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@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ Functions for sequences:
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Return a random element from the non-empty sequence *seq*. If *seq* is empty,
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raises :exc:`IndexError`.
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.. function:: choices(k, population, weights=None, *, cum_weights=None)
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.. function:: choices(population, weights=None, *, cum_weights=None, k=1)
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Return a *k* sized list of elements chosen from the *population* with replacement.
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If the *population* is empty, raises :exc:`IndexError`.
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@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ class Random(_random.Random):
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result[i] = population[j]
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return result
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def choices(self, k, population, weights=None, *, cum_weights=None):
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def choices(self, population, weights=None, *, cum_weights=None, k=1):
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"""Return a k sized list of population elements chosen with replacement.
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If the relative weights or cumulative weights are not specified,
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@ -151,8 +151,8 @@ class TestBasicOps:
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# basic functionality
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for sample in [
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choices(5, data),
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choices(5, data, range(4)),
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choices(data, k=5),
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choices(data, range(4), k=5),
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choices(k=5, population=data, weights=range(4)),
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choices(k=5, population=data, cum_weights=range(4)),
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]:
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@ -164,50 +164,50 @@ class TestBasicOps:
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with self.assertRaises(TypeError): # missing arguments
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choices(2)
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self.assertEqual(choices(0, data), []) # k == 0
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self.assertEqual(choices(-1, data), []) # negative k behaves like ``[0] * -1``
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self.assertEqual(choices(data, k=0), []) # k == 0
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self.assertEqual(choices(data, k=-1), []) # negative k behaves like ``[0] * -1``
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with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
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choices(2.5, data) # k is a float
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choices(data, k=2.5) # k is a float
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self.assertTrue(set(choices(5, str_data)) <= set(str_data)) # population is a string sequence
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self.assertTrue(set(choices(5, range_data)) <= set(range_data)) # population is a range
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self.assertTrue(set(choices(str_data, k=5)) <= set(str_data)) # population is a string sequence
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self.assertTrue(set(choices(range_data, k=5)) <= set(range_data)) # population is a range
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with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
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choices(2.5, set_data) # population is not a sequence
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choices(set_data, k=2) # population is not a sequence
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self.assertTrue(set(choices(5, data, None)) <= set(data)) # weights is None
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self.assertTrue(set(choices(5, data, weights=None)) <= set(data))
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self.assertTrue(set(choices(data, None, k=5)) <= set(data)) # weights is None
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self.assertTrue(set(choices(data, weights=None, k=5)) <= set(data))
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with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
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choices(5, data, [1,2]) # len(weights) != len(population)
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choices(data, [1,2], k=5) # len(weights) != len(population)
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with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
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choices(5, data, [0]*4) # weights sum to zero
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choices(data, [0]*4, k=5) # weights sum to zero
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with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
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choices(5, data, 10) # non-iterable weights
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choices(data, 10, k=5) # non-iterable weights
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with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
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choices(5, data, [None]*4) # non-numeric weights
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choices(data, [None]*4, k=5) # non-numeric weights
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for weights in [
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[15, 10, 25, 30], # integer weights
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[15.1, 10.2, 25.2, 30.3], # float weights
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[Fraction(1, 3), Fraction(2, 6), Fraction(3, 6), Fraction(4, 6)], # fractional weights
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[True, False, True, False] # booleans (include / exclude)
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]:
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self.assertTrue(set(choices(5, data, weights)) <= set(data))
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self.assertTrue(set(choices(data, weights, k=5)) <= set(data))
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with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
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choices(5, data, cum_weights=[1,2]) # len(weights) != len(population)
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choices(data, cum_weights=[1,2], k=5) # len(weights) != len(population)
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with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
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choices(5, data, cum_weights=[0]*4) # cum_weights sum to zero
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choices(data, cum_weights=[0]*4, k=5) # cum_weights sum to zero
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with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
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choices(5, data, cum_weights=10) # non-iterable cum_weights
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choices(data, cum_weights=10, k=5) # non-iterable cum_weights
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with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
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choices(5, data, cum_weights=[None]*4) # non-numeric cum_weights
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choices(data, cum_weights=[None]*4, k=5) # non-numeric cum_weights
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with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
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choices(5, data, range(4), cum_weights=range(4)) # both weights and cum_weights
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choices(data, range(4), cum_weights=range(4), k=5) # both weights and cum_weights
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for weights in [
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[15, 10, 25, 30], # integer cum_weights
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[15.1, 10.2, 25.2, 30.3], # float cum_weights
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[Fraction(1, 3), Fraction(2, 6), Fraction(3, 6), Fraction(4, 6)], # fractional cum_weights
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]:
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self.assertTrue(set(choices(5, data, cum_weights=weights)) <= set(data))
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self.assertTrue(set(choices(data, cum_weights=weights, k=5)) <= set(data))
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def test_gauss(self):
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# Ensure that the seed() method initializes all the hidden state. In
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@ -50,6 +50,10 @@ Library
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- Issue #27897: Fixed possible crash in sqlite3.Connection.create_collation()
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if pass invalid string-like object as a name. Patch by Xiang Zhang.
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- Issue #18844: random.choices() now has k as a keyword-only argument
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to improve the readability of common cases and the come into line
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with the signature used in other languages.
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- Issue #18893: Fix invalid exception handling in Lib/ctypes/macholib/dyld.py.
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Patch by Madison May.
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