Issue #15586: porting ET's new documentation bits to 2.7. Patch by Daniel Ellis
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Eli Bendersky
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@ -46,11 +46,313 @@ the xml.etree.ElementTree.
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`Introducing ElementTree 1.3
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<http://effbot.org/zone/elementtree-13-intro.htm>`_.
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Tutorial
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--------
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This is a short tutorial for using :mod:`xml.etree.ElementTree` (``ET`` in
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short). The goal is to demonstrate some of the building blocks and basic
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concepts of the module.
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XML tree and elements
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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XML is an inherently hierarchical data format, and the most natural way to
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represent it is with a tree. ``ET`` has two classes for this purpose -
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:class:`ElementTree` represents the whole XML document as a tree, and
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:class:`Element` represents a single node in this tree. Interactions with
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the whole document (reading and writing to/from files) are usually done
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on the :class:`ElementTree` level. Interactions with a single XML element
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and its sub-elements are done on the :class:`Element` level.
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.. _elementtree-parsing-xml:
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Parsing XML
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^^^^^^^^^^^
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We'll be using the following XML document as the sample data for this section:
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.. code-block:: xml
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<?xml version="1.0"?>
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<data>
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<country name="Liechtenstein">
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<rank>1</rank>
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<year>2008</year>
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<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
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<neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/>
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<neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/>
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</country>
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<country name="Singapore">
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<rank>4</rank>
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<year>2011</year>
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<gdppc>59900</gdppc>
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<neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/>
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</country>
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<country name="Panama">
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<rank>68</rank>
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<year>2011</year>
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<gdppc>13600</gdppc>
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<neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/>
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<neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/>
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</country>
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</data>
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We have a number of ways to import the data. Reading the file from disk::
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import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
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tree = ET.parse('country_data.xml')
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root = tree.getroot()
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Reading the data from a string::
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root = ET.fromstring(country_data_as_string)
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:func:`fromstring` parses XML from a string directly into an :class:`Element`,
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which is the root element of the parsed tree. Other parsing functions may
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create an :class:`ElementTree`. Check the documentation to be sure.
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As an :class:`Element`, ``root`` has a tag and a dictionary of attributes::
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>>> root.tag
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'data'
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>>> root.attrib
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{}
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It also has children nodes over which we can iterate::
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>>> for child in root:
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... print child.tag, child.attrib
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...
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country {'name': 'Liechtenstein'}
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country {'name': 'Singapore'}
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country {'name': 'Panama'}
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Children are nested, and we can access specific child nodes by index::
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>>> root[0][1].text
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'2008'
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Finding interesting elements
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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:class:`Element` has some useful methods that help iterate recursively over all
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the sub-tree below it (its children, their children, and so on). For example,
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:meth:`Element.iter`::
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>>> for neighbor in root.iter('neighbor'):
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... print neighbor.attrib
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...
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{'name': 'Austria', 'direction': 'E'}
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{'name': 'Switzerland', 'direction': 'W'}
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{'name': 'Malaysia', 'direction': 'N'}
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{'name': 'Costa Rica', 'direction': 'W'}
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{'name': 'Colombia', 'direction': 'E'}
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:meth:`Element.findall` finds only elements with a tag which are direct
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children of the current element. :meth:`Element.find` finds the *first* child
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with a particular tag, and :meth:`Element.text` accesses the element's text
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content. :meth:`Element.get` accesses the element's attributes::
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>>> for country in root.findall('country'):
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... rank = country.find('rank').text
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... name = country.get('name')
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... print name, rank
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...
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Liechtenstein 1
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Singapore 4
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Panama 68
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More sophisticated specification of which elements to look for is possible by
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using :ref:`XPath <elementtree-xpath>`.
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Modifying an XML File
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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:class:`ElementTree` provides a simple way to build XML documents and write them to files.
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The :meth:`ElementTree.write` method serves this purpose.
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Once created, an :class:`Element` object may be manipulated by directly changing
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its fields (such as :attr:`Element.text`), adding and modifying attributes
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(:meth:`Element.set` method), as well as adding new children (for example
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with :meth:`Element.append`).
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Let's say we want to add one to each country's rank, and add an ``updated``
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attribute to the rank element::
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>>> for rank in root.iter('rank'):
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... new_rank = int(rank.text) + 1
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... rank.text = str(new_rank)
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... rank.set('updated', 'yes')
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...
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>>> tree.write('output.xml')
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Our XML now looks like this:
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.. code-block:: xml
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<?xml version="1.0"?>
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<data>
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<country name="Liechtenstein">
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<rank updated="yes">2</rank>
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<year>2008</year>
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<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
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<neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/>
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<neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/>
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</country>
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<country name="Singapore">
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<rank updated="yes">5</rank>
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<year>2011</year>
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<gdppc>59900</gdppc>
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<neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/>
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</country>
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<country name="Panama">
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<rank updated="yes">69</rank>
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<year>2011</year>
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<gdppc>13600</gdppc>
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<neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/>
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<neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/>
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</country>
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</data>
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We can remove elements using :meth:`Element.remove`. Let's say we want to
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remove all countries with a rank higher than 50::
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>>> for country in root.findall('country'):
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... rank = int(country.find('rank').text)
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... if rank > 50:
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... root.remove(country)
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...
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>>> tree.write('output.xml')
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Our XML now looks like this:
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.. code-block:: xml
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<?xml version="1.0"?>
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<data>
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<country name="Liechtenstein">
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<rank updated="yes">2</rank>
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<year>2008</year>
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<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
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<neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/>
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<neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/>
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</country>
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<country name="Singapore">
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<rank updated="yes">5</rank>
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<year>2011</year>
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<gdppc>59900</gdppc>
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<neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/>
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</country>
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</data>
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Building XML documents
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The :func:`SubElement` function also provides a convenient way to create new
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sub-elements for a given element::
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>>> a = ET.Element('a')
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>>> b = ET.SubElement(a, 'b')
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>>> c = ET.SubElement(a, 'c')
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>>> d = ET.SubElement(c, 'd')
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>>> ET.dump(a)
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<a><b /><c><d /></c></a>
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Additional resources
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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See http://effbot.org/zone/element-index.htm for tutorials and links to other
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docs.
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.. _elementtree-xpath:
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XPath support
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-------------
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This module provides limited support for
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`XPath expressions <http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath>`_ for locating elements in a
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tree. The goal is to support a small subset of the abbreviated syntax; a full
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XPath engine is outside the scope of the module.
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Example
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^^^^^^^
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Here's an example that demonstrates some of the XPath capabilities of the
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module. We'll be using the ``countrydata`` XML document from the
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:ref:`Parsing XML <elementtree-parsing-xml>` section::
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import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
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root = ET.fromstring(countrydata)
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# Top-level elements
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root.findall(".")
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# All 'neighbor' grand-children of 'country' children of the top-level
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# elements
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root.findall("./country/neighbor")
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# Nodes with name='Singapore' that have a 'year' child
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root.findall(".//year/..[@name='Singapore']")
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# 'year' nodes that are children of nodes with name='Singapore'
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root.findall(".//*[@name='Singapore']/year")
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# All 'neighbor' nodes that are the second child of their parent
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root.findall(".//neighbor[2]")
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Supported XPath syntax
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
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| Syntax | Meaning |
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+=======================+======================================================+
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| ``tag`` | Selects all child elements with the given tag. |
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| | For example, ``spam`` selects all child elements |
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| | named ``spam``, ``spam/egg`` selects all |
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| | grandchildren named ``egg`` in all children named |
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| | ``spam``. |
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+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``*`` | Selects all child elements. For example, ``*/egg`` |
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| | selects all grandchildren named ``egg``. |
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+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``.`` | Selects the current node. This is mostly useful |
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| | at the beginning of the path, to indicate that it's |
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| | a relative path. |
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+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``//`` | Selects all subelements, on all levels beneath the |
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| | current element. For example, ``.//egg`` selects |
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| | all ``egg`` elements in the entire tree. |
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+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``..`` | Selects the parent element. |
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+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``[@attrib]`` | Selects all elements that have the given attribute. |
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+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``[@attrib='value']`` | Selects all elements for which the given attribute |
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| | has the given value. The value cannot contain |
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| | quotes. |
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+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``[tag]`` | Selects all elements that have a child named |
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| | ``tag``. Only immediate children are supported. |
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+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
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| ``[position]`` | Selects all elements that are located at the given |
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| | position. The position can be either an integer |
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| | (1 is the first position), the expression ``last()`` |
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| | (for the last position), or a position relative to |
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| | the last position (e.g. ``last()-1``). |
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+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
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Predicates (expressions within square brackets) must be preceded by a tag
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name, an asterisk, or another predicate. ``position`` predicates must be
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preceded by a tag name.
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Reference
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---------
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.. _elementtree-functions:
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Functions
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---------
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^^^^^^^^^
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.. function:: Comment(text=None)
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@ -196,8 +498,7 @@ Functions
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.. _elementtree-element-objects:
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Element Objects
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---------------
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. class:: Element(tag, attrib={}, **extra)
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@ -387,7 +688,7 @@ Element Objects
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.. _elementtree-elementtree-objects:
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ElementTree Objects
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-------------------
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. class:: ElementTree(element=None, file=None)
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@ -507,7 +808,7 @@ Example of changing the attribute "target" of every link in first paragraph::
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.. _elementtree-qname-objects:
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QName Objects
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-------------
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. class:: QName(text_or_uri, tag=None)
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@ -523,7 +824,7 @@ QName Objects
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.. _elementtree-treebuilder-objects:
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TreeBuilder Objects
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-------------------
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. class:: TreeBuilder(element_factory=None)
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@ -574,7 +875,7 @@ TreeBuilder Objects
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.. _elementtree-xmlparser-objects:
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XMLParser Objects
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-----------------
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. class:: XMLParser(html=0, target=None, encoding=None)
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