discussion.
There are two places of documentation that still mention __context__:
Doc/lib/libstdtypes.tex -- I wasn't quite sure how to rewrite that without
spending a whole lot of time thinking about it; and whatsnew, which Andrew
usually likes to change himself.
PyTypeObject structures, I had to make prototypes for the functions, and
move the structure definition ahead of the functions. I'd dearly like a better
way to do this - to change this would make for a massive set of changes to
the codebase.
There's still some warnings - this is purely to get rid of errors first.
Anyway, this is the changes to the with-statement
so that __exit__ must return a true value in order
for a pending exception to be ignored.
The PEP (343) is already updated.
- New semantics for __exit__() -- it must re-raise the exception
if type is not None; the with-statement itself doesn't do this.
(See the updated PEP for motivation.)
- Added context managers to:
- file
- thread.LockType
- threading.{Lock,RLock,Condition,Semaphore,BoundedSemaphore}
- decimal.Context
- Added contextlib.py, which defines @contextmanager, nested(), closing().
- Unit tests all around; bot no docs yet.
readline/readlines/read/readinto, loudly break by raising ValueError, rather
than silently deliver data out of order or hitting EOF prematurely.
Probably not a bugfix candidate, even though it affects no 'working' code.
In C++, it's an error to pass a string literal to a char* function
without a const_cast(). Rather than require every C++ extension
module to put a cast around string literals, fix the API to state the
const-ness.
I focused on parts of the API where people usually pass literals:
PyArg_ParseTuple() and friends, Py_BuildValue(), PyMethodDef, the type
slots, etc. Predictably, there were a large set of functions that
needed to be fixed as a result of these changes. The most pervasive
change was to make the keyword args list passed to
PyArg_ParseTupleAndKewords() to be a const char *kwlist[].
One cast was required as a result of the changes: A type object
mallocs the memory for its tp_doc slot and later frees it.
PyTypeObject says that tp_doc is const char *; but if the type was
created by type_new(), we know it is safe to cast to char *.
close() calls would attempt to free() the buffer already free()ed on
the first close(). [bug introduced with patch #788249]
Making sure that the buffer is free()ed in file object deallocation is
a belt-n-braces bit of insurance against a memory leak.
file_truncate(): C doesn't define what fflush(fp) does if fp is open
for update, and the preceding I/O operation on fp was input. On Windows,
fflush() actually changes the current file position then. Because
Windows doesn't support ftruncate() directly, this not only caused
Python's file.truncate() to change the file position (contra our docs),
it also caused the file not to change size.
Repaired by getting the initial file position at the start, restoring
it at the end, and tossing all the complicated micro-efficiency checks
trying to avoid "provably unnecessary" seeks. file.truncate() can't
be a frequent operation, and seeking to the current file position has
got to be cheap anyway.
Bugfix candidate.
Obtain cleaner coding and a system wide
performance boost by using the fast, pre-parsed
PyArg_Unpack function instead of PyArg_ParseTuple
function which is driven by a format string.
[#521782] unreliable file.read() error handling
* Objects/fileobject.c
(file_read): Clear errors before leaving the loop in all situations,
and also check if some data was read before exiting the loop with an
EWOULDBLOCK exception.
* Doc/lib/libstdtypes.tex
* Objects/fileobject.c
Document that sometimes a read() operation can return less data than
what the user asked, if running in non-blocking mode.
* Misc/NEWS
Document the fix.
For a file f, iter(f) now returns f (unless f is closed), and f.next()
is similar to f.readline() when EOF is not reached; however, f.next()
uses a readahead buffer that messes up the file position, so mixing
f.next() and f.readline() (or other methods) doesn't work right.
Calling f.seek() drops the readahead buffer, but other operations
don't.
The real purpose of this change is to reduce the confusion between
objects and their iterators. By making a file its own iterator, it's
made clearer that using the iterator modifies the file object's state
(in particular the current position).
A nice side effect is that this speeds up "for line in f:" by not
having to use the xreadlines module. The f.xreadlines() method is
still supported for backwards compatibility, though it is the same as
iter(f) now.
(I made some cosmetic changes to Oren's code, and added a test for
"file closed" to file_iternext() and file_iter().)
MSDN sample programs use it, apparently in error. The correct name
is WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN. After switching to the correct name, in two
cases more was needed because the code actually relied on things that
disappear when WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN is defined.
don't understand how this function works, also beefed up the docs. The
most common usage error is of this form (often spread out across gotos):
if (_PyString_Resize(&s, n) < 0) {
Py_DECREF(s);
s = NULL;
goto outtahere;
}
The error is that if _PyString_Resize runs out of memory, it automatically
decrefs the input string object s (which also deallocates it, since its
refcount must be 1 upon entry), and sets s to NULL. So if the "if"
branch ever triggers, it's an error to call Py_DECREF(s): s is already
NULL! A correct way to write the above is the simpler (and intended)
if (_PyString_Resize(&s, n) < 0)
goto outtahere;
Bugfix candidate.
+ Continued looping until n bytes in the buffer have been filled, not
just when n bytes have been read from the file. This repairs the
bug that f.readlines() only sucked up the first 8192 bytes of the file
on Windows when universal newlines was enabled and f was opened in
U mode (see Python-Dev -- this was the ultimate cause of the
test_inspect.py failure).
+ Changed prototye to take a char* buffer (void* doesn't make much sense).
+ Squashed size_t vs int mismatches (in particular, besides the unsigned
vs signed distinction, size_t may be larger than int).
+ Gets out under all error conditions now (it's possible for fread() to
suffer an error even if it returns a number larger than 0 -- any
"short read" is an error or EOF condition).
+ Rearranged and simplified declarations.
Highlights: import and friends will understand any of \r, \n and \r\n
as end of line. Python file input will do the same if you use mode 'U'.
Everything can be disabled by configuring with --without-universal-newlines.
See PEP278 for details.
open_the_file: Some (not all) flavors of Windows set errno to EINVAL
when passed a syntactically invalid filename. Python turned that into an
incomprehensible complaint about the mode string. Fixed by special-casing
MSVC.
PEP 285. Everything described in the PEP is here, and there is even
some documentation. I had to fix 12 unit tests; all but one of these
were printing Boolean outcomes that changed from 0/1 to False/True.
(The exception is test_unicode.py, which did a type(x) == type(y)
style comparison. I could've fixed that with a single line using
issubtype(x, type(y)), but instead chose to be explicit about those
places where a bool is expected.
Still to do: perhaps more documentation; change standard library
modules to return False/True from predicates.
of get_line. This makes test_bufio finish in 1.7 seconds instead of 57
seconds on my machine (with Py_DEBUG defined).
Also, rename the local variables n1 and n2 to used_v_size and
total_v_size.
When WITH_PYMALLOC is defined, define PYMALLOC_DEBUG to enable the debug
allocator. This can be done independent of build type (release or debug).
A debug build automatically defines PYMALLOC_DEBUG when pymalloc is
enabled. It's a detected error to define PYMALLOC_DEBUG when pymalloc
isn't enabled.
Two debugging entry points defined only under PYMALLOC_DEBUG:
+ _PyMalloc_DebugCheckAddress(const void *p) can be used (e.g., from gdb)
to sanity-check a memory block obtained from pymalloc. It sprays
info to stderr (see next) and dies via Py_FatalError if the block is
detectably damaged.
+ _PyMalloc_DebugDumpAddress(const void *p) can be used to spray info
about a debug memory block to stderr.
A tiny start at implementing "API family" checks isn't good for
anything yet.
_PyMalloc_DebugRealloc() has been optimized to do little when the new
size is <= old size. However, if the new size is larger, it really
can't call the underlying realloc() routine without either violating its
contract, or knowing something non-trivial about how the underlying
realloc() works. A memcpy is always done in this case.
This was a disaster for (and only) one of the std tests: test_bufio
creates single text file lines up to a million characters long. On
Windows, fileobject.c's get_line() uses the horridly funky
getline_via_fgets(), which keeps growing and growing a string object
hoping to find a newline. It grew the string object 1000 bytes each
time, so for a million-character string it took approximately forever
(I gave up after a few minutes).
So, also:
fileobject.c, getline_via_fgets(): When a single line is outrageously
long, grow the string object at a mildly exponential rate, instead of
just 1000 bytes at a time.
That's enough so that a debug-build test_bufio finishes in about 5 seconds
on my Win98SE box. I'm curious to try this on Win2K, because it has very
different memory behavior than Win9X, and test_bufio always took a factor
of 10 longer to complete on Win2K. It *could* be that the endless
reallocs were simply killing it on Win2K even in the release build.
and (b) stop trying to prevent file growth.
Beef up the file.truncate() docs.
Change test_largefile.py to stop assuming that f.truncate() moves the
file pointer to the truncation point, and to verify instead that it leaves
the file position alone. Remove the test for what happens when a
specified size exceeds the original file size (it's ill-defined, according
to the Single Unix Spec).
dropping MS's inadequate _chsize() function. This was inspired by
SF patch 498109 ("fileobject truncate support for win32"), which I
rejected.
libstdtypes.tex: Someone who knows should update the availability
blurb. For example, if it's available on Linux, it would be good to
say so.
test_largefile: Uncommented the file.truncate() tests, and reworked to
do more. The old comment about "permission errors" in the truncation
tests under Windows was almost certainly due to that the file wasn't open
for *write* access at this point, so of course MS wouldn't let you
truncate it. I'd be appalled if a Unixish system did.
CAUTION: Someone should run this test on Linux (etc) too. The
truncation part was commented out before. Note that test_largefile isn't
run by default.
Objects/
fileobject.c
stringobject.c
unicodeobject.c
This commit doesn't include the cleanup patches for stringobject.c and
unicodeobject.c which are shown separately in the patch manager. Those
patches will be regenerated and applied in a subsequent commit, so as
to preserve a fallback position (this commit to those files).
const char* instead of char*. The change is conceptually correct, and
indirectly fixes a compiler wng introduced when somebody else innocently
passed a const char* to this function.
object, so the "Metroworks only" section should not decref it in case
of error (the caller is responsible for decref'ing in case of error --
and does).
The C-code in fileobject.readinto(buffer) which parses
the arguments assumes that size_t is interchangeable
with int:
size_t ntodo, ndone, nnow;
if (f->f_fp == NULL)
return err_closed();
if (!PyArg_Parse(args, "w#", &ptr, &ntodo))
return NULL;
This causes a problem on Alpha / Tru64 / OSF1 v5.1
where size_t is a long and sizeof(long) != sizeof(int).
The patch I'm proposing declares ntodo as an int. An
alternative might be to redefine w# to expect size_t.
[We can't change w# because there are probably third party modules
relying on it. GvR]
The problem is that if fread() returns a short count, we attempt
another fread() the next time through the loop, and apparently glibc
clears or ignores the eof condition so the second fread() requires
another ^D to make it see the eof condition.
According to the man page (and the C std, I hope) fread() can only
return a short count on error or eof. I'm using that in the band-aid
solution to avoid calling fread() a second time after a short read.
Note that xreadlines() still has this problem: it calls
readlines(sizehint) until it gets a zero-length return. Since
xreadlines() is mostly used for reading real files, I won't worry
about this until we get a bug report.
lseek(fp, 0L, SEEK_CUR) can make a filedescriptor unusable.
This workaround is expected to last only a few weeks (until GUSI
is fixed), but without it test_email fails.
many types were subclassable but had a xxx_dealloc function that
called PyObject_DEL(self) directly instead of deferring to
self->ob_type->tp_free(self). It is permissible to set tp_free in the
type object directly to _PyObject_Del, for non-GC types, or to
_PyObject_GC_Del, for GC types. Still, PyObject_DEL was a tad faster,
so I'm fearing that our pystone rating is going down again. I'm not
sure if doing something like
void xxx_dealloc(PyObject *self)
{
if (PyXxxCheckExact(self))
PyObject_DEL(self);
else
self->ob_type->tp_free(self);
}
is any faster than always calling the else branch, so I haven't
attempted that -- however those types whose own dealloc is fancier
(int, float, unicode) do use this pattern.
no backwards compatibility to worry about, so I just pushed the
'closure' struct member to the back -- it's never used in the current
code base (I may eliminate it, but that's more work because the getter
and setter signatures would have to change.)
As examples, I added actual docstrings to the getset attributes of a
few types: file.closed, xxsubtype.spamdict.state.
compatibility, this required all places where an array of "struct
memberlist" structures was declared that is referenced from a type's
tp_members slot to change the type of the structure to PyMemberDef;
"struct memberlist" is now only used by old code that still calls
PyMember_Get/Set. The code in PyObject_GenericGetAttr/SetAttr now
calls the new APIs PyMember_GetOne/SetOne, which take a PyMemberDef
argument.
As examples, I added actual docstrings to the attributes of a few
types: file, complex, instance method, super, and xxsubtype.spamlist.
Also converted the symtable to new style getattr.
A surprising number of changes to split tp_new into tp_new and tp_init.
Turned out the older PyFile_FromFile() didn't initialize the memory it
allocated in all (error) cases, which caused new sanity asserts
elsewhere to fail left & right (and could have, e.g., caused file_dealloc
to try decrefing random addresses).
just by doing type(f) where f is any file object. This left a hole in
restricted execution mode that rexec.py can't plug by itself (although it
can plug part of it; the rest is plugged in fileobject.c now).
Subtlety on Windows: if we change test_largefile.py to use a file
> 4GB, it still fails. A debug session suggests this is because
fseek(fp, 0, 2) refuses to seek to the end of the file when the file
is > 4GB, because it uses the SetFilePointer() in 32-bit mode.
But it only fails when we seek relative to the end of the file,
because in the other seek modes only calls to fgetpos() and fsetpos()
are made, which use Get/SetFilePointer() in 64-bit mode. Solution:
#ifdef MS_WInDOWS, replace the call to fseek(fp, ...) with a call to
_lseeki64(fileno(fp), ...). Make sure to call fflush(fp) first.
(XXX Could also replace the entire branch with a call to _lseeki64().
Would that be more efficient? Certainly less generated code.)
(XXX This needs more testing. I can't actually test that it works for
files >4GB on my Win98 machine, because the filesystem here won't let
me create files >=4GB at all. Tim should test this on his Win2K
machine.)
Curious: the MS docs say stati64 etc are supported even on Win95, but
Win95 doesn't support a filesystem that allows partitions > 2 Gb.
test_largefile: This was opening its test file in text mode. I have no
idea how that worked under Win64, but it sure needs binary mode on Win98.
BTW, on Win98 test_largefile runs quickly (under a second).
I believe this works on Linux (tested both on a system with large file
support and one without it), and it may work on Solaris 2.7.
The changes are twofold:
(1) The configure script now boldly tries to set the two symbols that
are recommended (for Solaris and Linux), and then tries a test
script that does some simple seeking without writing.
(2) The _portable_{fseek,ftell} functions are a little more systematic
in how they try the different large file support options: first
try fseeko/ftello, but only if off_t is large; then try
fseek64/ftell64; then try hacking with fgetpos/fsetpos.
I'm keeping my fingers crossed. The meaning of the
HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT macro is not at all clear.
I'll see if I can get it to work on Windows as well.
Neal Norwitz
Kristján Valur Jónsson
Martin v. Löwis
Georg Brandl
Guido van Rossum
Anthony Baxter
Thomas Wouters
Hye-Shik Chang
Jeremy Hylton
Skip Montanaro
Peter Astrand
Raymond Hettinger
Andrew MacIntyre
Nicholas Bastin
Fred Drake
Jack Jansen
Tim Peters
Gustavo Niemeyer
Mark Hammond
Barry Warsaw
Neil Schemenauer
Michael W. Hudson