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@ -7,72 +7,6 @@ Data Structures
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This chapter describes some things you've learned about already in more detail,
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This chapter describes some things you've learned about already in more detail,
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and adds some new things as well.
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and adds some new things as well.
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.. _tut-tuples:
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Tuples and Sequences
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====================
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We saw that lists and strings have many common properties, such as indexing and
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slicing operations. They are two examples of *sequence* data types (see
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:ref:`typesseq`). Since Python is an evolving language, other sequence data
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types may be added. There is also another standard sequence data type: the
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*tuple*.
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A tuple consists of a number of values separated by commas, for instance::
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>>> t = 12345, 54321, 'hello!'
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>>> t[0]
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12345
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>>> t
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(12345, 54321, 'hello!')
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>>> # Tuples may be nested:
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... u = t, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
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>>> u
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((12345, 54321, 'hello!'), (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
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As you see, on output tuples are always enclosed in parentheses, so that nested
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tuples are interpreted correctly; they may be input with or without surrounding
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parentheses, although often parentheses are necessary anyway (if the tuple is
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part of a larger expression).
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Tuples have many uses. For example: (x, y) coordinate pairs, employee records
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from a database, etc. Tuples, like strings, are immutable: it is not possible
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to assign to the individual items of a tuple (you can simulate much of the same
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effect with slicing and concatenation, though). It is also possible to create
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tuples which contain mutable objects, such as lists.
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A special problem is the construction of tuples containing 0 or 1 items: the
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syntax has some extra quirks to accommodate these. Empty tuples are constructed
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by an empty pair of parentheses; a tuple with one item is constructed by
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following a value with a comma (it is not sufficient to enclose a single value
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in parentheses). Ugly, but effective. For example::
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>>> empty = ()
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>>> singleton = 'hello', # <-- note trailing comma
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>>> len(empty)
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0
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>>> len(singleton)
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1
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>>> singleton
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('hello',)
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The statement ``t = 12345, 54321, 'hello!'`` is an example of *tuple packing*:
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the values ``12345``, ``54321`` and ``'hello!'`` are packed together in a tuple.
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The reverse operation is also possible::
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>>> x, y, z = t
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This is called, appropriately enough, *sequence unpacking*. Sequence unpacking
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requires the list of variables on the left to have the same number of elements
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as the length of the sequence. Note that multiple assignment is really just a
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combination of tuple packing and sequence unpacking!
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There is a small bit of asymmetry here: packing multiple values always creates
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a tuple, and unpacking works for any sequence.
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.. % XXX Add a bit on the difference between tuples and lists.
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.. _tut-morelists:
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.. _tut-morelists:
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More on Lists
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More on Lists
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