#15543: reflow paragraphs.
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@ -864,16 +864,15 @@ available. They are listed here in alphabetical order.
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In addition to the standard :c:func:`fopen` values *mode* may be ``'U'`` or
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``'rU'``. Python is usually built with :term:`universal newlines` support;
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supplying
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``'U'`` opens the file as a text file, but lines may be terminated by any of the
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following: the Unix end-of-line convention ``'\n'``, the Macintosh convention
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``'\r'``, or the Windows convention ``'\r\n'``. All of these external
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representations are seen as ``'\n'`` by the Python program. If Python is built
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without universal newlines support a *mode* with ``'U'`` is the same as normal
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text mode. Note that file objects so opened also have an attribute called
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:attr:`newlines` which has a value of ``None`` (if no newlines have yet been
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seen), ``'\n'``, ``'\r'``, ``'\r\n'``, or a tuple containing all the newline
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types seen.
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supplying ``'U'`` opens the file as a text file, but lines may be terminated
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by any of the following: the Unix end-of-line convention ``'\n'``, the
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Macintosh convention ``'\r'``, or the Windows convention ``'\r\n'``. All of
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these external representations are seen as ``'\n'`` by the Python program.
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If Python is built without universal newlines support a *mode* with ``'U'``
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is the same as normal text mode. Note that file objects so opened also have
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an attribute called :attr:`newlines` which has a value of ``None`` (if no
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newlines have yet been seen), ``'\n'``, ``'\r'``, ``'\r\n'``, or a tuple
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containing all the newline types seen.
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Python enforces that the mode, after stripping ``'U'``, begins with ``'r'``,
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``'w'`` or ``'a'``.
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@ -144,10 +144,9 @@ Module Interface
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.. index::
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single: universal newlines; open() (in module io)
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*newline* controls how :term:`universal newlines` works (it only applies
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to text
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mode). It can be ``None``, ``''``, ``'\n'``, ``'\r'``, and ``'\r\n'``. It
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works as follows:
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*newline* controls how :term:`universal newlines` works (it only applies to
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text mode). It can be ``None``, ``''``, ``'\n'``, ``'\r'``, and ``'\r\n'``.
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It works as follows:
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* On input, if *newline* is ``None``, universal newlines mode is enabled.
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Lines in the input can end in ``'\n'``, ``'\r'``, or ``'\r\n'``, and these
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@ -765,13 +764,12 @@ Text I/O
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``''``, ``'\n'``, ``'\r'``, and ``'\r\n'``. It works as follows:
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* On input, if *newline* is ``None``, :term:`universal newlines` mode is
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enabled.
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Lines in the input can end in ``'\n'``, ``'\r'``, or ``'\r\n'``, and these
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are translated into ``'\n'`` before being returned to the caller. If it is
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``''``, universal newlines mode is enabled, but line endings are returned to
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the caller untranslated. If it has any of the other legal values, input
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lines are only terminated by the given string, and the line ending is
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returned to the caller untranslated.
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enabled. Lines in the input can end in ``'\n'``, ``'\r'``, or ``'\r\n'``,
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and these are translated into ``'\n'`` before being returned to the
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caller. If it is ``''``, universal newlines mode is enabled, but line
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endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of the
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other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given string,
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and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.
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* On output, if *newline* is ``None``, any ``'\n'`` characters written are
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translated to the system default line separator, :data:`os.linesep`. If
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@ -385,12 +385,11 @@ functions.
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.. _side-by-side assembly: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-by-Side_Assembly
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If *universal_newlines* is ``True``, the file objects *stdout* and *stderr* are
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opened as text files in :term:`universal newlines` mode. Lines may be
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terminated by any of ``'\n'``, the Unix
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end-of-line convention, ``'\r'``, the old Macintosh convention or ``'\r\n'``, the
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Windows convention. All of these external representations are seen as ``'\n'``
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by the Python program.
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If *universal_newlines* is ``True``, the file objects *stdout* and *stderr*
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are opened as text files in :term:`universal newlines` mode. Lines may be
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terminated by any of ``'\n'``, the Unix end-of-line convention, ``'\r'``,
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the old Macintosh convention or ``'\r\n'``, the Windows convention. All of
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these external representations are seen as ``'\n'`` by the Python program.
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.. note::
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@ -32,16 +32,17 @@ High-level interface
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.. function:: urlopen(url[, data[, proxies]])
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Open a network object denoted by a URL for reading. If the URL does not have a
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scheme identifier, or if it has :file:`file:` as its scheme identifier, this
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opens a local file (without :term:`universal newlines`); otherwise it opens a socket to
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a server somewhere on the network. If the connection cannot be made the
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:exc:`IOError` exception is raised. If all went well, a file-like object is
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returned. This supports the following methods: :meth:`read`, :meth:`readline`,
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:meth:`readlines`, :meth:`fileno`, :meth:`close`, :meth:`info`, :meth:`getcode` and
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:meth:`geturl`. It also has proper support for the :term:`iterator` protocol. One
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caveat: the :meth:`read` method, if the size argument is omitted or negative,
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may not read until the end of the data stream; there is no good way to determine
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Open a network object denoted by a URL for reading. If the URL does not
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have a scheme identifier, or if it has :file:`file:` as its scheme
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identifier, this opens a local file (without :term:`universal newlines`);
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otherwise it opens a socket to a server somewhere on the network. If the
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connection cannot be made the :exc:`IOError` exception is raised. If all
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went well, a file-like object is returned. This supports the following
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methods: :meth:`read`, :meth:`readline`, :meth:`readlines`, :meth:`fileno`,
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:meth:`close`, :meth:`info`, :meth:`getcode` and :meth:`geturl`. It also
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has proper support for the :term:`iterator` protocol. One caveat: the
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:meth:`read` method, if the size argument is omitted or negative, may not
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read until the end of the data stream; there is no good way to determine
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that the entire stream from a socket has been read in the general case.
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Except for the :meth:`info`, :meth:`getcode` and :meth:`geturl` methods,
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@ -379,13 +379,12 @@ mark the ends of lines in text files. Unix uses the linefeed (ASCII character
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10), MacOS uses the carriage return (ASCII character 13), and Windows uses a
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two-character sequence of a carriage return plus a newline.
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Python's file objects can now support end of line conventions other than the one
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followed by the platform on which Python is running. Opening a file with the
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mode ``'U'`` or ``'rU'`` will open a file for reading in
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:term:`universal newlines` mode.
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All three line ending conventions will be translated to a ``'\n'`` in the
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strings returned by the various file methods such as :meth:`read` and
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:meth:`readline`.
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Python's file objects can now support end of line conventions other than the
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one followed by the platform on which Python is running. Opening a file with
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the mode ``'U'`` or ``'rU'`` will open a file for reading in :term:`universal
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newlines` mode. All three line ending conventions will be translated to a
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``'\n'`` in the strings returned by the various file methods such as
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:meth:`read` and :meth:`readline`.
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Universal newline support is also used when importing modules and when executing
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a file with the :func:`execfile` function. This means that Python modules can
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@ -1343,11 +1343,12 @@ complete list of changes, or look through the SVN logs for all the details.
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* The :mod:`fileinput` module was made more flexible. Unicode filenames are now
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supported, and a *mode* parameter that defaults to ``"r"`` was added to the
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:func:`input` function to allow opening files in binary or :term:`universal newlines`
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mode. Another new parameter, *openhook*, lets you use a function other than
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:func:`open` to open the input files. Once you're iterating over the set of
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files, the :class:`FileInput` object's new :meth:`fileno` returns the file
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descriptor for the currently opened file. (Contributed by Georg Brandl.)
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:func:`input` function to allow opening files in binary or :term:`universal
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newlines` mode. Another new parameter, *openhook*, lets you use a function
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other than :func:`open` to open the input files. Once you're iterating over
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the set of files, the :class:`FileInput` object's new :meth:`fileno` returns
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the file descriptor for the currently opened file. (Contributed by Georg
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Brandl.)
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* In the :mod:`gc` module, the new :func:`get_count` function returns a 3-tuple
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containing the current collection counts for the three GC generations. This is
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