More cleanups and examples.
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Raymond Hettinger
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@ -483,13 +483,12 @@ Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are:
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(Added by Antoine Pitrou and Georg Brandl in :issue:`10093` and :issue:`477863`.)
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* :class:`range` objects now support *index* and *count* methods. This is
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part of an effort to make more objects fully implement the :class:`collections.Sequence`
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:term:`abstract base class`. As a result, the language will have a more
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uniform API.
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In addition, :class:`range` objects now support slicing and negative indices.
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This makes *range* more interoperable with lists.
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* :class:`range` objects now support *index* and *count* methods. This is part
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of an effort to make more objects fully implement the
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:class:`collections.Sequence` :term:`abstract base class`. As a result, the
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language will have a more uniform API. In addition, :class:`range` objects
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now support slicing and negative indices. This makes *range* more
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interoperable with lists.
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(Contributed by Daniel Stuzback in :issue:`9213` and by Alexander Belopolsky
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in :issue:`2690`.)
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@ -558,10 +557,10 @@ New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
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(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger and incorporating design suggestions
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from Mark Dickinson.)
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* The :mod:`nntplib` module gets a revamped implementation with better
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bytes / unicode semantics as well as more practical APIs. These improvements
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break compatibility with the nntplib version in Python 3.1, which was
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partly dysfunctional in itself.
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* The :mod:`nntplib` module gets a revamped implementation with better bytes and
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unicode semantics as well as more practical APIs. These improvements break
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compatibility with the nntplib version in Python 3.1, which was partly
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dysfunctional in itself.
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(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in :issue:`9360`)
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@ -610,21 +609,35 @@ New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
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.. mention os.popen and subprocess.Popen auto-closing of fds
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* :class:`gzip.GzipFile` now implements the :class:`io.BufferedIOBase` ABC
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(except for ``truncate()``), has a :meth:`~gzip.GzipFile.peek` method,
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and supports unseekable as well as zero-padded file objects.
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(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou, Nir Aides and Brian Curtin in :issue:`9962`,
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:issue:`1675951`, :issue:`7471` and :issue:`2846`.)
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* :class:`gzip.GzipFile` now implements the :class:`io.BufferedIOBase`
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:term:`abstract base class` (except for ``truncate()``). It also has a
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:meth:`~gzip.GzipFile.peek` method and supports unseekable as well as
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zero-padded file objects.
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The :mod:`gzip` module also gains the :func:`~gzip.compress` and
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:func:`~gzip.decompress` functions for easier in-memory compression and
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decompression.
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(Contributed by Anand B. Pillai in :issue:`3488`.)
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Keep in mind that text needs to be encoded in to bytes before compressing
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and decompressing:
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>>> s = 'Three shall be the number thou shalt count, '
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>>> s += 'and the number of the counting shall be three'
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>>> b = s.encode() # convert to utf-8
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>>> len(b)
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89
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>>> c = gzip.compress(b)
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>>> len(c)
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77
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>>> gzip.decompress(c).decode()[:43] # decompress and convert to text
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'Three shall be the number thou shalt count, '
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(Contributed by Anand B. Pillai in :issue:`3488`; and by Antoine Pitrou, Nir
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Aides and Brian Curtin in :issue:`9962`, :issue:`1675951`, :issue:`7471` and
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:issue:`2846`.)
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* The :mod:`os` module now has the :const:`ST_RDONLY` and :const:`ST_NOSUID`
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constants, for use with the :func:`~os.statvfs` function.
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constants for use with the :func:`~os.statvfs` function.
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(Patch by Adam Jackson; :issue:`7647`.)
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@ -707,8 +720,16 @@ New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
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as recommended in public uses of HTTPS.
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(Added by Antoine Pitrou, :issue:`9003`.)
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* The command call, ``python -m unittest`` can now accept file paths instead
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of module names for running specific tests (:issue:`10620`).
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* The command-line call, ``python -m unittest`` can now accept file paths
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instead of module names for running specific tests (:issue:`10620`). The new
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test discovery can find tests within packages, locating any test importable
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from the top level directory. The top level directory can be specified with
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the `-t` option, a pattern for matching files with ``-p``, and a directory to
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start discovery with ``-s``::
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$ python -m unittest discover -s my_proj_dir -p '_test.py'
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(Contributed by Michael Foord.)
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* The :mod:`unittest` module has two new methods,
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:meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertWarns` and
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@ -718,9 +739,24 @@ New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
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>>> with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
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... legacy_function('XYZ')
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In addition, the naming in the module has ungone a number of clean-ups.
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For example, :meth:`assertRegex` is the new name for :meth:`assertRegexpMatches`
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which was misnamed because the test uses :func:`re.search`, not :func:`re.match`.
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Another new method, :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertCountEqual` is used to compare two iterables
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to determine if their element counts are equal (are the same elements present
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the same number of times::
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def test_anagram(self):
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self.assertCountEqual('algorithm', 'logarithm')
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A principal feature of the unittest module is an effort to produce meaningful
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diagnostics when a test fails. When possible the failure is recorded along
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with a diff of the output. This is especially helpful for analyzing log files
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of failed test runs. However, since diffs can sometime be voluminous, there is
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a new :attr:`~unittest.TestCase.maxDiff` attribute which sets maximum length of
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diffs.
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In addition the naming in the module has ungone a number of clean-ups. For
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example, :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertRegex` is the new name for
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:meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertRegexpMatches` which was misnamed because the
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test uses :func:`re.search`, not :func:`re.match`.
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To improve consistency, some of long-standing method aliases are being
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deprecated in favor of the preferred names:
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@ -771,7 +807,10 @@ New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
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* The :mod:`tempfile` module has a new context manager,
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:class:`~tempfile.TemporaryDirectory` which provides easy deterministic
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cleanup of temporary directories.
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cleanup of temporary directories:
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>>> with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdirname:
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... print 'created temporary directory', tmpdirname
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(Contributed by Neil Schemenauer and Nick Coghlan; :issue:`5178`.)
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@ -807,14 +846,6 @@ New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
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(Contributed by Ron Adam; :issue:`2001`.)
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.. XXX add something about pdb additions:
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* new commands interact, (un)display, longlist, source, until lineno
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* -c option that executes commands as if given in .pdbrc
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* SIGINT handler to break a continued program
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.. XXX add optimize flags for py_compile/compileall (issue10553)
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* The new :mod:`sysconfig` module makes it straight-forward to discover
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installation paths and configuration variables which vary across platforms and
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installs.
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