#9139: Add examples for str.format().
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Ezio Melotti
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@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ string formatting behaviors using the same implementation as the built-in
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.. method:: convert_field(value, conversion)
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Converts the value (returned by :meth:`get_field`) given a conversion type
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(as in the tuple returned by the :meth:`parse` method.) The default
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(as in the tuple returned by the :meth:`parse` method). The default
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version understands 'r' (repr) and 's' (str) conversion types.
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@ -238,6 +238,8 @@ The *field_name* is optionally followed by a *conversion* field, which is
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preceded by an exclamation point ``'!'``, and a *format_spec*, which is preceded
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by a colon ``':'``. These specify a non-default format for the replacement value.
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See also the :ref:`formatspec` section.
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The *field_name* itself begins with an *arg_name* that is either either a number or a
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keyword. If it's a number, it refers to a positional argument, and if it's a keyword,
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it refers to a named keyword argument. If the numerical arg_names in a format string
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@ -248,6 +250,10 @@ attribute expressions. An expression of the form ``'.name'`` selects the named
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attribute using :func:`getattr`, while an expression of the form ``'[index]'``
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does an index lookup using :func:`__getitem__`.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.7
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The positional argument specifiers can be omitted, so ``'{} {}'`` is
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equivalent to ``'{0} {1}'``.
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Some simple format string examples::
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"First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument
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@ -286,26 +292,7 @@ and format specifications are not allowed. The replacement fields within the
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format_spec are substituted before the *format_spec* string is interpreted.
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This allows the formatting of a value to be dynamically specified.
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For example, suppose you wanted to have a replacement field whose field width is
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determined by another variable::
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"A man with two {0:{1}}".format("noses", 10)
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This would first evaluate the inner replacement field, making the format string
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effectively::
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"A man with two {0:10}"
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Then the outer replacement field would be evaluated, producing::
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"noses "
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Which is substituted into the string, yielding::
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"A man with two noses "
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(The extra space is because we specified a field width of 10, and because left
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alignment is the default for strings.)
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See the :ref:`formatexamples` section for some examples.
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.. _formatspec:
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@ -315,7 +302,7 @@ Format Specification Mini-Language
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"Format specifications" are used within replacement fields contained within a
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format string to define how individual values are presented (see
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:ref:`formatstrings`.) They can also be passed directly to the built-in
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:ref:`formatstrings`). They can also be passed directly to the built-in
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:func:`format` function. Each formattable type may define how the format
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specification is to be interpreted.
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@ -349,7 +336,7 @@ The meaning of the various alignment options is as follows:
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| Option | Meaning |
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+=========+==========================================================+
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| ``'<'`` | Forces the field to be left-aligned within the available |
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| | space (This is the default.) |
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| | space (this is the default). |
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+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``'>'`` | Forces the field to be right-aligned within the |
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| | available space. |
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@ -505,6 +492,148 @@ The available presentation types for floating point and decimal values are:
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+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
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.. _formatexamples:
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Format examples
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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This section contains examples of the new format syntax and comparison with
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the old ``%``-formatting.
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In most of the cases the syntax is similar to the old ``%``-formatting, with the
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addition of the ``{}`` and with ``:`` used instead of ``%``.
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For example, ``'%03.2f'`` can be translated to ``'{:03.2f}'``.
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The new format syntax also supports new and different options, shown in the
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follow examples.
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Accessing arguments by position::
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>>> '{0}, {1}, {2}'.format('a', 'b', 'c')
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'a, b, c'
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>>> '{}, {}, {}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') # 2.7+ only
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'a, b, c'
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>>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format('a', 'b', 'c')
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'c, b, a'
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>>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format(*'abc') # unpacking argument sequence
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'c, b, a'
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>>> '{0}{1}{0}'.format('abra', 'cad') # arguments' indices can be repeated
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'abracadabra'
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Accessing arguments by name::
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>>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(latitude='37.24N', longitude='-115.81W')
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'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W'
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>>> coord = {'latitude': '37.24N', 'longitude': '-115.81W'}
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>>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(**coord)
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'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W'
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Accessing arguments' attributes::
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>>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} '
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... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c)
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'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.'
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>>> class Point(object):
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... def __init__(self, x, y):
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... self.x, self.y = x, y
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... def __str__(self):
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... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self)
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...
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>>> str(Point(4, 2))
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'Point(4, 2)'
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Accessing arguments' items::
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>>> coord = (3, 5)
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>>> 'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}'.format(coord)
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'X: 3; Y: 5'
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Replacing ``%s`` and ``%r``::
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>>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2')
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"repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"
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Aligning the text and specifying a width::
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>>> '{:<30}'.format('left aligned')
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'left aligned '
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>>> '{:>30}'.format('right aligned')
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' right aligned'
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>>> '{:^30}'.format('centered')
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' centered '
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>>> '{:*^30}'.format('centered') # use '*' as a fill char
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'***********centered***********'
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Replacing ``%+f``, ``%-f``, and ``% f`` and specifying a sign::
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>>> '{:+f}; {:+f}'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show it always
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'+3.140000; -3.140000'
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>>> '{: f}; {: f}'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show a space for positive numbers
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' 3.140000; -3.140000'
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>>> '{:-f}; {:-f}'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show only the minus -- same as '{:f}; {:f}'
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'3.140000; -3.140000'
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Replacing ``%x`` and ``%o`` and converting the value to different bases::
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>>> # format also supports binary numbers
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>>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:x}; oct: {0:o}; bin: {0:b}".format(42)
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'int: 42; hex: 2a; oct: 52; bin: 101010'
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>>> # with 0x, 0o, or 0b as prefix:
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>>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:#x}; oct: {0:#o}; bin: {0:#b}".format(42)
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'int: 42; hex: 0x2a; oct: 0o52; bin: 0b101010'
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Using the comma as a thousands separator::
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>>> '{:,}'.format(1234567890)
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'1,234,567,890'
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Expressing a percentage::
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>>> points = 19.5
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>>> total = 22
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>>> 'Correct answers: {:.2%}.'.format(points/total)
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'Correct answers: 88.64%'
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Using type-specific formatting::
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>>> import datetime
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>>> d = datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 4, 12, 15, 58)
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>>> '{:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S}'.format(d)
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'2010-07-04 12:15:58'
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Nesting arguments and more complex examples::
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>>> for align, text in zip('<^>', ['left', 'center', 'right']):
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... '{0:{align}{fill}16}'.format(text, fill=align, align=align)
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...
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'left<<<<<<<<<<<<'
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'^^^^^center^^^^^'
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'>>>>>>>>>>>right'
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>>>
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>>> octets = [192, 168, 0, 1]
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>>> '{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}'.format(*octets)
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'C0A80001'
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>>> int(_, 16)
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3232235521
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>>>
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>>> width = 5
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>>> for num in range(5,12):
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... for base in 'dXob':
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... print '{0:{width}{base}}'.format(num, base=base, width=width),
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... print
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...
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5 5 5 101
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6 6 6 110
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7 7 7 111
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8 8 10 1000
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9 9 11 1001
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10 A 12 1010
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11 B 13 1011
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Template strings
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----------------
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