Preliminary documentation for the curses module by Moshe Zadka, with
lots of markup fixes and some English nits fixed. Still needs real review. Some of the function signatures used in this module are really bad! (Two leading optional parameters? Ugh!)
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Fred Drake
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\section{\module{curses} ---
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Terminal independant console handling}
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\declaremodule{extension}{curses}
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\sectionauthor{Moshe Zadka}{mzadka@geocities.com}
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\modulesynopsis{An interface to the curses library.}
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The \module{curses} module provides an interface to the curses \UNIX{}
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library, the de-facto standard for portable advanced terminal
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handling.
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While curses is most widely used in the \UNIX{} environment, versions
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are available for DOS, OS/2, and possibly other systems as well. The
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extension module has not been tested with all available versions of
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curses.
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\begin{seealso}
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\seetext{Tutorial material on using curses with Python is available
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on the Python Web site as Andrew Kuchling's \emph{Curses
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Programming with Python}, at
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\url{http://www.python.org/doc/howto/curses/curses.html}.}
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\end{seealso}
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\subsection{Constants and Functions \label{curses-functions}}
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The \module{curses} module defines the following data members:
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\begin{datadesc}{version}
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A string representing the current version of the module.
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\end{datadesc}
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\begin{datadesc}{A_NORMAL}
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Normal attribute.
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\end{datadesc}
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\begin{datadesc}{A_STANDOUT}
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Standout mode.
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\end{datadesc}
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\begin{datadesc}{A_UNDERLINE}
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Underline mode.
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\end{datadesc}
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\begin{datadesc}{A_BLINK}
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Blink mode.
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\end{datadesc}
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\begin{datadesc}{A_DIM}
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Dim mode.
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\end{datadesc}
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\begin{datadesc}{A_BOLD}
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Bold mode.
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\end{datadesc}
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\begin{datadesc}{A_ALTCHARSET}
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Alternate character set mode.
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\end{datadesc}
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\begin{datadesc}{KEY_*}
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Names for various keys. The exact names available are system dependant.
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\end{datadesc}
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\begin{datadesc}{ACS_*}
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Names for various characters:
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\constant{ACS_ULCORNER}, \constant{ACS_LLCORNER},
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\constant{ACS_URCORNER}, \constant{ACS_LRCORNER}, \constant{ACS_RTEE},
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\constant{ACS_LTEE}, \constant{ACS_BTEE}, \constant{ACS_TTEE},
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\constant{ACS_HLINE}, \constant{ACS_VLINE}, \constant{ACS_PLUS},
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\constant{ACS_S1}, \constant{ACS_S9}, \constant{ACS_DIAMOND},
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\constant{ACS_CKBOARD}, \constant{ACS_DEGREE}, \constant{ACS_PLMINUS},
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\constant{ACS_BULLET}, \constant{ACS_LARROW}, \constant{ACS_RARROW},
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\constant{ACS_DARROW}.
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\strong{Note:} These are available only after \function{initscr()} has
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been called.
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\end{datadesc}
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The module \module{curses} defines the following exception:
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\begin{excdesc}{error}
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Curses function returned an error status.
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\end{excdesc}
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The module \module{curses} defines the following functions:
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\begin{funcdesc}{initscr}{}
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Initialize the library. Returns a \class{WindowObject} which represents
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the whole screen.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{endwin}{}
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De-initialize the library, and return terminal to normal status.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{isendwin}{}
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Returns true if \function{endwin()} has been called.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{doupdate}{}
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Update the screen.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{newwin}{\optional{nlines, ncols,} begin_y, begin_x}
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Return a new window, whose left-upper corner is at
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\code{(\var{begin_y}, \var{begin_x})}, and whose height/width is
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\var{nlines}/\var{ncols}. By default, the window will extend from the
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specified position to the lower right corner of the screen.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{beep}{}
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Emit a short sound.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{flash}{}
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Flash the screen.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{ungetch}{ch}
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Push \var{ch} so the next \method{getch()} will return it; \var{ch} is
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an integer specifying the character to be pushed.
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\strong{Note:} only one \var{ch} can be pushed before \method{getch()}
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is called.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{flushinp}{}
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Flush all input buffers.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{cbreak}{}
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Enter cbreak mode.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{nocbreak}{}
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Leave cbreak mode.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{echo}{}
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Enter echo mode.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{noecho}{}
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Leave echo mode.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{nl}{}
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Enter nl mode.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{nonl}{}
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Leave nl mode.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{raw}{}
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Enter raw mode.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{noraw}{}
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Leave raw mode.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{meta}{yes}
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If \var{yes} is 1, allow 8-bit characters. If \var{yes} is 0,
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allow only 7-bit chars.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\begin{funcdesc}{keyname}{k}
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Return the name of the key numbered \var{k}.
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\end{funcdesc}
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\subsection{Window Objects \label{curses-window-objects}}
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Window objects, as returned by \function{initscr()} and
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\function{newwin()} above, have the
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following methods:
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\begin{methoddesc}{refresh}{}
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Do refresh (sync actual screen with previous drawing/deleting
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methods.)
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{nooutrefresh}{}
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Mark for refresh but wait.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{mvwin}{new_y, new_x}
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Move the window so its upper-left corner is at \code{(new_y, new_x)}.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{move}{new_y, new_x}
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Move cursor to \code{(\var{new_y}, \var{new_x})}.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{subwin}{nlines=HEIGTH-begin_y, ncols=WIDTH-begin_x,
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begin_y, begin_y}
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Return a sub-window, whose upper-left corner is at
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\code{(\var{begin_y}, \var{begin_x})}, and whose width/height is
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\var{ncols}/\var{nlines}.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{addch}{\optional{y, x,} ch\optional{, attr}}
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\strong{Note:} A \emph{character} means a C character (i.e., an
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\ASCII{} code), rather then a Python character (a string of length 1).
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(This note is true whenever the documentation mentions a character.)
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Paint character \var{ch} at \code{(\var{y}, \var{x})} with attributes
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\var{attr}, overwriting any character previously painter at that
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location. By default, the character position and attributes are the
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current settings for the window object.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{insch}{\optional{y, x,} ch\optional{, attr}}
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Paint character \var{ch} at \code{(\var{y}, \var{x})} with attributes
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\var{attr}, moving the line from position \var{x} right by one
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character.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{delch}{\optional{x, y}}
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Delete any character at \code{(y,x)}.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{echochar}{ch\optional{, attr}}
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Add character \var{ch} with attribute \var{attr}, and immediately
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call \method{refresh}.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{addstr}{\optional{y, x,} str\optional{, attr}}
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Paint string \var{str} at \code{(y,x)} with attributes \var{attr}, overwriting
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anything previously on the display.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{attron}{attr}
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Turn on attribute \var{attr} at current cursor location.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{attroff}{attr}
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Turn off attribute \var{attr} at current cursor location.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{setattr}{attr}
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Set the attributes at the current cursor location to \var{attr}.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{standend}{}
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Turn off all attributes at current cusor location.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{standout}{}
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Turn on attribute \var{A_STANDOUT}.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{border}{ls\code{ = ACS_VLINE}, rs\code{ = ACS_VLINE},
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ts\code{ = ACS_HLINE}, bs\code{ = ACS_HLINE},
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tl\code{ = ACS_ULCORNER}, tr\code{ = ACS_URCORNER},
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bl\code{ = ACS_BLCORNER}, br\code{ = ACS_BRCORNER}}
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Draw a border around the edges of the window. The arguments are
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respectively, the character to use for the left side, the right side
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the top side, the bottom side, the top-left corner, the top-right
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corner, the bottom-left corner and the bottom-right corner.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{box}{vertch\code{ = ACS_VLINE}, horch\code{ = ACS_HLINE}}
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Same as \method{border}, but both \var{ls} and \var{rs} are \var{vertch}
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and both \var{ts} and {bs} are \var{horch}. The corners are non-overridable
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by this function.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{hline}{\optional{y, x,} ch, n}
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Display a horizontal line starting at \code{(\var{y}, \var{x})} with
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length \var{n} consisting of the character \var{ch}.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{vline}{\optional{y, x,} ch, n}
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Display a vertical line starting at \code{(\var{y}, \var{x})} with
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length \var{n} consisting of the character \var{ch}.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{erase}{}
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Clear the screen.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{deletln}{}
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Delete the line under the cursor. All following lines are moved up
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by 1 line.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{insertln}{}
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Insert a blank line under the cursor. All following lines are moved
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down by 1 line.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{getyx}{}
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Return a tuple \code{(\var{y}, \var{x})} of current cursor position.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{getbegyx}{}
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Return a tuple \code{(\var{y}, \var{x})} of co-ordinates of upper-left
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corner.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{getmaxyx}{}
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Return a tuple \code{(\var{y}, \var{x})} of the height and width of
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the window.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{clear}{}
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Like \method{erase()}, but also causes the whole screen to be repainted
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upon next call to \method{refresh()}.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{clrtobot}{}
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Erase from cursor to the end of the screen: all lines below the cursor
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are deleted, and then the equivalent of \method{clrtoeol()} is performed.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{clrtoeol}{}
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Erase from cursor to the end of the line.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{scroll}{\optional{lines\code{ = 1}}}
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Scroll the screen upward by \var{lines} lines.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{touchwin}{}
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Pretend the whole window has been changed, for purposes of drawing
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optimizations.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{touchline}{start, count}
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Pretend \var{count} lines have been changed, starting with line
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\var{start}.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{getch}{\optional{x, y}}
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Get a character. Note that the integer returned does \emph{not} have to
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be in \ASCII{} range: function keys, keypad keys and so on return numbers
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higher then 256. In no-delay mode, an exception is raised if there is
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no input.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{getstr}{\optional{x, y}}
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Read a string from the user, with primitive line editing capacity.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{inch}{\optional{x, y}}
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Return the character at the given position in the window. The bottom
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8 bits are the character proper, and upper bits are the attributes.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{clearok}{yes}
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If \var{yes} is 1, the next call to \method{refresh()}
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will clear the screen completely.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{idlok}{yes}
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If called with \var{yes} equal to 1, \module{curses} will try and use
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hardware line editing facilities. Otherwise, line insertion/deletion
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are disabled.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{leaveok}{yes}
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If \var{yes} is 1,
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cursor is left where it is, instead of being at ``cursor position.''
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This reduces cursor movement where possible. If possible it will be made
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invisible.
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If \var{yes} is 0, cursor will always be at
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``cursor position'' after an update.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{setscrreg}{top, bottom}
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Set the scrolling region from line \var{top} to line \var{bottom}. All
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scrolling actions will take place in this region.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{keypad}{yes}
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If \var{yes} is 1, escape sequences generated by some keys (keypad,
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function keys) will be interpreted by \module{curses}.
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If \var{yes} is 0, escape sequences will be left as is in the input
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stream.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{nodelay}{yes}
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If \var{yes} is 1, \method{getch()} will be non-blocking.
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\end{methoddesc}
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\begin{methoddesc}{notimeout}{yes}
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If \var{yes} is 1, escape sequences will not be timed out.
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If \var{yes} is 0, after a few milliseconds, an escape sequence will
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not be interpreted, and will be left in the input stream as is.
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\end{methoddesc}
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