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Included the new functions, and new descriptions.

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Facundo Batista 2007-09-14 18:58:34 +00:00
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Doc/library/decimal.rst
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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
.. versionadded:: 2.4
The :mod:`decimal` module provides support for decimal floating point
arithmetic. It offers several advantages over the :class:`float()` datatype:
arithmetic. It offers several advantages over the :class:`float` datatype:
* Decimal numbers can be represented exactly. In contrast, numbers like
:const:`1.1` do not have an exact representation in binary floating point. End
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ arithmetic. It offers several advantages over the :class:`float()` datatype:
:const:`1.1000000000000001` as it does with binary floating point.
* The exactness carries over into arithmetic. In decimal floating point, ``0.1
+ 0.1 + 0.1 - 0.3`` is exactly equal to zero. In binary floating point, result
+ 0.1 + 0.1 - 0.3`` is exactly equal to zero. In binary floating point, the result
is :const:`5.5511151231257827e-017`. While near to zero, the differences
prevent reliable equality testing and differences can accumulate. For this
reason, decimal would be preferred in accounting applications which have strict
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ arithmetic. It offers several advantages over the :class:`float()` datatype:
1.20`` gives :const:`1.5600`.
* Unlike hardware based binary floating point, the decimal module has a user
settable precision (defaulting to 28 places) which can be as large as needed for
alterable precision (defaulting to 28 places) which can be as large as needed for
a given problem::
>>> getcontext().prec = 6
@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ context for arithmetic, and signals.
A decimal number is immutable. It has a sign, coefficient digits, and an
exponent. To preserve significance, the coefficient digits do not truncate
trailing zeroes. Decimals also include special values such as
trailing zeros. Decimals also include special values such as
:const:`Infinity`, :const:`-Infinity`, and :const:`NaN`. The standard also
differentiates :const:`-0` from :const:`+0`.
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ rules, limits on exponents, flags indicating the results of operations, and trap
enablers which determine whether signals are treated as exceptions. Rounding
options include :const:`ROUND_CEILING`, :const:`ROUND_DOWN`,
:const:`ROUND_FLOOR`, :const:`ROUND_HALF_DOWN`, :const:`ROUND_HALF_EVEN`,
:const:`ROUND_HALF_UP`, and :const:`ROUND_UP`.
:const:`ROUND_HALF_UP`, :const:`ROUND_UP`, and :const:`ROUND_05UP`.
Signals are groups of exceptional conditions arising during the course of
computation. Depending on the needs of the application, signals may be ignored,
@ -87,11 +87,11 @@ reset them before monitoring a calculation.
.. seealso::
IBM's General Decimal Arithmetic Specification, `The General Decimal Arithmetic
Specification <http://www2.hursley.ibm.com/decimal/decarith.html>`_.
* IBM's General Decimal Arithmetic Specification, `The General Decimal Arithmetic
Specification <http://www2.hursley.ibm.com/decimal/decarith.html>`_.
IEEE standard 854-1987, `Unofficial IEEE 854 Text
<http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~ejr/projects/754/private/drafts/854-1987/dir.html>`_.
* IEEE standard 854-1987, `Unofficial IEEE 854 Text
<http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~ejr/projects/754/private/drafts/854-1987/dir.html>`_.
.. % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ Decimal objects
The *context* precision does not affect how many digits are stored. That is
determined exclusively by the number of digits in *value*. For example,
``Decimal("3.00000")`` records all five zeroes even if the context precision is
``Decimal("3.00000")`` records all five zeros even if the context precision is
only three.
The purpose of the *context* argument is determining what to do if *value* is a
@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ Decimal objects
Once constructed, :class:`Decimal` objects are immutable.
Decimal floating point objects share many properties with the other builtin
Decimal floating point objects share many properties with the other built-in
numeric types such as :class:`float` and :class:`int`. All of the usual math
operations and special methods apply. Likewise, decimal objects can be copied,
pickled, printed, used as dictionary keys, used as set elements, compared,
@ -320,50 +320,351 @@ also have a number of specialized methods:
.. method:: Decimal.as_tuple()
Returns a tuple representation of the number: ``(sign, digittuple, exponent)``.
Return a tuple representation of the number: ``(sign, digit_tuple, exponent)``.
.. method:: Decimal.canonical()
Return the canonical encoding of the argument. Currently, the
encoding of a :class:`Decimal` instance is always canonical, so
this operation returns its argument unchanged.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.compare(other[, context])
Compares like :meth:`__cmp__` but returns a decimal instance::
Compare the values of two Decimal instances. This operation
behaves in the same way as the usual comparison method
:meth:`__cmp__`, except that :meth:`compare` returns a Decimal
instance rather than an integer, and if either operand is a NaN
then the result is a NaN::
a or b is a NaN ==> Decimal("NaN")
a < b ==> Decimal("-1")
a == b ==> Decimal("0")
a > b ==> Decimal("1")
.. method:: Decimal.compare_signal(other[, context])
This operation is identical to the :meth:`compare` method, except
that all NaNs signal. That is, if neither operand is a signaling
NaN then any quiet NaN operand is treated as though it were a
signaling NaN.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.compare_total(other)
Compare two operands using their abstract representation rather
than their numerical value. Similar to the :meth:`compare` method,
but the result gives a total ordering on :class:`Decimal`
instances. Two :class:`Decimal` instances with the same numeric
value but different representations compare unequal in this
ordering::
>>> Decimal("12.0").compare_total(Decimal("12"))
Decimal("-1")
Quiet and signaling NaNs are also included in the total ordering.
The result of this function is ``Decimal("0")`` if both operands
have the same representation, ``Decimal("-1")`` if the first
operand is lower in the total order than the second, and
``Decimal("1")`` if the first operand is higher in the total order
than the second operand. See the specification for details of the
total order.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.compare_total_mag(other)
Compare two operands using their abstract representation rather
than their value as in :meth:`compare_total`, but ignoring the sign
of each operand. ``x.compare_total_mag(y)`` is equivalent to
``x.copy_abs().compare_total(y.copy_abs())``.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.copy_abs()
Return the absolute value of the argument. This operation is
unaffected by the context and is quiet: no flags are changed and no
rounding is performed.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.copy_negate()
Return the negation of the argument. This operation is unaffected
by the context and is quiet: no flags are changed and no rounding
is performed.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.copy_sign(other)
Return a copy of the first operand with the sign set to be the
same as the sign of the second operand. For example::
>>> Decimal("2.3").copy_sign(Decimal("-1.5"))
Decimal("-2.3")
This operation is unaffected by the context and is quiet: no flags
are changed and no rounding is performed.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.exp([context])
Return the value of the (natural) exponential function ``e**x`` at the
given number. The result is correctly rounded using the
:const:`ROUND_HALF_EVEN` rounding mode.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.fma(other, third[, context])
Fused multiply-add. Return self*other+third with no rounding of
the intermediate product self*other.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.is_canonical()
Return ``Decimal(1)`` if the argument is canonical and
``Decimal(0)`` otherwise. Currently, a :class:`Decimal` instance
is always canonical, so this operation always returns
``Decimal(1)``.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: is_finite()
Return ``Decimal(1)`` if the argument is a finite number, and
``Decimal(0)`` if the argument is an infinity or a NaN.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: is_infinite()
Return ``Decimal(1)`` if the argument is either positive or
negative infinity and ``Decimal(0)`` otherwise.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: is_nan()
Return ``Decimal(1)`` if the argument is a (quiet or signaling)
NaN and ``Decimal(0)`` otherwise.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: is_normal()
Return ``Decimal(1)`` if the argument is a *normal* finite number.
Return ``Decimal(0)`` if the argument is zero, subnormal, infinite
or a NaN.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: is_qnan()
Return ``Decimal(1)`` if the argument is a quiet NaN, and ``Decimal(0)`` otherwise.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: is_signed()
Return ``Decimal(1)`` if the argument has a negative sign and
``Decimal(0)`` otherwise. Note that zeros and NaNs can both carry
signs.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: is_snan()
Return ``Decimal(1)`` if the argument is a signaling NaN and
``Decimal(0)`` otherwise.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: is_subnormal()
Return ``Decimal(1)`` if the argument is subnormal, and
``Decimal(0)`` otherwise.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: is_zero()
Return ``Decimal(1)`` if the argument is a (positive or negative)
zero and ``Decimal(0)`` otherwise.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.ln([context])
Return the natural (base e) logarithm of the operand. The result
is correctly rounded using the :const:`ROUND_HALF_EVEN` rounding
mode.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.log10([context])
Return the base ten logarithm of the operand. The result is
correctly rounded using the :const:`ROUND_HALF_EVEN` rounding mode.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method: Decimal.logb([context])
For a nonzero number, return the adjusted exponent of its operand
as a :class:`Decimal` instance. If the operand is a zero then
``Decimal("-Infinity")`` is returned and the
:const:`DivisionByZero` flag is raised. If the operand is an
infinity then ``Decimal("Infinity")`` is returned.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.logical_and(other[, context])
:meth:`logical_and` is a logical operation which takes two
*logical operands* (see :ref:`logical_operands_label`). The result
is the digit-wise ``and`` of the two operands.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.logical_invert(other[, context])
:meth:`logical_invert` is a logical operation. The argument must
be a *logical operand* (see :ref:`logical_operands_label`). The
result is the digit-wise inversion of the operand.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.logical_or(other[, context])
:meth:`logical_or` is a logical operation which takes two *logical
operands* (see :ref:`logical_operands_label`). The result is the
digit-wise ``or`` of the two operands.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.logical_xor(other[, context])
:meth:`logical_xor` is a logical operation which takes two
*logical operands* (see :ref:`logical_operands_label`). The result
is the digit-wise exclusive or of the two operands.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.max(other[, context])
Like ``max(self, other)`` except that the context rounding rule is applied
before returning and that :const:`NaN` values are either signalled or ignored
before returning and that :const:`NaN` values are either signaled or ignored
(depending on the context and whether they are signaling or quiet).
.. method:: Decimal.max_mag(other[, context])
Similar to the :meth:`max` method, but the comparison is done using
the absolute values of the operands.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.min(other[, context])
Like ``min(self, other)`` except that the context rounding rule is applied
before returning and that :const:`NaN` values are either signalled or ignored
before returning and that :const:`NaN` values are either signaled or ignored
(depending on the context and whether they are signaling or quiet).
.. method:: Decimal.min_mag(other[, context])
Similar to the :meth:`min` method, but the comparison is done using
the absolute values of the operands.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.next_minus([context])
Return the largest number representable in the given context (or
in the current thread's context if no context is given) that is smaller
than the given operand.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.next_plus([context])
Return the smallest number representable in the given context (or
in the current thread's context if no context is given) that is
larger than the given operand.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.next_toward(other[, context])
If the two operands are unequal, return the number closest to the
first operand in the direction of the second operand. If both
operands are numerically equal, return a copy of the first operand
with the sign set to be the same as the sign of the second operand.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.normalize([context])
Normalize the number by stripping the rightmost trailing zeroes and converting
Normalize the number by stripping the rightmost trailing zeros and converting
any result equal to :const:`Decimal("0")` to :const:`Decimal("0e0")`. Used for
producing canonical values for members of an equivalence class. For example,
``Decimal("32.100")`` and ``Decimal("0.321000e+2")`` both normalize to the
equivalent value ``Decimal("32.1")``.
.. method:: Decimal.number_class([context])
.. method:: Decimal.quantize(exp [, rounding[, context[, watchexp]]])
Return a string describing the *class* of the operand. The
returned value is one of the following ten strings.
Quantize makes the exponent the same as *exp*. Searches for a rounding method
in *rounding*, then in *context*, and then in the current context.
* ``"-Infinity"``, indicating that the operand is negative infinity.
* ``"-Normal"``, indicating that the operand is a negative normal number.
* ``"-Subnormal"``, indicating that the operand is negative and subnormal.
* ``"-Zero"``, indicating that the operand is a negative zero.
* ``"+Zero"``, indicating that the operand is a positive zero.
* ``"+Subnormal"``, indicating that the operand is positive and subnormal.
* ``"+Normal"``, indicating that the operand is a positive normal number.
* ``"+Infinity"``, indicating that the operand is positive infinity.
* ``"NaN"``, indicating that the operand is a quiet NaN (Not a Number).
* ``"sNaN"``, indicating that the operand is a signaling NaN.
If *watchexp* is set (default), then an error is returned whenever the resulting
exponent is greater than :attr:`Emax` or less than :attr:`Etiny`.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.quantize(exp[, rounding[, context[, watchexp]]])
Returns a value equal to the first operand after rounding and
having the exponent of the second operand.
Unlike other operations, if the length of the coefficient after the
quantize operation would be greater than precision, then an
:const:`InvalidOperation` is signaled. This guarantees that, unless
there is an error condition, the quantized exponent is always equal
to that of the right-hand operand.
Also unlike other operations, quantize never signals Underflow,
even if the result is subnormal and inexact.
If the exponent of the second operand is larger than that of the
first then rounding may be necessary. In this case, the rounding
mode is determined by the ``rounding`` argument if given, else by
the given ``context`` argument; if neither argument is given the
rounding mode of the current thread's context is used.
If watchexp is set (default), then an error is returned whenever
the resulting exponent is greater than Emax or less than Etiny.
.. method:: Decimal.radix()
Return ``Decimal(10)``, the radix (base) in which the
:class:`Decimal` class does all its arithmetic. Included for
compatibility with the specification.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.remainder_near(other[, context])
@ -373,16 +674,49 @@ also have a number of specialized methods:
If both are equally close, the one chosen will have the same sign as *self*.
.. method:: Decimal.rotate(other[, context])
Return the result of rotating the digits of the first operand by
an amount specified by the second operand. The second operand
must be an integer in the range -precision through precision. The
absolute value of the second operand gives the number of places to
rotate. If the second operand is positive then rotation is to the
left; otherwise rotation is to the right. The coefficient of the
first operand is padded on the left with zeros to length precision
if necessary. The sign and exponent of the first operand are
unchanged.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.same_quantum(other[, context])
Test whether self and other have the same exponent or whether both are
:const:`NaN`.
.. method:: Decimal.scaleb(other[, context])
Return the first operand with exponent adjusted by the second.
Equivalently, return the first operand multiplied by ``10**other``.
The second operand must be an integer.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.shift(other[, context])
Return the result of shifting the digits of the first operand by
an amount specified by the second operand. The second operand must
be an integer in the range -precision through precision. The
absolute value of the second operand gives the number of places to
shift. If the second operand is positive then the shift is to the
left; otherwise the shift is to the right. Digits shifted into the
coefficient are zeros. The sign and exponent of the first operand
are unchanged.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.sqrt([context])
Return the square root to full precision.
Return the square root of the argument to full precision.
.. method:: Decimal.to_eng_string([context])
@ -393,13 +727,53 @@ also have a number of specialized methods:
to 3 digits left of the decimal place. For example, converts
``Decimal('123E+1')`` to ``Decimal("1.23E+3")``
.. method:: Decimal.to_integral([rounding[, context]])
Identical to the :meth:`to_integral_value` method. The ``to_integral``
name has been kept for compatibility with older versions.
.. method:: Decimal.to_integral_exact([rounding[, context]])
Round the argument to the nearest integer, signaling
:const:`Inexact` or :const:`Rounded` as appropriate if rounding
occurs. The rounding mode is determined by the ``rounding``
parameter if given, else by the given ``context``. If neither
parameter is given then the rounding mode of the current context is
used.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. method:: Decimal.to_integral_value([rounding[, context]])
Rounds to the nearest integer without signaling :const:`Inexact` or
:const:`Rounded`. If given, applies *rounding*; otherwise, uses the rounding
method in either the supplied *context* or the current context.
.. versionchanged:: 2.6
renamed from ``to_integral`` to ``to_integral_value``. The old name
remains valid for compatibility.
.. method:: Decimal.trim()
Returns its argument with *insignificant* trailing zeros removed.
Here, a trailing zero is considered insignificant either if it
follows the decimal point, or if the exponent of the argument (that
is, the last element of the :meth:`as_tuple` representation) is
positive.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. _logical_operands_label:
Logical operands
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The :meth:`logical_and`, :meth:`logical_invert`, :meth:`logical_or`,
and :meth:`logical_xor` methods expect their arguments to be *logical
operands*. A *logical operand* is a :class:`Decimal` instance whose
exponent and sign are both zero, and whose digits are all either
:const:`0` or :const:`1`.
.. % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
@ -516,6 +890,8 @@ In addition to the three supplied contexts, new contexts can be created with the
* :const:`ROUND_HALF_EVEN` (to nearest with ties going to nearest even integer),
* :const:`ROUND_HALF_UP` (to nearest with ties going away from zero), or
* :const:`ROUND_UP` (away from zero).
* :const:`ROUND_05UP` (away from zero if last digit after rounding towards zero
would have been 0 or 5; otherwise towards zero)
The *traps* and *flags* fields list any signals to be set. Generally, new
contexts should only set traps and leave the flags clear.
@ -527,9 +903,16 @@ In addition to the three supplied contexts, new contexts can be created with the
:const:`1`, exponents are printed with a capital :const:`E`; otherwise, a
lowercase :const:`e` is used: :const:`Decimal('6.02e+23')`.
The :class:`Context` class defines several general purpose methods as well as a
large number of methods for doing arithmetic directly in a given context.
.. versionchanged:: 2.6
The :const:`ROUND_05UP` rounding mode was added.
The :class:`Context` class defines several general purpose methods as
well as a large number of methods for doing arithmetic directly in a
given context. In addition, for each of the :class:`Decimal` methods
described above (with the exception of the :meth:`adjusted` and
:meth:`as_tuple` methods) there is a corresponding :class:`Context`
method. For example, ``C.exp(x)`` is equivalent to
``x.exp(context=C)``.
.. method:: Context.clear_flags()
@ -540,6 +923,9 @@ large number of methods for doing arithmetic directly in a given context.
Return a duplicate of the context.
.. method:: Context.copy_decimal(num)
Return a copy of the Decimal instance num.
.. method:: Context.create_decimal(num)
@ -588,44 +974,21 @@ those for the :class:`Decimal` class and are only briefly recounted here.
Return the sum of *x* and *y*.
.. method:: Context.compare(x, y)
Compares values numerically.
Like :meth:`__cmp__` but returns a decimal instance::
a or b is a NaN ==> Decimal("NaN")
a < b ==> Decimal("-1")
a == b ==> Decimal("0")
a > b ==> Decimal("1")
.. method:: Context.divide(x, y)
Return *x* divided by *y*.
.. method:: Context.divide_int(x, y)
Return *x* divided by *y*, truncated to an integer.
.. method:: Context.divmod(x, y)
Divides two numbers and returns the integer part of the result.
.. method:: Context.max(x, y)
Compare two values numerically and return the maximum.
If they are numerically equal then the left-hand operand is chosen as the
result.
.. method:: Context.min(x, y)
Compare two values numerically and return the minimum.
If they are numerically equal then the left-hand operand is chosen as the
result.
.. method:: Context.minus(x)
Minus corresponds to the unary prefix minus operator in Python.
@ -636,14 +999,6 @@ those for the :class:`Decimal` class and are only briefly recounted here.
Return the product of *x* and *y*.
.. method:: Context.normalize(x)
Normalize reduces an operand to its simplest form.
Essentially a :meth:`plus` operation with all trailing zeros removed from the
result.
.. method:: Context.plus(x)
Plus corresponds to the unary prefix plus operator in Python. This operation
@ -653,33 +1008,31 @@ those for the :class:`Decimal` class and are only briefly recounted here.
.. method:: Context.power(x, y[, modulo])
Return ``x ** y`` to the *modulo* if given.
Return ``x`` to the power of ``y``, reduced modulo ``modulo`` if
given.
The right-hand operand must be a whole number whose integer part (after any
exponent has been applied) has no more than 9 digits and whose fractional part
(if any) is all zeros before any rounding. The operand may be positive,
negative, or zero; if negative, the absolute value of the power is used, and the
left-hand operand is inverted (divided into 1) before use.
With two arguments, compute ``x**y``. If ``x`` is negative then
``y`` must be integral. The result will be inexact unless ``y`` is
integral and the result is finite and can be expressed exactly in
'precision' digits. The result should always be correctly rounded,
using the rounding mode of the current thread's context.
If the increased precision needed for the intermediate calculations exceeds the
capabilities of the implementation then an :const:`InvalidOperation` condition
is signaled.
With three arguments, compute ``(x**y) % modulo``. For the three
argument form, the following restrictions on the arguments hold:
If, when raising to a negative power, an underflow occurs during the division
into 1, the operation is not halted at that point but continues.
- all three arguments must be integral
- ``y`` must be nonnegative
- at least one of ``x`` or ``y`` must be nonzero
- ``modulo`` must be nonzero and have at most 'precision' digits
The result of ``Context.power(x, y, modulo)`` is identical to
the result that would be obtained by computing ``(x**y) %
modulo`` with unbounded precision, but is computed more
efficiently. It is always exact.
.. method:: Context.quantize(x, y)
Returns a value equal to *x* after rounding and having the exponent of *y*.
Unlike other operations, if the length of the coefficient after the quantize
operation would be greater than precision, then an :const:`InvalidOperation` is
signaled. This guarantees that, unless there is an error condition, the
quantized exponent is always equal to that of the right-hand operand.
Also unlike other operations, quantize never signals Underflow, even if the
result is subnormal and inexact.
.. versionchanged:: 2.6
``y`` may now be nonintegral in ``x**y``.
Stricter requirements for the three-argument version.
.. method:: Context.remainder(x, y)
@ -689,47 +1042,10 @@ those for the :class:`Decimal` class and are only briefly recounted here.
The sign of the result, if non-zero, is the same as that of the original
dividend.
.. method:: Context.remainder_near(x, y)
Computed the modulo as either a positive or negative value depending on which is
closest to zero. For instance, ``Decimal(10).remainder_near(6)`` returns
``Decimal("-2")`` which is closer to zero than ``Decimal("4")``.
If both are equally close, the one chosen will have the same sign as *self*.
.. method:: Context.same_quantum(x, y)
Test whether *x* and *y* have the same exponent or whether both are
:const:`NaN`.
.. method:: Context.sqrt(x)
Return the square root of *x* to full precision.
.. method:: Context.subtract(x, y)
Return the difference between *x* and *y*.
.. method:: Context.to_eng_string()
Convert to engineering-type string.
Engineering notation has an exponent which is a multiple of 3, so there are up
to 3 digits left of the decimal place. For example, converts
``Decimal('123E+1')`` to ``Decimal("1.23E+3")``
.. method:: Context.to_integral(x)
Rounds to the nearest integer without signaling :const:`Inexact` or
:const:`Rounded`.
.. method:: Context.to_sci_string(x)
Converts a number to a string using scientific notation.
@ -762,7 +1078,7 @@ condition.
Typically, clamping occurs when an exponent falls outside the context's
:attr:`Emin` and :attr:`Emax` limits. If possible, the exponent is reduced to
fit by adding zeroes to the coefficient.
fit by adding zeros to the coefficient.
.. class:: DecimalException
@ -915,7 +1231,7 @@ Special values
The number system for the :mod:`decimal` module provides special values
including :const:`NaN`, :const:`sNaN`, :const:`-Infinity`, :const:`Infinity`,
and two zeroes, :const:`+0` and :const:`-0`.
and two zeros, :const:`+0` and :const:`-0`.
Infinities can be constructed directly with: ``Decimal('Infinity')``. Also,
they can arise from dividing by zero when the :exc:`DivisionByZero` signal is