Issue #17997: Change behavior of ``ssl.match_hostname()`` to follow RFC 6125,

for security reasons.  It now doesn't match multiple wildcards nor wildcards
inside IDN fragments.

Doc/library/ssl.rst

@@ -283,10 +283,10 @@ Certificate handling
    Verify that *cert* (in decoded format as returned by
    :meth:`SSLSocket.getpeercert`) matches the given *hostname*.  The rules
    applied are those for checking the identity of HTTPS servers as outlined
-   in :rfc:`2818`, except that IP addresses are not currently supported.
+   in :rfc:`2818` and :rfc:`6125`, except that IP addresses are not currently
-   In addition to HTTPS, this function should be suitable for checking the
+   supported. In addition to HTTPS, this function should be suitable for
-   identity of servers in various SSL-based protocols such as FTPS, IMAPS,
+   checking the identity of servers in various SSL-based protocols such as
-   POPS and others.
+   FTPS, IMAPS, POPS and others.
 
    :exc:`CertificateError` is raised on failure. On success, the function
    returns nothing::
@@ -301,6 +301,13 @@ Certificate handling
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.2
 
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.3.3
+      The function now follows :rfc:`6125`, section 6.4.3 and does neither
+      match multiple wildcards (e.g. ``*.*.com`` or ``*a*.example.org``) nor
+      a wildcard inside an internationalized domain names (IDN) fragment.
+      IDN A-labels such as ``www*.xn--pthon-kva.org`` are still supported,
+      but ``x*.python.org`` no longer matches ``xn--tda.python.org``.
+
 .. function:: cert_time_to_seconds(timestring)
 
    Returns a floating-point value containing a normal seconds-after-the-epoch

Lib/ssl.py

@@ -129,31 +129,59 @@ class CertificateError(ValueError):
     pass
 
 
-def _dnsname_to_pat(dn, max_wildcards=1):
+def _dnsname_match(dn, hostname, max_wildcards=1):
+    """Matching according to RFC 6125, section 6.4.3
+
+    http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125#section-6.4.3
+    """
     pats = []
-    for frag in dn.split(r'.'):
+    if not dn:
-        if frag.count('*') > max_wildcards:
+        return False
-            # Issue #17980: avoid denials of service by refusing more
+
-            # than one wildcard per fragment.  A survey of established
+    leftmost, *remainder = dn.split(r'.')
-            # policy among SSL implementations showed it to be a
+
-            # reasonable choice.
+    wildcards = leftmost.count('*')
-            raise CertificateError(
+    if wildcards > max_wildcards:
-                "too many wildcards in certificate DNS name: " + repr(dn))
+        # Issue #17980: avoid denials of service by refusing more
-        if frag == '*':
+        # than one wildcard per fragment.  A survery of established
-            # When '*' is a fragment by itself, it matches a non-empty dotless
+        # policy among SSL implementations showed it to be a
-            # fragment.
+        # reasonable choice.
-            pats.append('[^.]+')
+        raise CertificateError(
-        else:
+            "too many wildcards in certificate DNS name: " + repr(dn))
-            # Otherwise, '*' matches any dotless fragment.
+
-            frag = re.escape(frag)
+    # speed up common case w/o wildcards
-            pats.append(frag.replace(r'\*', '[^.]*'))
+    if not wildcards:
-    return re.compile(r'\A' + r'\.'.join(pats) + r'\Z', re.IGNORECASE)
+        return dn.lower() == hostname.lower()
+
+    # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 1.
+    # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier in which
+    # the wildcard character comprises a label other than the left-most label.
+    if leftmost == '*':
+        # When '*' is a fragment by itself, it matches a non-empty dotless
+        # fragment.
+        pats.append('[^.]+')
+    elif leftmost.startswith('xn--') or hostname.startswith('xn--'):
+        # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 3.
+        # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier
+        # where the wildcard character is embedded within an A-label or
+        # U-label of an internationalized domain name.
+        pats.append(re.escape(leftmost))
+    else:
+        # Otherwise, '*' matches any dotless string, e.g. www*
+        pats.append(re.escape(leftmost).replace(r'\*', '[^.]*'))
+
+    # add the remaining fragments, ignore any wildcards
+    for frag in remainder:
+        pats.append(re.escape(frag))
+
+    pat = re.compile(r'\A' + r'\.'.join(pats) + r'\Z', re.IGNORECASE)
+    return pat.match(hostname)
 
 
 def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
     """Verify that *cert* (in decoded format as returned by
-    SSLSocket.getpeercert()) matches the *hostname*.  RFC 2818 rules
+    SSLSocket.getpeercert()) matches the *hostname*.  RFC 2818 and RFC 6125
-    are mostly followed, but IP addresses are not accepted for *hostname*.
+    rules are followed, but IP addresses are not accepted for *hostname*.
 
     CertificateError is raised on failure. On success, the function
     returns nothing.
@@ -164,7 +192,7 @@ def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
     san = cert.get('subjectAltName', ())
     for key, value in san:
         if key == 'DNS':
-            if _dnsname_to_pat(value).match(hostname):
+            if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
                 return
             dnsnames.append(value)
     if not dnsnames:
@@ -175,7 +203,7 @@ def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
                 # XXX according to RFC 2818, the most specific Common Name
                 # must be used.
                 if key == 'commonName':
-                    if _dnsname_to_pat(value).match(hostname):
+                    if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
                         return
                     dnsnames.append(value)
     if len(dnsnames) > 1:

Lib/test/test_ssl.py

@@ -344,11 +344,7 @@ class BasicSocketTests(unittest.TestCase):
         fail(cert, 'Xa.com')
         fail(cert, '.a.com')
 
-        cert = {'subject': ((('commonName', 'a.*.com'),),)}
+        # only match one left-most wildcard
-        ok(cert, 'a.foo.com')
-        fail(cert, 'a..com')
-        fail(cert, 'a.com')
-
         cert = {'subject': ((('commonName', 'f*.com'),),)}
         ok(cert, 'foo.com')
         ok(cert, 'f.com')
@@ -363,6 +359,36 @@ class BasicSocketTests(unittest.TestCase):
         fail(cert, 'example.org')
         fail(cert, 'null.python.org')
 
+        # error cases with wildcards
+        cert = {'subject': ((('commonName', '*.*.a.com'),),)}
+        fail(cert, 'bar.foo.a.com')
+        fail(cert, 'a.com')
+        fail(cert, 'Xa.com')
+        fail(cert, '.a.com')
+
+        cert = {'subject': ((('commonName', 'a.*.com'),),)}
+        fail(cert, 'a.foo.com')
+        fail(cert, 'a..com')
+        fail(cert, 'a.com')
+
+        # wildcard doesn't match IDNA prefix 'xn--'
+        idna = 'püthon.python.org'.encode("idna").decode("ascii")
+        cert = {'subject': ((('commonName', idna),),)}
+        ok(cert, idna)
+        cert = {'subject': ((('commonName', 'x*.python.org'),),)}
+        fail(cert, idna)
+        cert = {'subject': ((('commonName', 'xn--p*.python.org'),),)}
+        fail(cert, idna)
+
+        # wildcard in first fragment and  IDNA A-labels in sequent fragments
+        # are supported.
+        idna = 'www*.pythön.org'.encode("idna").decode("ascii")
+        cert = {'subject': ((('commonName', idna),),)}
+        ok(cert, 'www.pythön.org'.encode("idna").decode("ascii"))
+        ok(cert, 'www1.pythön.org'.encode("idna").decode("ascii"))
+        fail(cert, 'ftp.pythön.org'.encode("idna").decode("ascii"))
+        fail(cert, 'pythön.org'.encode("idna").decode("ascii"))
+
         # Slightly fake real-world example
         cert = {'notAfter': 'Jun 26 21:41:46 2011 GMT',
                 'subject': ((('commonName', 'linuxfrz.org'),),),
@@ -423,7 +449,7 @@ class BasicSocketTests(unittest.TestCase):
         cert = {'subject': ((('commonName', 'a*b.com'),),)}
         ok(cert, 'axxb.com')
         cert = {'subject': ((('commonName', 'a*b.co*'),),)}
-        ok(cert, 'axxb.com')
+        fail(cert, 'axxb.com')
         cert = {'subject': ((('commonName', 'a*b*.com'),),)}
         with self.assertRaises(ssl.CertificateError) as cm:
             ssl.match_hostname(cert, 'axxbxxc.com')

Misc/NEWS

@@ -81,6 +81,10 @@ Core and Builtins
 Library
 -------
 
+- Issue #17997: Change behavior of ``ssl.match_hostname()`` to follow RFC 6125,
+  for security reasons.  It now doesn't match multiple wildcards nor wildcards
+  inside IDN fragments.
+
 - Issue #16039: CVE-2013-1752: Change use of readline in imaplib module to limit
   line length.  Patch by Emil Lind.