#14097: merge with 3.3.
This commit is contained in:
Ezio Melotti
commit
93c6770c72
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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ An Informal Introduction to Python
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**********************************
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In the following examples, input and output are distinguished by the presence or
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absence of prompts (``>>>`` and ``...``): to repeat the example, you must type
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absence of prompts (:term:`>>>` and :term:`...`): to repeat the example, you must type
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everything after the prompt, when the prompt appears; lines that do not begin
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with a prompt are output from the interpreter. Note that a secondary prompt on a
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line by itself in an example means you must type a blank line; this is used to
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@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ be omitted when typing in examples.
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Some examples::
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# this is the first comment
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SPAM = 1 # and this is the second comment
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# ... and now a third!
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STRING = "# This is not a comment."
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spam = 1 # and this is the second comment
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# ... and now a third!
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text = "# This is not a comment because it's inside quotes."
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.. _tut-calculator:
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@ -44,55 +44,53 @@ Numbers
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The interpreter acts as a simple calculator: you can type an expression at it
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and it will write the value. Expression syntax is straightforward: the
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operators ``+``, ``-``, ``*`` and ``/`` work just like in most other languages
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(for example, Pascal or C); parentheses can be used for grouping. For example::
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(for example, Pascal or C); parentheses (``()``) can be used for grouping.
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For example::
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>>> 2+2
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>>> 2 + 2
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4
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>>> # This is a comment
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... 2+2
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4
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>>> 2+2 # and a comment on the same line as code
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4
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>>> (50-5*6)/4
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>>> 50 - 5*6
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20
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>>> (50 - 5*6) / 4
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5.0
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>>> 8/5 # Fractions aren't lost when dividing integers
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>>> 8 / 5 # division always returns a floating point number
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1.6
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Note: You might not see exactly the same result; floating point results can
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differ from one machine to another. We will say more later about controlling
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the appearance of floating point output. See also :ref:`tut-fp-issues` for a
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full discussion of some of the subtleties of floating point numbers and their
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representations.
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The integer numbers (e.g. ``2``, ``4``, ``20``) have type :class:`int`,
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the ones with a fractional part (e.g. ``5.0``, ``1.6``) have type
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:class:`float`. We will see more about numberic types later in the tutorial.
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To do integer division and get an integer result,
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discarding any fractional result, there is another operator, ``//``::
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Division (``/``) always returns a float. To do :term:`floor division` and
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get an integer result (discarding any fractional result) you can use the ``//``
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operator; to calculate the remainder you can use ``%``::
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>>> # Integer division returns the floor:
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... 7//3
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>>> 17 / 3 # classic division returns a float
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5.666666666666667
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>>>
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>>> 17 // 3 # floor division discards the fractional part
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5
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>>> 17 % 3 # the % operator returns the remainder of the division
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2
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>>> 7//-3
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-3
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>>> 5 * 3 + 2 # result * divisor + remainder
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17
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The equal sign (``'='``) is used to assign a value to a variable. Afterwards, no
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With Python is possible to use the ``**`` operator to calculate powers [#]_::
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>>> 5 ** 2 # 5 squared
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25
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>>> 2 ** 7 # 2 to the power of 7
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128
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The equal sign (``=``) is used to assign a value to a variable. Afterwards, no
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result is displayed before the next interactive prompt::
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>>> width = 20
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>>> height = 5*9
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>>> height = 5 * 9
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>>> width * height
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900
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A value can be assigned to several variables simultaneously::
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>>> x = y = z = 0 # Zero x, y and z
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>>> x
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0
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>>> y
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0
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>>> z
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0
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Variables must be "defined" (assigned a value) before they can be used, or an
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error will occur::
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If a variable is not "defined" (assigned a value), trying to use it will
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give you an error::
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>>> n # try to access an undefined variable
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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@ -107,49 +105,6 @@ convert the integer operand to floating point::
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>>> 7.0 / 2
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3.5
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Complex numbers are also supported; imaginary numbers are written with a suffix
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of ``j`` or ``J``. Complex numbers with a nonzero real component are written as
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``(real+imagj)``, or can be created with the ``complex(real, imag)`` function.
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::
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>>> 1j * 1J
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(-1+0j)
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>>> 1j * complex(0, 1)
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(-1+0j)
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>>> 3+1j*3
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(3+3j)
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>>> (3+1j)*3
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(9+3j)
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>>> (1+2j)/(1+1j)
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(1.5+0.5j)
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Complex numbers are always represented as two floating point numbers, the real
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and imaginary part. To extract these parts from a complex number *z*, use
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``z.real`` and ``z.imag``. ::
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>>> a=1.5+0.5j
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>>> a.real
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1.5
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>>> a.imag
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0.5
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The conversion functions to floating point and integer (:func:`float`,
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:func:`int`) don't work for complex numbers --- there is not one correct way to
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convert a complex number to a real number. Use ``abs(z)`` to get its magnitude
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(as a float) or ``z.real`` to get its real part::
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>>> a=3.0+4.0j
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>>> float(a)
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
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TypeError: can't convert complex to float; use abs(z)
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>>> a.real
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3.0
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>>> a.imag
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4.0
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>>> abs(a) # sqrt(a.real**2 + a.imag**2)
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5.0
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In interactive mode, the last printed expression is assigned to the variable
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``_``. This means that when you are using Python as a desk calculator, it is
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somewhat easier to continue calculations, for example::
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@ -167,20 +122,28 @@ This variable should be treated as read-only by the user. Don't explicitly
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assign a value to it --- you would create an independent local variable with the
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same name masking the built-in variable with its magic behavior.
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In addition to :class:`int` and :class:`float`, Python supports other types of
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numbers, such as :class:`~decimal.Decimal` and :class:`~fractions.Fraction`.
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Python also has built-in support for :ref:`complex numbers <typesnumeric>`,
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and uses the ``j`` or ``J`` suffix to indicate the imaginary part
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(e.g. ``3+5j``).
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.. _tut-strings:
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Strings
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-------
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Besides numbers, Python can also manipulate strings, which can be expressed in
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several ways. They can be enclosed in single quotes or double quotes::
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Besides numbers, Python can also manipulate strings, which can be expressed
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in several ways. They can be enclosed in single quotes (``'...'``) or
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double quotes (``"..."``) with the same result [#]_. ``\`` can be used
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to escape quotes::
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>>> 'spam eggs'
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>>> 'spam eggs' # single quotes
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'spam eggs'
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>>> 'doesn\'t'
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>>> 'doesn\'t' # use \' to escape the single quote...
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"doesn't"
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>>> "doesn't"
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>>> "doesn't" # ...or use double quotes instead
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"doesn't"
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>>> '"Yes," he said.'
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'"Yes," he said.'
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@ -189,38 +152,40 @@ several ways. They can be enclosed in single quotes or double quotes::
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>>> '"Isn\'t," she said.'
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'"Isn\'t," she said.'
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The interpreter prints the result of string operations in the same way as they
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are typed for input: inside quotes, and with quotes and other funny characters
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escaped by backslashes, to show the precise value. The string is enclosed in
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double quotes if the string contains a single quote and no double quotes, else
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it's enclosed in single quotes. The :func:`print` function produces a more
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readable output for such input strings.
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In the interactive interpreter, the output string is enclosed in quotes and
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special characters are escaped with backslashes. While this might sometimes
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look different from the input (the enclosing quotes could change), the two
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strings are equivalent. The string is enclosed in double quotes if
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the string contains a single quote and no double quotes, otherwise it is
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enclosed in single quotes. The :func:`print` function produces a more
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readable output, by omitting the enclosing quotes and by printing escaped
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and special characters::
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String literals can span multiple lines in several ways. Continuation lines can
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be used, with a backslash as the last character on the line indicating that the
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next line is a logical continuation of the line::
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>>> '"Isn\'t," she said.'
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'"Isn\'t," she said.'
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>>> print('"Isn\'t," she said.')
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"Isn't," she said.
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>>> s = 'First line.\nSecond line.' # \n means newline
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>>> s # without print(), \n is included in the output
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'First line.\nSecond line.'
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>>> print(s) # with print(), \n produces a new line
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First line.
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Second line.
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hello = "This is a rather long string containing\n\
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several lines of text just as you would do in C.\n\
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Note that whitespace at the beginning of the line is\
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significant."
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If you don't want characters prefaced by ``\`` to be interpreted as
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special characters, you can use *raw strings* by adding an ``r`` before
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the first quote::
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print(hello)
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>>> print('C:\some\name') # here \n means newline!
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C:\some
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ame
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>>> print(r'C:\some\name') # note the r before the quote
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C:\some\name
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Note that newlines still need to be embedded in the string using ``\n`` -- the
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newline following the trailing backslash is discarded. This example would print
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the following:
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.. code-block:: text
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This is a rather long string containing
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several lines of text just as you would do in C.
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Note that whitespace at the beginning of the line is significant.
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Or, strings can be surrounded in a pair of matching triple-quotes: ``"""`` or
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``'''``. End of lines do not need to be escaped when using triple-quotes, but
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they will be included in the string. So the following uses one escape to
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avoid an unwanted initial blank line. ::
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String literals can span multiple lines. One way is using triple-quotes:
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``"""..."""`` or ``'''...'''``. End of lines are automatically
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included in the string, but it's possible to prevent this by adding a ``\`` at
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the end of the line. The following example::
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print("""\
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Usage: thingy [OPTIONS]
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@ -228,7 +193,7 @@ avoid an unwanted initial blank line. ::
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-H hostname Hostname to connect to
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""")
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produces the following output:
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produces the following output (note that the initial newline is not included):
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.. code-block:: text
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|
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@ -236,143 +201,100 @@ produces the following output:
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-h Display this usage message
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-H hostname Hostname to connect to
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If we make the string literal a "raw" string, ``\n`` sequences are not converted
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to newlines, but the backslash at the end of the line, and the newline character
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in the source, are both included in the string as data. Thus, the example::
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hello = r"This is a rather long string containing\n\
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several lines of text much as you would do in C."
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print(hello)
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would print:
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.. code-block:: text
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This is a rather long string containing\n\
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several lines of text much as you would do in C.
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Strings can be concatenated (glued together) with the ``+`` operator, and
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repeated with ``*``::
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>>> word = 'Help' + 'A'
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>>> word
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'HelpA'
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>>> '<' + word*5 + '>'
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'<HelpAHelpAHelpAHelpAHelpA>'
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>>> # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium'
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>>> 3 * 'un' + 'ium'
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'unununium'
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Two string literals next to each other are automatically concatenated; the first
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line above could also have been written ``word = 'Help' 'A'``; this only works
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with two literals, not with arbitrary string expressions::
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Two or more *string literals* (i.e. the ones enclosed between quotes) next
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to each other are automatically concatenated. ::
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>>> 'str' 'ing' # <- This is ok
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'string'
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>>> 'str'.strip() + 'ing' # <- This is ok
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'string'
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>>> 'str'.strip() 'ing' # <- This is invalid
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File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
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'str'.strip() 'ing'
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^
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>>> 'Py' 'thon'
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'Python'
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This only works with two literals though, not with variables or expressions::
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>>> prefix = 'Py'
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>>> prefix 'thon' # can't concatenate a variable and a string literal
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...
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SyntaxError: invalid syntax
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>>> ('un' * 3) 'ium'
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...
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SyntaxError: invalid syntax
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|
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Strings can be subscripted (indexed); like in C, the first character of a string
|
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has subscript (index) 0. There is no separate character type; a character is
|
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simply a string of size one. As in the Icon programming language, substrings
|
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can be specified with the *slice notation*: two indices separated by a colon.
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::
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If you want to concatenate variables or a variable and a literal, use ``+``::
|
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|
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>>> word[4]
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'A'
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>>> word[0:2]
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'He'
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>>> word[2:4]
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'lp'
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>>> prefix + 'thon'
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'Python'
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This feature is particularly useful when you want to break long strings::
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>>> text = ('Put several strings within parentheses '
|
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'to have them joined together.')
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>>> text
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'Put several strings within parentheses to have them joined together.'
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|
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Strings can be *indexed* (subscripted), with the first character having index 0.
|
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There is no separate character type; a character is simply a string of size
|
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one::
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>>> word = 'Python'
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>>> word[0] # character in position 0
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'P'
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>>> word[5] # character in position 5
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'n'
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|
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Indices may also be negative numbers, to start counting from the right::
|
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|
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>>> word[-1] # last character
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'n'
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>>> word[-2] # second-last character
|
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'o'
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>>> word[-6]
|
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'P'
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|
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Note that since -0 is the same as 0, negative indices start from -1.
|
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|
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In addition to indexing, *slicing* is also supported. While indexing is used
|
||||
to obtain individual characters, *slicing* allows you to obtain substring::
|
||||
|
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>>> word[0:2] # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded)
|
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'Py'
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>>> word[2:5] # characters from position 2 (included) to 4 (excluded)
|
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'tho'
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|
||||
Note how the start is always included, and the end always excluded. This
|
||||
makes sure that ``s[:i] + s[i:]`` is always equal to ``s``::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> word[:2] + word[2:]
|
||||
'Python'
|
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>>> word[:4] + word[4:]
|
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'Python'
|
||||
|
||||
Slice indices have useful defaults; an omitted first index defaults to zero, an
|
||||
omitted second index defaults to the size of the string being sliced. ::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> word[:2] # The first two characters
|
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'He'
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>>> word[2:] # Everything except the first two characters
|
||||
'lpA'
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike a C string, Python strings cannot be changed. Assigning to an indexed
|
||||
position in the string results in an error::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> word[0] = 'x'
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
|
||||
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
|
||||
>>> word[:1] = 'Splat'
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
|
||||
TypeError: 'str' object does not support slice assignment
|
||||
|
||||
However, creating a new string with the combined content is easy and efficient::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> 'x' + word[1:]
|
||||
'xelpA'
|
||||
>>> 'Splat' + word[4]
|
||||
'SplatA'
|
||||
|
||||
Here's a useful invariant of slice operations: ``s[:i] + s[i:]`` equals ``s``.
|
||||
::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> word[:2] + word[2:]
|
||||
'HelpA'
|
||||
>>> word[:3] + word[3:]
|
||||
'HelpA'
|
||||
|
||||
Degenerate slice indices are handled gracefully: an index that is too large is
|
||||
replaced by the string size, an upper bound smaller than the lower bound returns
|
||||
an empty string. ::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> word[1:100]
|
||||
'elpA'
|
||||
>>> word[10:]
|
||||
''
|
||||
>>> word[2:1]
|
||||
''
|
||||
|
||||
Indices may be negative numbers, to start counting from the right. For example::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> word[-1] # The last character
|
||||
'A'
|
||||
>>> word[-2] # The last-but-one character
|
||||
'p'
|
||||
>>> word[-2:] # The last two characters
|
||||
'pA'
|
||||
>>> word[:-2] # Everything except the last two characters
|
||||
'Hel'
|
||||
|
||||
But note that -0 is really the same as 0, so it does not count from the right!
|
||||
::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> word[-0] # (since -0 equals 0)
|
||||
'H'
|
||||
|
||||
Out-of-range negative slice indices are truncated, but don't try this for
|
||||
single-element (non-slice) indices::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> word[-100:]
|
||||
'HelpA'
|
||||
>>> word[-10] # error
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
|
||||
IndexError: string index out of range
|
||||
>>> word[:2] # character from the beginning to position 2 (excluded)
|
||||
'Py'
|
||||
>>> word[4:] # characters from position 4 (included) to the end
|
||||
'on'
|
||||
>>> word[-2:] # characters from the second-last (included) to the end
|
||||
'on'
|
||||
|
||||
One way to remember how slices work is to think of the indices as pointing
|
||||
*between* characters, with the left edge of the first character numbered 0.
|
||||
Then the right edge of the last character of a string of *n* characters has
|
||||
index *n*, for example::
|
||||
|
||||
+---+---+---+---+---+
|
||||
| H | e | l | p | A |
|
||||
+---+---+---+---+---+
|
||||
0 1 2 3 4 5
|
||||
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
|
||||
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
|
||||
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
|
||||
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
|
||||
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
|
||||
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
|
||||
|
||||
The first row of numbers gives the position of the indices 0...5 in the string;
|
||||
The first row of numbers gives the position of the indices 0...6 in the string;
|
||||
the second row gives the corresponding negative indices. The slice from *i* to
|
||||
*j* consists of all characters between the edges labeled *i* and *j*,
|
||||
respectively.
|
||||
|
|
@ -381,6 +303,38 @@ For non-negative indices, the length of a slice is the difference of the
|
|||
indices, if both are within bounds. For example, the length of ``word[1:3]`` is
|
||||
2.
|
||||
|
||||
Attempting to use a index that is too large will result in an error::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> word[42] # the word only has 7 characters
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
IndexError: string index out of range
|
||||
|
||||
However, out of range slice indexes are handled gracefully when used for
|
||||
slicing::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> word[4:42]
|
||||
'on'
|
||||
>>> word[42:]
|
||||
''
|
||||
|
||||
Python strings cannot be changed --- they are :term:`immutable`.
|
||||
Therefore, assigning to an indexed position in the string results in an error::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> word[0] = 'J'
|
||||
...
|
||||
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
|
||||
>>> word[2:] = 'py'
|
||||
...
|
||||
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
|
||||
|
||||
If you need a different string, you should create a new one::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> 'J' + word[1:]
|
||||
'Jython'
|
||||
>>> word[:2] + 'py'
|
||||
'Pypy'
|
||||
|
||||
The built-in function :func:`len` returns the length of a string::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> s = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious'
|
||||
|
|
@ -407,51 +361,6 @@ The built-in function :func:`len` returns the length of a string::
|
|||
the left operand of the ``%`` operator are described in more detail here.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. _tut-unicodestrings:
|
||||
|
||||
About Unicode
|
||||
-------------
|
||||
|
||||
.. sectionauthor:: Marc-André Lemburg <mal@lemburg.com>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Starting with Python 3.0 all strings support Unicode (see
|
||||
http://www.unicode.org/).
|
||||
|
||||
Unicode has the advantage of providing one ordinal for every character in every
|
||||
script used in modern and ancient texts. Previously, there were only 256
|
||||
possible ordinals for script characters. Texts were typically bound to a code
|
||||
page which mapped the ordinals to script characters. This lead to very much
|
||||
confusion especially with respect to internationalization (usually written as
|
||||
``i18n`` --- ``'i'`` + 18 characters + ``'n'``) of software. Unicode solves
|
||||
these problems by defining one code page for all scripts.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to include special characters in a string,
|
||||
you can do so by using the Python *Unicode-Escape* encoding. The following
|
||||
example shows how::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> 'Hello\u0020World !'
|
||||
'Hello World !'
|
||||
|
||||
The escape sequence ``\u0020`` indicates to insert the Unicode character with
|
||||
the ordinal value 0x0020 (the space character) at the given position.
|
||||
|
||||
Other characters are interpreted by using their respective ordinal values
|
||||
directly as Unicode ordinals. If you have literal strings in the standard
|
||||
Latin-1 encoding that is used in many Western countries, you will find it
|
||||
convenient that the lower 256 characters of Unicode are the same as the 256
|
||||
characters of Latin-1.
|
||||
|
||||
Apart from these standard encodings, Python provides a whole set of other ways
|
||||
of creating Unicode strings on the basis of a known encoding.
|
||||
|
||||
To convert a string into a sequence of bytes using a specific encoding,
|
||||
string objects provide an :func:`encode` method that takes one argument, the
|
||||
name of the encoding. Lowercase names for encodings are preferred. ::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> "Äpfel".encode('utf-8')
|
||||
b'\xc3\x84pfel'
|
||||
|
||||
.. _tut-lists:
|
||||
|
||||
Lists
|
||||
|
|
@ -459,97 +368,89 @@ Lists
|
|||
|
||||
Python knows a number of *compound* data types, used to group together other
|
||||
values. The most versatile is the *list*, which can be written as a list of
|
||||
comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. List items need not all
|
||||
have the same type. ::
|
||||
comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Lists might contain
|
||||
items of different types, but usually the items all have the same type. ::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> a = ['spam', 'eggs', 100, 1234]
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
['spam', 'eggs', 100, 1234]
|
||||
>>> squares = [1, 2, 4, 9, 16, 25]
|
||||
>>> squares
|
||||
[1, 2, 4, 9, 16, 25]
|
||||
|
||||
Like string indices, list indices start at 0, and lists can be sliced,
|
||||
concatenated and so on::
|
||||
Like strings (and all other built-in :term:`sequence` type), lists can be
|
||||
indexed and sliced::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> a[0]
|
||||
'spam'
|
||||
>>> a[3]
|
||||
1234
|
||||
>>> a[-2]
|
||||
100
|
||||
>>> a[1:-1]
|
||||
['eggs', 100]
|
||||
>>> a[:2] + ['bacon', 2*2]
|
||||
['spam', 'eggs', 'bacon', 4]
|
||||
>>> 3*a[:3] + ['Boo!']
|
||||
['spam', 'eggs', 100, 'spam', 'eggs', 100, 'spam', 'eggs', 100, 'Boo!']
|
||||
>>> squares[0] # indexing returns the item
|
||||
1
|
||||
>>> squares[-1]
|
||||
25
|
||||
>>> squares[-3:] # slicing returns a new list
|
||||
[9, 16, 25]
|
||||
|
||||
All slice operations return a new list containing the requested elements. This
|
||||
means that the following slice returns a shallow copy of the list *a*::
|
||||
means that the following slice returns a new (shallow) copy of the list::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> a[:]
|
||||
['spam', 'eggs', 100, 1234]
|
||||
>>> squares[:]
|
||||
[1, 2, 4, 9, 16, 25]
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike strings, which are *immutable*, it is possible to change individual
|
||||
elements of a list::
|
||||
Lists also supports operations like concatenation::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
['spam', 'eggs', 100, 1234]
|
||||
>>> a[2] = a[2] + 23
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
['spam', 'eggs', 123, 1234]
|
||||
>>> squares + [36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
|
||||
[1, 2, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike strings, which are :term:`immutable`, lists are a :term:`mutable`
|
||||
type, i.e. it is possible to change their content::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> cubes = [1, 8, 27, 65, 125] # something's wrong here
|
||||
>>> 4 ** 3 # the cube of 4 is 64, not 65!
|
||||
64
|
||||
>>> cubes[3] = 64 # replace the wrong value
|
||||
>>> cubes
|
||||
[1, 8, 27, 64, 125]
|
||||
|
||||
You can also add new items at the end of the list, by using
|
||||
the :meth:`~list.append` *method* (we will see more about methods later)::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> cubes.append(216) # add the cube of 6
|
||||
>>> cubes.append(7 ** 3) # and the cube of 7
|
||||
>>> cubes
|
||||
[1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343]
|
||||
|
||||
Assignment to slices is also possible, and this can even change the size of the
|
||||
list or clear it entirely::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> # Replace some items:
|
||||
... a[0:2] = [1, 12]
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
[1, 12, 123, 1234]
|
||||
>>> # Remove some:
|
||||
... a[0:2] = []
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
[123, 1234]
|
||||
>>> # Insert some:
|
||||
... a[1:1] = ['bletch', 'xyzzy']
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
[123, 'bletch', 'xyzzy', 1234]
|
||||
>>> # Insert (a copy of) itself at the beginning
|
||||
>>> a[:0] = a
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
[123, 'bletch', 'xyzzy', 1234, 123, 'bletch', 'xyzzy', 1234]
|
||||
>>> # Clear the list: replace all items with an empty list
|
||||
>>> a[:] = []
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']
|
||||
>>> letters
|
||||
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']
|
||||
>>> # replace some values
|
||||
>>> letters[2:5] = ['C', 'D', 'E']
|
||||
>>> letters
|
||||
['a', 'b', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'f', 'g']
|
||||
>>> # now remove them
|
||||
>>> letters[2:5] = []
|
||||
>>> letters
|
||||
['a', 'b', 'f', 'g']
|
||||
>>> # clear the list by replacing all the elements with an empty list
|
||||
>>> letters[:] = []
|
||||
>>> letters
|
||||
[]
|
||||
|
||||
The built-in function :func:`len` also applies to lists::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
|
||||
>>> len(a)
|
||||
>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
|
||||
>>> len(letters)
|
||||
4
|
||||
|
||||
It is possible to nest lists (create lists containing other lists), for
|
||||
example::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> q = [2, 3]
|
||||
>>> p = [1, q, 4]
|
||||
>>> len(p)
|
||||
3
|
||||
>>> p[1]
|
||||
[2, 3]
|
||||
>>> p[1][0]
|
||||
2
|
||||
|
||||
You can add something to the end of the list::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> p[1].append('xtra')
|
||||
>>> p
|
||||
[1, [2, 3, 'xtra'], 4]
|
||||
>>> q
|
||||
[2, 3, 'xtra']
|
||||
|
||||
Note that in the last example, ``p[1]`` and ``q`` really refer to the same
|
||||
object! We'll come back to *object semantics* later.
|
||||
|
||||
>>> a = ['a', 'b', 'c']
|
||||
>>> n = [1, 2, 3]
|
||||
>>> x = [a, n]
|
||||
>>> x
|
||||
[['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]]
|
||||
>>> p[0]
|
||||
['a', 'b', 'c']
|
||||
>>> p[0][1]
|
||||
'b'
|
||||
|
||||
.. _tut-firststeps:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -620,3 +521,15 @@ This example introduces several new features.
|
|||
... a, b = b, a+b
|
||||
...
|
||||
1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610,987,
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. rubric:: Footnotes
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#] Since ``**`` has higher precedence than ``-``, ``-3**2`` will be
|
||||
interpreted as ``-(3**2)`` and thus result in ``-9``. To avoid this
|
||||
and get ``9``, you can use ``(-3)**2``.
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#] Unlike other languages, special characters such as ``\n`` have the
|
||||
same meaning with both single (``'...'``) and double (``"..."``) quotes.
|
||||
The only difference between the two is that within single quotes you don't
|
||||
need to escape ``"`` (but you have to escape ``\'``) and vice versa.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue