bpo-32759: Free unused arenas in multiprocessing.heap (GH-5827)

Large shared arrays allocated using multiprocessing would remain allocated
until the process ends.

Lib/multiprocessing/heap.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #
 
 import bisect
+from collections import defaultdict
 import mmap
 import os
 import sys
@@ -28,6 +29,9 @@ if sys.platform == 'win32':
     import _winapi
 
     class Arena(object):
+        """
+        A shared memory area backed by anonymous memory (Windows).
+        """
 
         _rand = tempfile._RandomNameSequence()
 
@@ -52,6 +56,7 @@ if sys.platform == 'win32':
 
         def __setstate__(self, state):
             self.size, self.name = self._state = state
+            # Reopen existing mmap
             self.buffer = mmap.mmap(-1, self.size, tagname=self.name)
             # XXX Temporarily preventing buildbot failures while determining
             # XXX the correct long-term fix. See issue 23060
@@ -60,6 +65,10 @@ if sys.platform == 'win32':
 else:
 
     class Arena(object):
+        """
+        A shared memory area backed by a temporary file (POSIX).
+        """
+
         if sys.platform == 'linux':
             _dir_candidates = ['/dev/shm']
         else:
@@ -69,6 +78,8 @@ else:
             self.size = size
             self.fd = fd
             if fd == -1:
+                # Arena is created anew (if fd != -1, it means we're coming
+                # from rebuild_arena() below)
                 self.fd, name = tempfile.mkstemp(
                      prefix='pym-%d-'%os.getpid(),
                      dir=self._choose_dir(size))
@@ -103,37 +114,82 @@ else:
 
 class Heap(object):
 
+    # Minimum malloc() alignment
     _alignment = 8
 
+    _DISCARD_FREE_SPACE_LARGER_THAN = 4 * 1024 ** 2  # 4 MB
+    _DOUBLE_ARENA_SIZE_UNTIL = 4 * 1024 ** 2
+
     def __init__(self, size=mmap.PAGESIZE):
         self._lastpid = os.getpid()
         self._lock = threading.Lock()
+        # Current arena allocation size
         self._size = size
+        # A sorted list of available block sizes in arenas
         self._lengths = []
+
+        # Free block management:
+        # - map each block size to a list of `(Arena, start, stop)` blocks
         self._len_to_seq = {}
+        # - map `(Arena, start)` tuple to the `(Arena, start, stop)` block
+        #   starting at that offset
         self._start_to_block = {}
+        # - map `(Arena, stop)` tuple to the `(Arena, start, stop)` block
+        #   ending at that offset
         self._stop_to_block = {}
-        self._allocated_blocks = set()
+
+        # Map arenas to their `(Arena, start, stop)` blocks in use
+        self._allocated_blocks = defaultdict(set)
         self._arenas = []
-        # list of pending blocks to free - see free() comment below
+
+        # List of pending blocks to free - see comment in free() below
         self._pending_free_blocks = []
 
+        # Statistics
+        self._n_mallocs = 0
+        self._n_frees = 0
+
     @staticmethod
     def _roundup(n, alignment):
         # alignment must be a power of 2
         mask = alignment - 1
         return (n + mask) & ~mask
 
+    def _new_arena(self, size):
+        # Create a new arena with at least the given *size*
+        length = self._roundup(max(self._size, size), mmap.PAGESIZE)
+        # We carve larger and larger arenas, for efficiency, until we
+        # reach a large-ish size (roughly L3 cache-sized)
+        if self._size < self._DOUBLE_ARENA_SIZE_UNTIL:
+            self._size *= 2
+        util.info('allocating a new mmap of length %d', length)
+        arena = Arena(length)
+        self._arenas.append(arena)
+        return (arena, 0, length)
+
+    def _discard_arena(self, arena):
+        # Possibly delete the given (unused) arena
+        length = arena.size
+        # Reusing an existing arena is faster than creating a new one, so
+        # we only reclaim space if it's large enough.
+        if length < self._DISCARD_FREE_SPACE_LARGER_THAN:
+            return
+        blocks = self._allocated_blocks.pop(arena)
+        assert not blocks
+        del self._start_to_block[(arena, 0)]
+        del self._stop_to_block[(arena, length)]
+        self._arenas.remove(arena)
+        seq = self._len_to_seq[length]
+        seq.remove((arena, 0, length))
+        if not seq:
+            del self._len_to_seq[length]
+            self._lengths.remove(length)
+
     def _malloc(self, size):
         # returns a large enough block -- it might be much larger
         i = bisect.bisect_left(self._lengths, size)
         if i == len(self._lengths):
-            length = self._roundup(max(self._size, size), mmap.PAGESIZE)
+            return self._new_arena(size)
-            self._size *= 2
-            util.info('allocating a new mmap of length %d', length)
-            arena = Arena(length)
-            self._arenas.append(arena)
-            return (arena, 0, length)
         else:
             length = self._lengths[i]
             seq = self._len_to_seq[length]
@@ -146,8 +202,8 @@ class Heap(object):
         del self._stop_to_block[(arena, stop)]
         return block
 
-    def _free(self, block):
+    def _add_free_block(self, block):
-        # free location and try to merge with neighbours
+        # make block available and try to merge with its neighbours in the arena
         (arena, start, stop) = block
 
         try:
@@ -191,6 +247,14 @@ class Heap(object):
 
         return start, stop
 
+    def _remove_allocated_block(self, block):
+        arena, start, stop = block
+        blocks = self._allocated_blocks[arena]
+        blocks.remove((start, stop))
+        if not blocks:
+            # Arena is entirely free, discard it from this process
+            self._discard_arena(arena)
+
     def _free_pending_blocks(self):
         # Free all the blocks in the pending list - called with the lock held.
         while True:
@@ -198,8 +262,8 @@ class Heap(object):
                 block = self._pending_free_blocks.pop()
             except IndexError:
                 break
-            self._allocated_blocks.remove(block)
+            self._add_free_block(block)
-            self._free(block)
+            self._remove_allocated_block(block)
 
     def free(self, block):
         # free a block returned by malloc()
@@ -210,7 +274,7 @@ class Heap(object):
         # immediately, the block is added to a list of blocks to be freed
         # synchronously sometimes later from malloc() or free(), by calling
         # _free_pending_blocks() (appending and retrieving from a list is not
-        # strictly thread-safe but under cPython it's atomic thanks to the GIL).
+        # strictly thread-safe but under CPython it's atomic thanks to the GIL).
         if os.getpid() != self._lastpid:
             raise ValueError(
                 "My pid ({0:n}) is not last pid {1:n}".format(
@@ -222,9 +286,10 @@ class Heap(object):
         else:
             # we hold the lock
             try:
+                self._n_frees += 1
                 self._free_pending_blocks()
-                self._allocated_blocks.remove(block)
+                self._add_free_block(block)
-                self._free(block)
+                self._remove_allocated_block(block)
             finally:
                 self._lock.release()
 
@@ -237,18 +302,21 @@ class Heap(object):
         if os.getpid() != self._lastpid:
             self.__init__()                     # reinitialize after fork
         with self._lock:
+            self._n_mallocs += 1
+            # allow pending blocks to be marked available
             self._free_pending_blocks()
-            size = self._roundup(max(size,1), self._alignment)
+            size = self._roundup(max(size, 1), self._alignment)
             (arena, start, stop) = self._malloc(size)
-            new_stop = start + size
+            real_stop = start + size
-            if new_stop < stop:
+            if real_stop < stop:
-                self._free((arena, new_stop, stop))
+                # if the returned block is larger than necessary, mark
-            block = (arena, start, new_stop)
+                # the remainder available
-            self._allocated_blocks.add(block)
+                self._add_free_block((arena, real_stop, stop))
-            return block
+            self._allocated_blocks[arena].add((start, real_stop))
+            return (arena, start, real_stop)
 
 #
-# Class representing a chunk of an mmap -- can be inherited by child process
+# Class wrapping a block allocated out of a Heap -- can be inherited by child process
 #
 
 class BufferWrapper(object):

Lib/test/_test_multiprocessing.py

@@ -3372,11 +3372,25 @@ class _TestHeap(BaseTestCase):
 
     ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes',)
 
+    def setUp(self):
+        super().setUp()
+        # Make pristine heap for these tests
+        self.old_heap = multiprocessing.heap.BufferWrapper._heap
+        multiprocessing.heap.BufferWrapper._heap = multiprocessing.heap.Heap()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        multiprocessing.heap.BufferWrapper._heap = self.old_heap
+        super().tearDown()
+
     def test_heap(self):
         iterations = 5000
         maxblocks = 50
         blocks = []
 
+        # get the heap object
+        heap = multiprocessing.heap.BufferWrapper._heap
+        heap._DISCARD_FREE_SPACE_LARGER_THAN = 0
+
         # create and destroy lots of blocks of different sizes
         for i in range(iterations):
             size = int(random.lognormvariate(0, 1) * 1000)
@@ -3385,31 +3399,52 @@ class _TestHeap(BaseTestCase):
             if len(blocks) > maxblocks:
                 i = random.randrange(maxblocks)
                 del blocks[i]
-
+            del b
-        # get the heap object
-        heap = multiprocessing.heap.BufferWrapper._heap
 
         # verify the state of the heap
-        all = []
+        with heap._lock:
-        occupied = 0
+            all = []
-        heap._lock.acquire()
+            free = 0
-        self.addCleanup(heap._lock.release)
+            occupied = 0
-        for L in list(heap._len_to_seq.values()):
+            for L in list(heap._len_to_seq.values()):
-            for arena, start, stop in L:
+                # count all free blocks in arenas
-                all.append((heap._arenas.index(arena), start, stop,
+                for arena, start, stop in L:
-                            stop-start, 'free'))
+                    all.append((heap._arenas.index(arena), start, stop,
-        for arena, start, stop in heap._allocated_blocks:
+                                stop-start, 'free'))
-            all.append((heap._arenas.index(arena), start, stop,
+                    free += (stop-start)
-                        stop-start, 'occupied'))
+            for arena, arena_blocks in heap._allocated_blocks.items():
-            occupied += (stop-start)
+                # count all allocated blocks in arenas
+                for start, stop in arena_blocks:
+                    all.append((heap._arenas.index(arena), start, stop,
+                                stop-start, 'occupied'))
+                    occupied += (stop-start)
 
-        all.sort()
+            self.assertEqual(free + occupied,
+                             sum(arena.size for arena in heap._arenas))
 
-        for i in range(len(all)-1):
+            all.sort()
-            (arena, start, stop) = all[i][:3]
+
-            (narena, nstart, nstop) = all[i+1][:3]
+            for i in range(len(all)-1):
-            self.assertTrue((arena != narena and nstart == 0) or
+                (arena, start, stop) = all[i][:3]
-                            (stop == nstart))
+                (narena, nstart, nstop) = all[i+1][:3]
+                if arena != narena:
+                    # Two different arenas
+                    self.assertEqual(stop, heap._arenas[arena].size)  # last block
+                    self.assertEqual(nstart, 0)         # first block
+                else:
+                    # Same arena: two adjacent blocks
+                    self.assertEqual(stop, nstart)
+
+        # test free'ing all blocks
+        random.shuffle(blocks)
+        while blocks:
+            blocks.pop()
+
+        self.assertEqual(heap._n_frees, heap._n_mallocs)
+        self.assertEqual(len(heap._pending_free_blocks), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(heap._arenas), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(heap._allocated_blocks), 0, heap._allocated_blocks)
+        self.assertEqual(len(heap._len_to_seq), 0)
 
     def test_free_from_gc(self):
         # Check that freeing of blocks by the garbage collector doesn't deadlock

Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2018-02-23-12-21-41.bpo-32759.M-y9GA.rst

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Free unused arenas in multiprocessing.heap.