual(hits + misses, 1000) self.assertEqual(currsize, 20) f.cache_clear() # test clearing hits, misses, maxsize, currsize = f.cache_info() self.assertEqual(hits, 0) self.assertEqual(misses, 0) self.assertEqual(currsize, 0) f(x, y) hits, misses, maxsize, currsize = f.cache_info() self.assertEqual(hits, 0) self.assertEqual(misses, 1) self.assertEqual(currsize, 1) # Test bypassing the cache self.assertIs(f.__wrapped__, orig) f.__wrapped__(x, y) hits, misses, maxsize, currsize = f.cache_info() self.assertEqual(hits, 0) self.assertEqual(misses, 1) self.assertEqual(currsize, 1) # test size zero (which means "never-cache") @functools.lru_cache(0) def f(): nonlocal f_cnt f_cnt += 1 return 20 self.assertEqual(f.cache_info().maxsize, 0) f_cnt = 0 for i in range(5): self.assertEqual(f(), 20) self.assertEqual(f_cnt, 5) hits, misses, maxsize, currsize = f.cache_info() self.assertEqual(hits, 0) self.assertEqual(misses, 5) self.assertEqual(currsize, 0) # test size one @functools.lru_cache(1) def f(): nonlocal f_cnt f_cnt += 1 return 20 self.assertEqual(f.cache_info().maxsize, 1) f_cnt = 0 for i in range(5): self.assertEqual(f(), 20) self.assertEqual(f_cnt, 1) hits, misses, maxsize, currsize = f.cache_info() self.assertEqual(hits, 4) self.assertEqual(misses, 1) self.assertEqual(currsize, 1) # test size two @functools.lru_cache(2) def f(x): nonlocal f_cnt f_cnt += 1 return x*10 self.assertEqual(f.cache_info().maxsize, 2) f_cnt = 0 for x in 7, 9, 7, 9, 7, 9, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 8, 8, 8, 7: # * * * * self.assertEqual(f(x), x*10) self.assertEqual(f_cnt, 4) hits, misses, maxsize, currsize = f.cache_info() self.assertEqual(hits, 12) self.assertEqual(misses, 4) self.assertEqual(currsize, 2) def test_lru_with_maxsize_none(self): @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None) def fib(n): if n < 2: return n return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2) self.assertEqual([fib(n) for n in range(16)], [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610]) self.assertEqual(fib.cache_info(), functools._CacheInfo(hits=28, misses=16, maxsize=None, currsize=16)) fib.cache_clear() self.assertEqual(fib.cache_info(), functools._CacheInfo(hits=0, misses=0, maxsize=None, currsize=0)) def test_lru_with_exceptions(self): # Verify that user_function exceptions get passed through without # creating a hard-to-read chained exception. # http://bugs.python.org/issue13177 for maxsize in (None, 100): @functools.lru_cache(maxsize) def func(i): return 'abc'[i] self.assertEqual(func(0), 'a') with self.assertRaises(IndexError) as cm: func(15) self.assertIsNone(cm.exception.__context__) # Verify that the previous exception did not result in a cached entry with self.assertRaises(IndexError): func(15) def test_lru_with_types(self): for maxsize in (None, 100): @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=maxsize, typed=True) def square(x): return x * x self.assertEqual(square(3), 9) self.assertEqual(type(square(3)), type(9)) self.assertEqual(square(3.0), 9.0) self.assertEqual(type(square(3.0)), type(9.0)) self.assertEqual(square(x=3), 9) self.assertEqual(type(square(x=3)), type(9)) self.assertEqual(square(x=3.0), 9.0) self.assertEqual(type(square(x=3.0)), type(9.0)) self.assertEqual(square.cache_info().hits, 4) self.assertEqual(square.cache_info().misses, 4) def test_need_for_rlock(self): # This will deadlock on an LRU cache that uses a regular lock @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=10) def test_func(x): 'Used to demonstrate a reentrant lru_cache call within a single thread' return x class DoubleEq: 'Demonstrate a reentrant lru_cache call within a single thread' def __init__(self, x): self.x = x def __hash__(self): return self.x def __eq__(self, other): if self.x == 2: test_func(DoubleEq(1)) return self.x == other.x test_func(DoubleEq(1)) # Load the cache test_func(DoubleEq(2)) # Load the cache self.assertEqual(test_func(DoubleEq(2)), # Trigger a re-entrant __eq__ call DoubleEq(2)) # Verify the correct return value def test_main(verbose=None): test_classes = ( TestPartial, TestPartialSubclass, TestPythonPartial, TestUpdateWrapper, TestTotalOrdering, TestCmpToKey, TestWraps, TestReduce, TestLRU, ) support.run_unittest(*test_classes) # verify reference counting if verbose and hasattr(sys, "gettotalrefcount"): import gc counts = [None] * 5 for i in range(len(counts)): support.run_unittest(*test_classes) gc.collect() counts[i] = sys.gettotalrefcount() print(counts) if __name__ == '__main__': test_main(verbose=True)