bpo-37499: Test various C calling conventions (GH-15776)

Add functions with various calling conventions to `_testcapi`, expose them as module-level functions, bound methods, class methods, and static methods, and test calling them and introspecting them through GDB.


https://bugs.python.org/issue37499


Co-authored-by: Jeroen Demeyer <J.Demeyer@UGent.be>
Automerge-Triggered-By: @pganssle

Lib/test/test_call.py

@@ -27,125 +27,6 @@ class FunctionCalls(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(list(res.items()), expected)
 
 
-# The test cases here cover several paths through the function calling
-# code.  They depend on the METH_XXX flag that is used to define a C
-# function, which can't be verified from Python.  If the METH_XXX decl
-# for a C function changes, these tests may not cover the right paths.
-
-class CFunctionCalls(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_varargs0(self):
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, {}.__contains__)
-
-    def test_varargs1(self):
-        {}.__contains__(0)
-
-    def test_varargs2(self):
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, {}.__contains__, 0, 1)
-
-    def test_varargs0_ext(self):
-        try:
-            {}.__contains__(*())
-        except TypeError:
-            pass
-
-    def test_varargs1_ext(self):
-        {}.__contains__(*(0,))
-
-    def test_varargs2_ext(self):
-        try:
-            {}.__contains__(*(1, 2))
-        except TypeError:
-            pass
-        else:
-            raise RuntimeError
-
-    def test_varargs1_kw(self):
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, {}.__contains__, x=2)
-
-    def test_varargs2_kw(self):
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, {}.__contains__, x=2, y=2)
-
-    def test_oldargs0_0(self):
-        {}.keys()
-
-    def test_oldargs0_1(self):
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, {}.keys, 0)
-
-    def test_oldargs0_2(self):
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, {}.keys, 0, 1)
-
-    def test_oldargs0_0_ext(self):
-        {}.keys(*())
-
-    def test_oldargs0_1_ext(self):
-        try:
-            {}.keys(*(0,))
-        except TypeError:
-            pass
-        else:
-            raise RuntimeError
-
-    def test_oldargs0_2_ext(self):
-        try:
-            {}.keys(*(1, 2))
-        except TypeError:
-            pass
-        else:
-            raise RuntimeError
-
-    def test_oldargs0_0_kw(self):
-        try:
-            {}.keys(x=2)
-        except TypeError:
-            pass
-        else:
-            raise RuntimeError
-
-    def test_oldargs0_1_kw(self):
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, {}.keys, x=2)
-
-    def test_oldargs0_2_kw(self):
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, {}.keys, x=2, y=2)
-
-    def test_oldargs1_0(self):
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, [].count)
-
-    def test_oldargs1_1(self):
-        [].count(1)
-
-    def test_oldargs1_2(self):
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, [].count, 1, 2)
-
-    def test_oldargs1_0_ext(self):
-        try:
-            [].count(*())
-        except TypeError:
-            pass
-        else:
-            raise RuntimeError
-
-    def test_oldargs1_1_ext(self):
-        [].count(*(1,))
-
-    def test_oldargs1_2_ext(self):
-        try:
-            [].count(*(1, 2))
-        except TypeError:
-            pass
-        else:
-            raise RuntimeError
-
-    def test_oldargs1_0_kw(self):
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, [].count, x=2)
-
-    def test_oldargs1_1_kw(self):
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, [].count, {}, x=2)
-
-    def test_oldargs1_2_kw(self):
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, [].count, x=2, y=2)
-
-
 @cpython_only
 class CFunctionCallsErrorMessages(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -289,6 +170,176 @@ class CFunctionCallsErrorMessages(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg, [].count, x=2, y=2)
 
 
+
+class TestCallingConventions(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test calling using various C calling conventions (METH_*) from Python
+
+    Subclasses test several kinds of functions (module-level, methods,
+    class methods static methods) using these attributes:
+      obj: the object that contains tested functions (as attributes)
+      expected_self: expected "self" argument to the C function
+
+    The base class tests module-level functions.
+    """
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.obj = self.expected_self = _testcapi
+
+    def test_varargs(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.obj.meth_varargs(1, 2, 3),
+            (self.expected_self, (1, 2, 3)),
+        )
+
+    def test_varargs_ext(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.obj.meth_varargs(*(1, 2, 3)),
+            (self.expected_self, (1, 2, 3)),
+        )
+
+    def test_varargs_error_kw(self):
+        msg = r"meth_varargs\(\) takes no keyword arguments"
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError, msg, lambda: self.obj.meth_varargs(k=1),
+        )
+
+    def test_varargs_keywords(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.obj.meth_varargs_keywords(1, 2, a=3, b=4),
+            (self.expected_self, (1, 2), {'a': 3, 'b': 4})
+        )
+
+    def test_varargs_keywords_ext(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.obj.meth_varargs_keywords(*[1, 2], **{'a': 3, 'b': 4}),
+            (self.expected_self, (1, 2), {'a': 3, 'b': 4})
+        )
+
+    def test_o(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.obj.meth_o(1), (self.expected_self, 1))
+
+    def test_o_ext(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.obj.meth_o(*[1]), (self.expected_self, 1))
+
+    def test_o_error_no_arg(self):
+        msg = r"meth_o\(\) takes exactly one argument \(0 given\)"
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg, self.obj.meth_o)
+
+    def test_o_error_two_args(self):
+        msg = r"meth_o\(\) takes exactly one argument \(2 given\)"
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError, msg, lambda: self.obj.meth_o(1, 2),
+        )
+
+    def test_o_error_ext(self):
+        msg = r"meth_o\(\) takes exactly one argument \(3 given\)"
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError, msg, lambda: self.obj.meth_o(*(1, 2, 3)),
+        )
+
+    def test_o_error_kw(self):
+        msg = r"meth_o\(\) takes no keyword arguments"
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError, msg, lambda: self.obj.meth_o(k=1),
+        )
+
+    def test_o_error_arg_kw(self):
+        msg = r"meth_o\(\) takes no keyword arguments"
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError, msg, lambda: self.obj.meth_o(k=1),
+        )
+
+    def test_noargs(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.obj.meth_noargs(), self.expected_self)
+
+    def test_noargs_ext(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.obj.meth_noargs(*[]), self.expected_self)
+
+    def test_noargs_error_arg(self):
+        msg = r"meth_noargs\(\) takes no arguments \(1 given\)"
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError, msg, lambda: self.obj.meth_noargs(1),
+        )
+
+    def test_noargs_error_arg2(self):
+        msg = r"meth_noargs\(\) takes no arguments \(2 given\)"
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError, msg, lambda: self.obj.meth_noargs(1, 2),
+        )
+
+    def test_noargs_error_ext(self):
+        msg = r"meth_noargs\(\) takes no arguments \(3 given\)"
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError, msg, lambda: self.obj.meth_noargs(*(1, 2, 3)),
+        )
+
+    def test_noargs_error_kw(self):
+        msg = r"meth_noargs\(\) takes no keyword arguments"
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError, msg, lambda: self.obj.meth_noargs(k=1),
+        )
+
+    def test_fastcall(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.obj.meth_fastcall(1, 2, 3),
+            (self.expected_self, (1, 2, 3)),
+        )
+
+    def test_fastcall_ext(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.obj.meth_fastcall(*(1, 2, 3)),
+            (self.expected_self, (1, 2, 3)),
+        )
+
+    def test_fastcall_error_kw(self):
+        msg = r"meth_fastcall\(\) takes no keyword arguments"
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError, msg, lambda: self.obj.meth_fastcall(k=1),
+        )
+
+    def test_fastcall_keywords(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.obj.meth_fastcall_keywords(1, 2, a=3, b=4),
+            (self.expected_self, (1, 2), {'a': 3, 'b': 4})
+        )
+
+    def test_fastcall_keywords_ext(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.obj.meth_fastcall_keywords(*(1, 2), **{'a': 3, 'b': 4}),
+            (self.expected_self, (1, 2), {'a': 3, 'b': 4})
+        )
+
+
+class TestCallingConventionsInstance(TestCallingConventions):
+    """Test calling instance methods using various calling conventions"""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.obj = self.expected_self = _testcapi.MethInstance()
+
+
+class TestCallingConventionsClass(TestCallingConventions):
+    """Test calling class methods using various calling conventions"""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.obj = self.expected_self = _testcapi.MethClass
+
+
+class TestCallingConventionsClassInstance(TestCallingConventions):
+    """Test calling class methods on instance"""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.obj = _testcapi.MethClass()
+        self.expected_self = _testcapi.MethClass
+
+
+class TestCallingConventionsStatic(TestCallingConventions):
+    """Test calling static methods using various calling conventions"""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.obj = _testcapi.MethStatic()
+        self.expected_self = None
+
+
 def pyfunc(arg1, arg2):
     return [arg1, arg2]
 
@@ -315,14 +366,14 @@ class PythonClass:
 
 PYTHON_INSTANCE = PythonClass()
 
+NULL_OR_EMPTY = object()
 
-IGNORE_RESULT = object()
-
-
-@cpython_only
 class FastCallTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test calling using various callables from C
+    """
+
     # Test calls with positional arguments
-    CALLS_POSARGS = (
+    CALLS_POSARGS = [
         # (func, args: tuple, result)
 
         # Python function with 2 arguments
@@ -341,31 +392,11 @@ class FastCallTests(unittest.TestCase):
         (PYTHON_INSTANCE.class_method, (), "classmethod"),
         (PYTHON_INSTANCE.static_method, (), "staticmethod"),
 
-        # C function: METH_NOARGS
+        # C callables are added later
-        (globals, (), IGNORE_RESULT),
+    ]
-
-        # C function: METH_O
-        (id, ("hello",), IGNORE_RESULT),
-
-        # C function: METH_VARARGS
-        (dir, (1,), IGNORE_RESULT),
-
-        # C function: METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS
-        (min, (5, 9), 5),
-
-        # C function: METH_FASTCALL
-        (divmod, (1000, 33), (30, 10)),
-
-        # C type static method: METH_FASTCALL | METH_CLASS
-        (int.from_bytes, (b'\x01\x00', 'little'), 1),
-
-        # bpo-30524: Test that calling a C type static method with no argument
-        # doesn't crash (ignore the result): METH_FASTCALL | METH_CLASS
-        (datetime.datetime.now, (), IGNORE_RESULT),
-    )
 
     # Test calls with positional and keyword arguments
-    CALLS_KWARGS = (
+    CALLS_KWARGS = [
         # (func, args: tuple, kwargs: dict, result)
 
         # Python function with 2 arguments
@@ -376,17 +407,51 @@ class FastCallTests(unittest.TestCase):
         (PYTHON_INSTANCE.method, (1,), {'arg2': 2}, [1, 2]),
         (PYTHON_INSTANCE.method, (), {'arg1': 1, 'arg2': 2}, [1, 2]),
 
-        # C function: METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS
+        # C callables are added later
-        (max, ([],), {'default': 9}, 9),
+    ]
 
-        # C type static method: METH_FASTCALL | METH_CLASS
+    # Add all the calling conventions and variants of C callables
-        (int.from_bytes, (b'\x01\x00',), {'byteorder': 'little'}, 1),
+    _instance = _testcapi.MethInstance()
-        (int.from_bytes, (), {'bytes': b'\x01\x00', 'byteorder': 'little'}, 1),
+    for obj, expected_self in (
-    )
+        (_testcapi, _testcapi),  # module-level function
+        (_instance, _instance),  # bound method
+        (_testcapi.MethClass, _testcapi.MethClass),  # class method on class
+        (_testcapi.MethClass(), _testcapi.MethClass),  # class method on inst.
+        (_testcapi.MethStatic, None),  # static method
+    ):
+        CALLS_POSARGS.extend([
+            (obj.meth_varargs, (1, 2), (expected_self, (1, 2))),
+            (obj.meth_varargs_keywords,
+                (1, 2), (expected_self, (1, 2), NULL_OR_EMPTY)),
+            (obj.meth_fastcall, (1, 2), (expected_self, (1, 2))),
+            (obj.meth_fastcall, (), (expected_self, ())),
+            (obj.meth_fastcall_keywords,
+                (1, 2), (expected_self, (1, 2), NULL_OR_EMPTY)),
+            (obj.meth_fastcall_keywords,
+                (), (expected_self, (), NULL_OR_EMPTY)),
+            (obj.meth_noargs, (), expected_self),
+            (obj.meth_o, (123, ), (expected_self, 123)),
+        ])
+
+        CALLS_KWARGS.extend([
+            (obj.meth_varargs_keywords,
+                (1, 2), {'x': 'y'}, (expected_self, (1, 2), {'x': 'y'})),
+            (obj.meth_varargs_keywords,
+                (), {'x': 'y'}, (expected_self, (), {'x': 'y'})),
+            (obj.meth_varargs_keywords,
+                (1, 2), {}, (expected_self, (1, 2), NULL_OR_EMPTY)),
+            (obj.meth_fastcall_keywords,
+                (1, 2), {'x': 'y'}, (expected_self, (1, 2), {'x': 'y'})),
+            (obj.meth_fastcall_keywords,
+                (), {'x': 'y'}, (expected_self, (), {'x': 'y'})),
+            (obj.meth_fastcall_keywords,
+                (1, 2), {}, (expected_self, (1, 2), NULL_OR_EMPTY)),
+        ])
 
     def check_result(self, result, expected):
-        if expected is IGNORE_RESULT:
+        if isinstance(expected, tuple) and expected[-1] is NULL_OR_EMPTY:
-            return
+            if result[-1] in ({}, None):
+                expected = (*expected[:-1], result[-1])
         self.assertEqual(result, expected)
 
     def test_fastcall(self):
@@ -411,19 +476,11 @@ class FastCallTests(unittest.TestCase):
                 result = _testcapi.pyobject_fastcalldict(func, args, None)
                 self.check_result(result, expected)
 
-                # kwargs={}
-                result = _testcapi.pyobject_fastcalldict(func, args, {})
-                self.check_result(result, expected)
-
                 if not args:
                     # args=NULL, nargs=0, kwargs=NULL
                     result = _testcapi.pyobject_fastcalldict(func, None, None)
                     self.check_result(result, expected)
 
-                    # args=NULL, nargs=0, kwargs={}
-                    result = _testcapi.pyobject_fastcalldict(func, None, {})
-                    self.check_result(result, expected)
-
         for func, args, kwargs, expected in self.CALLS_KWARGS:
             with self.subTest(func=func, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                 result = _testcapi.pyobject_fastcalldict(func, args, kwargs)

Lib/test/test_gdb.py

@@ -838,45 +838,64 @@ id(42)
                                           )
         self.assertIn('Garbage-collecting', gdb_output)
 
+
     @unittest.skipIf(python_is_optimized(),
                      "Python was compiled with optimizations")
     # Some older versions of gdb will fail with
     #  "Cannot find new threads: generic error"
     # unless we add LD_PRELOAD=PATH-TO-libpthread.so.1 as a workaround
+    #
+    # gdb will also generate many erroneous errors such as:
+    #     Function "meth_varargs" not defined.
+    # This is because we are calling functions from an "external" module
+    # (_testcapimodule) rather than compiled-in functions. It seems difficult
+    # to suppress these. See also the comment in DebuggerTests.get_stack_trace
     def test_pycfunction(self):
         'Verify that "py-bt" displays invocations of PyCFunction instances'
         # Various optimizations multiply the code paths by which these are
         # called, so test a variety of calling conventions.
-        for py_name, py_args, c_name, expected_frame_number in (
+        for func_name, args, expected_frame in (
-            ('gmtime', '', 'time_gmtime', 1),  # METH_VARARGS
+            ('meth_varargs', '', 1),
-            ('len', '[]', 'builtin_len', 1),  # METH_O
+            ('meth_varargs_keywords', '', 1),
-            ('locals', '', 'builtin_locals', 1),  # METH_NOARGS
+            ('meth_o', '[]', 1),
-            ('iter', '[]', 'builtin_iter', 1),  # METH_FASTCALL
+            ('meth_noargs', '', 1),
-            ('sorted', '[]', 'builtin_sorted', 1),  # METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS
+            ('meth_fastcall', '', 1),
+            ('meth_fastcall_keywords', '', 1),
         ):
-            with self.subTest(c_name):
+            for obj in (
-                cmd = ('from time import gmtime\n'  # (not always needed)
+                '_testcapi',
-                    'def foo():\n'
+                '_testcapi.MethClass',
-                    f'    {py_name}({py_args})\n'
+                '_testcapi.MethClass()',
-                    'def bar():\n'
+                '_testcapi.MethStatic()',
-                    '    foo()\n'
+
-                    'bar()\n')
+                # XXX: bound methods don't yet give nice tracebacks
+                # '_testcapi.MethInstance()',
+            ):
+                with self.subTest(f'{obj}.{func_name}'):
+                    cmd = textwrap.dedent(f'''
+                        import _testcapi
+                        def foo():
+                            {obj}.{func_name}({args})
+                        def bar():
+                            foo()
+                        bar()
+                    ''')
                     # Verify with "py-bt":
                     gdb_output = self.get_stack_trace(
                         cmd,
-                    breakpoint=c_name,
+                        breakpoint=func_name,
                         cmds_after_breakpoint=['bt', 'py-bt'],
                     )
-                self.assertIn(f'<built-in method {py_name}', gdb_output)
+                    self.assertIn(f'<built-in method {func_name}', gdb_output)
 
                     # Verify with "py-bt-full":
                     gdb_output = self.get_stack_trace(
                         cmd,
-                    breakpoint=c_name,
+                        breakpoint=func_name,
                         cmds_after_breakpoint=['py-bt-full'],
                     )
                     self.assertIn(
-                    f'#{expected_frame_number} <built-in method {py_name}',
+                        f'#{expected_frame} <built-in method {func_name}',
                         gdb_output,
                     )
 

Modules/_testcapimodule.c

@@ -5176,6 +5176,83 @@ sequence_getitem(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 }
 
 
+/* Functions for testing C calling conventions (METH_*) are named meth_*,
+ * e.g. "meth_varargs" for METH_VARARGS.
+ *
+ * They all return a tuple of their C-level arguments, with None instead
+ * of NULL and Python tuples instead of C arrays.
+ */
+
+
+static PyObject*
+_null_to_none(PyObject* obj)
+{
+    if (obj == NULL) {
+        Py_RETURN_NONE;
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(obj);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+meth_varargs(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
+{
+    return Py_BuildValue("NO", _null_to_none(self), args);
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+meth_varargs_keywords(PyObject* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* kwargs)
+{
+    return Py_BuildValue("NON", _null_to_none(self), args, _null_to_none(kwargs));
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+meth_o(PyObject* self, PyObject* obj)
+{
+    return Py_BuildValue("NO", _null_to_none(self), obj);
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+meth_noargs(PyObject* self, PyObject* ignored)
+{
+    return _null_to_none(self);
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+_fastcall_to_tuple(PyObject* const* args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
+{
+    PyObject *tuple = PyTuple_New(nargs);
+    if (tuple == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    for (Py_ssize_t i=0; i < nargs; i++) {
+        Py_INCREF(args[i]);
+        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tuple, i, args[i]);
+    }
+    return tuple;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+meth_fastcall(PyObject* self, PyObject* const* args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
+{
+    return Py_BuildValue(
+        "NN", _null_to_none(self), _fastcall_to_tuple(args, nargs)
+    );
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+meth_fastcall_keywords(PyObject* self, PyObject* const* args,
+                       Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject* kwargs)
+{
+    PyObject *pyargs = _fastcall_to_tuple(args, nargs);
+    if (pyargs == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    PyObject *pykwargs = _PyObject_Vectorcall((PyObject*)&PyDict_Type,
+                                              args + nargs, 0, kwargs);
+    return Py_BuildValue("NNN", _null_to_none(self), pyargs, pykwargs);
+}
+
 static PyMethodDef TestMethods[] = {
     {"raise_exception",         raise_exception,                 METH_VARARGS},
     {"raise_memoryerror",       raise_memoryerror,               METH_NOARGS},
@@ -5426,6 +5503,12 @@ static PyMethodDef TestMethods[] = {
 #endif
     {"write_unraisable_exc", test_write_unraisable_exc, METH_VARARGS},
     {"sequence_getitem", sequence_getitem, METH_VARARGS},
+    {"meth_varargs", meth_varargs, METH_VARARGS},
+    {"meth_varargs_keywords", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))meth_varargs_keywords, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS},
+    {"meth_o", meth_o, METH_O},
+    {"meth_noargs", meth_noargs, METH_NOARGS},
+    {"meth_fastcall", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))meth_fastcall, METH_FASTCALL},
+    {"meth_fastcall_keywords", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))meth_fastcall_keywords, METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS},
     {NULL, NULL} /* sentinel */
 };
 
@@ -6086,6 +6169,72 @@ static PyTypeObject MethodDescriptor2_Type = {
     .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | _Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL,
 };
 
+static PyMethodDef meth_instance_methods[] = {
+    {"meth_varargs", meth_varargs, METH_VARARGS},
+    {"meth_varargs_keywords", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))meth_varargs_keywords, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS},
+    {"meth_o", meth_o, METH_O},
+    {"meth_noargs", meth_noargs, METH_NOARGS},
+    {"meth_fastcall", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))meth_fastcall, METH_FASTCALL},
+    {"meth_fastcall_keywords", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))meth_fastcall_keywords, METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS},
+    {NULL, NULL} /* sentinel */
+};
+
+
+static PyTypeObject MethInstance_Type = {
+    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
+    "MethInstance",
+    sizeof(PyObject),
+    .tp_new = PyType_GenericNew,
+    .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,
+    .tp_methods = meth_instance_methods,
+    .tp_doc = PyDoc_STR(
+        "Class with normal (instance) methods to test calling conventions"),
+};
+
+static PyMethodDef meth_class_methods[] = {
+    {"meth_varargs", meth_varargs, METH_VARARGS|METH_CLASS},
+    {"meth_varargs_keywords", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))meth_varargs_keywords, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS|METH_CLASS},
+    {"meth_o", meth_o, METH_O|METH_CLASS},
+    {"meth_noargs", meth_noargs, METH_NOARGS|METH_CLASS},
+    {"meth_fastcall", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))meth_fastcall, METH_FASTCALL|METH_CLASS},
+    {"meth_fastcall_keywords", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))meth_fastcall_keywords, METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS|METH_CLASS},
+    {NULL, NULL} /* sentinel */
+};
+
+
+static PyTypeObject MethClass_Type = {
+    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
+    "MethClass",
+    sizeof(PyObject),
+    .tp_new = PyType_GenericNew,
+    .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,
+    .tp_methods = meth_class_methods,
+    .tp_doc = PyDoc_STR(
+        "Class with class methods to test calling conventions"),
+};
+
+static PyMethodDef meth_static_methods[] = {
+    {"meth_varargs", meth_varargs, METH_VARARGS|METH_STATIC},
+    {"meth_varargs_keywords", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))meth_varargs_keywords, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS|METH_STATIC},
+    {"meth_o", meth_o, METH_O|METH_STATIC},
+    {"meth_noargs", meth_noargs, METH_NOARGS|METH_STATIC},
+    {"meth_fastcall", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))meth_fastcall, METH_FASTCALL|METH_STATIC},
+    {"meth_fastcall_keywords", (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))meth_fastcall_keywords, METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS|METH_STATIC},
+    {NULL, NULL} /* sentinel */
+};
+
+
+static PyTypeObject MethStatic_Type = {
+    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
+    "MethStatic",
+    sizeof(PyObject),
+    .tp_new = PyType_GenericNew,
+    .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,
+    .tp_methods = meth_static_methods,
+    .tp_doc = PyDoc_STR(
+        "Class with static methods to test calling conventions"),
+};
+
 
 static struct PyModuleDef _testcapimodule = {
     PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
@@ -6172,6 +6321,21 @@ PyInit__testcapi(void)
     Py_INCREF(&Generic_Type);
     PyModule_AddObject(m, "Generic", (PyObject *)&Generic_Type);
 
+    if (PyType_Ready(&MethInstance_Type) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    Py_INCREF(&MethInstance_Type);
+    PyModule_AddObject(m, "MethInstance", (PyObject *)&MethInstance_Type);
+
+    if (PyType_Ready(&MethClass_Type) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    Py_INCREF(&MethClass_Type);
+    PyModule_AddObject(m, "MethClass", (PyObject *)&MethClass_Type);
+
+    if (PyType_Ready(&MethStatic_Type) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    Py_INCREF(&MethStatic_Type);
+    PyModule_AddObject(m, "MethStatic", (PyObject *)&MethStatic_Type);
+
     PyRecursingInfinitelyError_Type.tp_base = (PyTypeObject *)PyExc_Exception;
     if (PyType_Ready(&PyRecursingInfinitelyError_Type) < 0) {
         return NULL;