Merged revisions 67531-67532,67538,67553-67554,67556-67557,67571,67574-67575,67579-67580,67591,67597,67608,67631 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r67531 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-04 19:54:05 +0100 (Thu, 04 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add reference to enumerate() to indices example. ........ r67532 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-04 19:59:16 +0100 (Thu, 04 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add another heapq example. ........ r67538 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-04 22:28:16 +0100 (Thu, 04 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Clarification to avoid confusing output with file descriptors. ........ r67553 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 08:49:49 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4408: document regex.groups. ........ r67554 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 08:52:26 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4409: fix asterisks looking like footnotes. ........ r67556 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 09:02:17 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4441: improve doc for os.open() flags. ........ r67557 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 09:06:57 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add an index entry for "subclassing immutable types". ........ r67571 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 10:13:45 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Use markup. ........ r67574 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 10:25:32 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4441 followup: Add link to open() docs for Windows. ........ r67575 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 12:34:51 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4544: add `dedent` to textwrap.__all__. ........ r67579 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:29:39 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4517: add "special method" glossary entry and clarify when __getattribute__ is bypassed. ........ r67580 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 16:32:29 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4478: document that copyfile() can raise Error. ........ r67591 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 19:00:06 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Followup to #4511: add link from decorator glossary entry to definition. ........ r67597 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-05 20:03:19 +0100 (Fri, 05 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Remove confusing sentence part. ........ r67608 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-06 12:57:12 +0100 (Sat, 06 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Follow-up to #4488: document PIPE and STDOUT properly. ........ r67631 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-07 12:54:07 +0100 (Sun, 07 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add link to the favicon to the docs. ........
This commit is contained in:
Georg Brandl
parent
eb9fc524a8
commit
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@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ Source Code
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-----------
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Literal code blocks are introduced by ending a paragraph with the special marker
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``::``. The literal block must be indented, to be able to include blank lines::
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``::``. The literal block must be indented::
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This is a normal text paragraph. The next paragraph is a code sample::
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@ -116,7 +116,9 @@ Glossary
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def f(...):
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...
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The same concept exists for classes, but is less commonly used there.
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The same concept exists for classes, but is less commonly used there. See
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the documentation for :ref:`function definitions <function>` and
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:ref:`class definitions <class>` for more about decorators.
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descriptor
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Any object which defines the methods :meth:`__get__`, :meth:`__set__`, or
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@ -479,6 +481,12 @@ Glossary
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when several are given, such as in ``variable_name[1:3:5]``. The bracket
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(subscript) notation uses :class:`slice` objects internally.
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special method
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A method that is called implicitly by Python to execute a certain
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operation on a type, such as addition. Such methods have names starting
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and ending with double underscores. Special methods are documented in
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:ref:`specialnames`.
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statement
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A statement is part of a suite (a "block" of code). A statement is either
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an :term:`expression` or a one of several constructs with a keyword, such
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@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ exception:
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non-option argument is encountered.
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If the first character of the option string is '+', or if the environment
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variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, then option processing stops as soon as a
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non-option argument is encountered.
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variable :envvar:`POSIXLY_CORRECT` is set, then option processing stops as
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soon as a non-option argument is encountered.
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.. exception:: GetoptError
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@ -86,6 +86,21 @@ Example of use:
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>>> data == ordered
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True
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Using a heap to insert items at the correct place in a priority queue:
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>>> heap = []
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>>> data = [(1, 'J'), (4, 'N'), (3, 'H'), (2, 'O')]
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>>> for item in data:
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... heappush(heap, item)
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...
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>>> while heap:
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... print(heappop(heap)[1])
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J
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O
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H
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N
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The module also offers three general purpose functions based on heaps.
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@ -567,10 +567,11 @@ by file descriptors.
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:func:`fdopen`, or :data:`sys.stdout` or :data:`sys.stderr`, use its :meth:`write`
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method.
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The following data items are available for use in constructing the *flags*
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parameter to the :func:`open` function. Some items will not be available on all
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platforms. For descriptions of their availability and use, consult
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:manpage:`open(2)`.
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The following constants are options for the *flags* parameter to the
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:func:`open` function. They can be combined using the bitwise OR operator
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``|``. Some of them are not available on all platforms. For descriptions of
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their availability and use, consult the :manpage:`open(2)` manual page on Unix
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or `the MSDN <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/z0kc8e3z.aspx>` on Windows.
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.. data:: O_RDONLY
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@ -581,8 +582,7 @@ platforms. For descriptions of their availability and use, consult
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O_EXCL
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O_TRUNC
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Options for the *flag* argument to the :func:`open` function. These can be
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combined using the bitwise OR operator ``|``. Availability: Unix, Windows.
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These constants are available on Unix and Windows.
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.. data:: O_DSYNC
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@ -594,8 +594,7 @@ platforms. For descriptions of their availability and use, consult
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O_SHLOCK
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O_EXLOCK
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More options for the *flag* argument to the :func:`open` function. Availability:
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Unix.
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These constants are only available on Unix.
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.. data:: O_BINARY
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@ -606,8 +605,7 @@ platforms. For descriptions of their availability and use, consult
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O_SEQUENTIAL
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O_TEXT
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Options for the *flag* argument to the :func:`open` function. These can be
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combined using the bitwise OR operator ``|``. Availability: Windows.
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These constants are only available on Windows.
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.. data:: O_ASYNC
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@ -616,8 +614,8 @@ platforms. For descriptions of their availability and use, consult
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O_NOFOLLOW
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O_NOATIME
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Options for the *flag* argument to the :func:`open` function. These are
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GNU extensions and not present if they are not defined by the C library.
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These constants are GNU extensions and not present if they are not defined by
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the C library.
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.. data:: SEEK_SET
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@ -770,6 +770,11 @@ attributes:
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were provided.
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.. attribute:: RegexObject.groups
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The number of capturing groups in the pattern.
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.. attribute:: RegexObject.groupindex
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A dictionary mapping any symbolic group names defined by ``(?P<id>)`` to group
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@ -43,7 +43,8 @@ copying and removal. For operations on individual files, see also the
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Copy the contents (no metadata) of the file named *src* to a file named *dst*.
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*dst* must be the complete target file name; look at :func:`copy` for a copy that
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accepts a target directory path.
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accepts a target directory path. If *src* and *dst* are the same files,
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:exc:`Error` is raised.
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The destination location must be writable; otherwise, an :exc:`IOError` exception
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will be raised. If *dst* already exists, it will be replaced. Special files
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such as character or block devices and pipes cannot be copied with this
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@ -68,13 +68,13 @@ This module defines one class called :class:`Popen`:
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specified by the :envvar:`COMSPEC` environment variable.
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*stdin*, *stdout* and *stderr* specify the executed programs' standard input,
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standard output and standard error file handles, respectively. Valid values are
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``PIPE``, an existing file descriptor (a positive integer), an existing file
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object, and ``None``. ``PIPE`` indicates that a new pipe to the child should be
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created. With ``None``, no redirection will occur; the child's file handles
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will be inherited from the parent. Additionally, *stderr* can be ``STDOUT``,
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which indicates that the stderr data from the applications should be captured
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into the same file handle as for stdout.
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standard output and standard error file handles, respectively. Valid values
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are :data:`PIPE`, an existing file descriptor (a positive integer), an
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existing file object, and ``None``. :data:`PIPE` indicates that a new pipe
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to the child should be created. With ``None``, no redirection will occur;
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the child's file handles will be inherited from the parent. Additionally,
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*stderr* can be :data:`STDOUT`, which indicates that the stderr data from the
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applications should be captured into the same file handle as for stdout.
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If *preexec_fn* is set to a callable object, this object will be called in the
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child process just before the child is executed. (Unix only)
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@ -114,6 +114,20 @@ This module defines one class called :class:`Popen`:
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of the main window and priority for the new process. (Windows only)
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.. data:: PIPE
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Special value that can be used as the *stdin*, *stdout* or *stderr* argument
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to :class:`Popen` and indicates that a pipe to the standard stream should be
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opened.
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.. data:: STDOUT
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Special value that can be used as the *stderr* argument to :class:`Popen` and
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indicates that standard error should go into the same handle as standard
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output.
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Convenience Functions
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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@ -229,7 +243,7 @@ Instances of the :class:`Popen` class have the following methods:
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*input* argument should be a byte string to be sent to the child process, or
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``None``, if no data should be sent to the child.
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:meth:`communicate` returns a tuple ``(stdout, stderr)``.
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:meth:`communicate` returns a tuple ``(stdoutdata, stderrdata)``.
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Note that if you want to send data to the process's stdin, you need to create
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the Popen object with ``stdin=PIPE``. Similarly, to get anything other than
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.. attribute:: Popen.stdin
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If the *stdin* argument is ``PIPE``, this attribute is a file object that
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provides input to the child process. Otherwise, it is ``None``.
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If the *stdin* argument was :data:`PIPE`, this attribute is a file object
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that provides input to the child process. Otherwise, it is ``None``.
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.. attribute:: Popen.stdout
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If the *stdout* argument is ``PIPE``, this attribute is a file object that
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provides output from the child process. Otherwise, it is ``None``.
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If the *stdout* argument was :data:`PIPE`, this attribute is a file object
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that provides output from the child process. Otherwise, it is ``None``.
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.. attribute:: Popen.stderr
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If the *stderr* argument is ``PIPE``, this attribute is file object that
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provides error output from the child process. Otherwise, it is ``None``.
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If the *stderr* argument was :data:`PIPE`, this attribute is a file object
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that provides error output from the child process. Otherwise, it is
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``None``.
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.. attribute:: Popen.pid
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@ -374,8 +389,8 @@ A more realistic example would look like this::
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print("Execution failed:", e, file=sys.stderr)
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Replacing os.spawn\*
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Replacing the os.spawn family
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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P_NOWAIT example::
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@ -402,8 +417,8 @@ Environment example::
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Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"], env={"PATH": "/usr/bin"})
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Replacing os.popen\*
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Replacing os.popen
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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::
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@ -416,4 +431,3 @@ Replacing os.popen\*
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pipe = os.popen(cmd, 'w', bufsize)
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==>
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pipe = Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE).stdin
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@ -1009,9 +1009,10 @@ of this is the :class:`NodeList` interface in the W3C's Document Object Model.)
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Basic customization
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-------------------
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.. method:: object.__new__(cls[, ...])
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.. index:: pair: subclassing; immutable types
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Called to create a new instance of class *cls*. :meth:`__new__` is a static
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method (special-cased so you need not declare it as such) that takes the class
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of which an instance was requested as its first argument. The remaining
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@ -1915,7 +1916,7 @@ the instance when looking up special methods::
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True
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In addition to bypassing any instance attributes in the interest of
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correctness, implicit special method lookup may also bypass the
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correctness, implicit special method lookup generally also bypasses the
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:meth:`__getattribute__` method even of the object's metaclass::
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>>> class Meta(type):
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@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
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{% extends "!layout.html" %}
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{% block rootrellink %}
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<li><img src="{{ pathto('_static/py.png', 1) }}" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li><li><a href="{{ pathto('index') }}">{{ shorttitle }}</a>{{ reldelim1 }}</li>
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<li><img src="{{ pathto('_static/py.png', 1) }}" alt=""
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style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
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<li><a href="{{ pathto('index') }}">{{ shorttitle }}</a>{{ reldelim1 }}</li>
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{% endblock %}
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{% block extrahead %}
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<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="{{ pathto('_static/py.png', 1) }}" />
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{{ super() }}
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{% endblock %}
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@ -113,8 +113,8 @@ increment (even negative; sometimes this is called the 'step')::
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range(-10, -100, -30)
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-10, -40, -70
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To iterate over the indices of a sequence, combine :func:`range` and :func:`len`
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as follows::
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To iterate over the indices of a sequence, you can combine :func:`range` and
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:func:`len` as follows::
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>>> a = ['Mary', 'had', 'a', 'little', 'lamb']
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>>> for i in range(len(a)):
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@ -126,6 +126,9 @@ as follows::
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3 little
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4 lamb
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In most such cases, however, it is convenient to use the :func:`enumerate`
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function, see :ref:`tut-loopidioms`.
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A strange thing happens if you just print a range::
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>>> print(range(10))
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@ -148,6 +151,7 @@ is another; it creates lists from iterables::
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Later we will see more functions that return iterables and take iterables as argument.
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.. _tut-break:
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:keyword:`break` and :keyword:`continue` Statements, and :keyword:`else` Clauses on Loops
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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ __revision__ = "$Id$"
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import string, re
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__all__ = ['TextWrapper', 'wrap', 'fill']
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__all__ = ['TextWrapper', 'wrap', 'fill', 'dedent']
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# Hardcode the recognized whitespace characters to the US-ASCII
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# whitespace characters. The main reason for doing this is that in
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