Merge
This commit is contained in:
Antoine Pitrou
commit
61d85bab4d
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@ -218,30 +218,32 @@ Thread Objects
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This class represents an activity that is run in a separate thread of control.
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There are two ways to specify the activity: by passing a callable object to the
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constructor, or by overriding the :meth:`run` method in a subclass. No other
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methods (except for the constructor) should be overridden in a subclass. In
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other words, *only* override the :meth:`__init__` and :meth:`run` methods of
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this class.
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constructor, or by overriding the :meth:`~Thread.run` method in a subclass.
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No other methods (except for the constructor) should be overridden in a
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subclass. In other words, *only* override the :meth:`~Thread.__init__`
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and :meth:`~Thread.run` methods of this class.
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Once a thread object is created, its activity must be started by calling the
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thread's :meth:`start` method. This invokes the :meth:`run` method in a
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separate thread of control.
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thread's :meth:`~Thread.start` method. This invokes the :meth:`~Thread.run`
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method in a separate thread of control.
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Once the thread's activity is started, the thread is considered 'alive'. It
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stops being alive when its :meth:`run` method terminates -- either normally, or
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by raising an unhandled exception. The :meth:`is_alive` method tests whether the
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thread is alive.
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stops being alive when its :meth:`~Thread.run` method terminates -- either
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normally, or by raising an unhandled exception. The :meth:`~Thread.is_alive`
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method tests whether the thread is alive.
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Other threads can call a thread's :meth:`join` method. This blocks the calling
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thread until the thread whose :meth:`join` method is called is terminated.
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Other threads can call a thread's :meth:`~Thread.join` method. This blocks
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the calling thread until the thread whose :meth:`~Thread.join` method is
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called is terminated.
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A thread has a name. The name can be passed to the constructor, and read or
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changed through the :attr:`name` attribute.
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changed through the :attr:`~Thread.name` attribute.
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A thread can be flagged as a "daemon thread". The significance of this flag is
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that the entire Python program exits when only daemon threads are left. The
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initial value is inherited from the creating thread. The flag can be set
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through the :attr:`daemon` property or the *daemon* constructor argument.
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through the :attr:`~Thread.daemon` property or the *daemon* constructor
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argument.
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There is a "main thread" object; this corresponds to the initial thread of
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control in the Python program. It is not a daemon thread.
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@ -250,8 +252,8 @@ There is the possibility that "dummy thread objects" are created. These are
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thread objects corresponding to "alien threads", which are threads of control
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started outside the threading module, such as directly from C code. Dummy
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thread objects have limited functionality; they are always considered alive and
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daemonic, and cannot be :meth:`join`\ ed. They are never deleted, since it is
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impossible to detect the termination of alien threads.
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daemonic, and cannot be :meth:`~Thread.join`\ ed. They are never deleted,
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since it is impossible to detect the termination of alien threads.
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.. class:: Thread(group=None, target=None, name=None, args=(), kwargs={},
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@ -292,7 +294,8 @@ impossible to detect the termination of alien threads.
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Start the thread's activity.
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It must be called at most once per thread object. It arranges for the
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object's :meth:`run` method to be invoked in a separate thread of control.
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object's :meth:`~Thread.run` method to be invoked in a separate thread
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of control.
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This method will raise a :exc:`RuntimeError` if called more than once
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on the same thread object.
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@ -308,25 +311,27 @@ impossible to detect the termination of alien threads.
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.. method:: join(timeout=None)
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Wait until the thread terminates. This blocks the calling thread until the
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thread whose :meth:`join` method is called terminates -- either normally
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or through an unhandled exception -- or until the optional timeout occurs.
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Wait until the thread terminates. This blocks the calling thread until
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the thread whose :meth:`~Thread.join` method is called terminates -- either
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normally or through an unhandled exception --, or until the optional
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timeout occurs.
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When the *timeout* argument is present and not ``None``, it should be a
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floating point number specifying a timeout for the operation in seconds
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(or fractions thereof). As :meth:`join` always returns ``None``, you must
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call :meth:`is_alive` after :meth:`join` to decide whether a timeout
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happened -- if the thread is still alive, the :meth:`join` call timed out.
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(or fractions thereof). As :meth:`~Thread.join` always returns ``None``,
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you must call :meth:`~Thread.is_alive` after :meth:`~Thread.join` to
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decide whether a timeout happened -- if the thread is still alive, the
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:meth:`~Thread.join` call timed out.
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When the *timeout* argument is not present or ``None``, the operation will
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block until the thread terminates.
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A thread can be :meth:`join`\ ed many times.
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A thread can be :meth:`~Thread.join`\ ed many times.
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:meth:`join` raises a :exc:`RuntimeError` if an attempt is made to join
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the current thread as that would cause a deadlock. It is also an error to
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:meth:`join` a thread before it has been started and attempts to do so
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raises the same exception.
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:meth:`~Thread.join` raises a :exc:`RuntimeError` if an attempt is made
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to join the current thread as that would cause a deadlock. It is also
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an error to :meth:`~Thread.join` a thread before it has been started
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and attempts to do so raise the same exception.
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.. attribute:: name
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@ -343,27 +348,27 @@ impossible to detect the termination of alien threads.
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.. attribute:: ident
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The 'thread identifier' of this thread or ``None`` if the thread has not
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been started. This is a nonzero integer. See the :func:`get_ident()`
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function. Thread identifiers may be recycled when a thread exits and
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another thread is created. The identifier is available even after the
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thread has exited.
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been started. This is a nonzero integer. See the
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:func:`_thread.get_ident()` function. Thread identifiers may be recycled
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when a thread exits and another thread is created. The identifier is
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available even after the thread has exited.
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.. method:: is_alive()
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Return whether the thread is alive.
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This method returns ``True`` just before the :meth:`run` method starts
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until just after the :meth:`run` method terminates. The module function
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:func:`.enumerate` returns a list of all alive threads.
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This method returns ``True`` just before the :meth:`~Thread.run` method
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starts until just after the :meth:`~Thread.run` method terminates. The
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module function :func:`.enumerate` returns a list of all alive threads.
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.. attribute:: daemon
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A boolean value indicating whether this thread is a daemon thread (True)
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or not (False). This must be set before :meth:`start` is called,
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or not (False). This must be set before :meth:`~Thread.start` is called,
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otherwise :exc:`RuntimeError` is raised. Its initial value is inherited
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from the creating thread; the main thread is not a daemon thread and
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therefore all threads created in the main thread default to :attr:`daemon`
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= ``False``.
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therefore all threads created in the main thread default to
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:attr:`~Thread.daemon` = ``False``.
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The entire Python program exits when no alive non-daemon threads are left.
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@ -397,19 +402,22 @@ synchronization primitive available, implemented directly by the :mod:`_thread`
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extension module.
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A primitive lock is in one of two states, "locked" or "unlocked". It is created
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in the unlocked state. It has two basic methods, :meth:`acquire` and
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:meth:`release`. When the state is unlocked, :meth:`acquire` changes the state
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to locked and returns immediately. When the state is locked, :meth:`acquire`
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blocks until a call to :meth:`release` in another thread changes it to unlocked,
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then the :meth:`acquire` call resets it to locked and returns. The
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:meth:`release` method should only be called in the locked state; it changes the
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state to unlocked and returns immediately. If an attempt is made to release an
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unlocked lock, a :exc:`RuntimeError` will be raised.
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in the unlocked state. It has two basic methods, :meth:`~Lock.acquire` and
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:meth:`~Lock.release`. When the state is unlocked, :meth:`~Lock.acquire`
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changes the state to locked and returns immediately. When the state is locked,
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:meth:`~Lock.acquire` blocks until a call to :meth:`~Lock.release` in another
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thread changes it to unlocked, then the :meth:`~Lock.acquire` call resets it
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to locked and returns. The :meth:`~Lock.release` method should only be
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called in the locked state; it changes the state to unlocked and returns
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immediately. If an attempt is made to release an unlocked lock, a
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:exc:`RuntimeError` will be raised.
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When more than one thread is blocked in :meth:`acquire` waiting for the state to
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turn to unlocked, only one thread proceeds when a :meth:`release` call resets
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the state to unlocked; which one of the waiting threads proceeds is not defined,
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and may vary across implementations.
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Locks also support the :ref:`context manager protocol <with-locks>`.
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When more than one thread is blocked in :meth:`~Lock.acquire` waiting for the
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state to turn to unlocked, only one thread proceeds when a :meth:`~Lock.release`
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call resets the state to unlocked; which one of the waiting threads proceeds
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is not defined, and may vary across implementations.
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All methods are executed atomically.
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@ -446,7 +454,8 @@ All methods are executed atomically.
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.. method:: Lock.release()
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Release a lock.
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Release a lock. This can be called from any thread, not only the thread
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which has acquired the lock.
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When the lock is locked, reset it to unlocked, and return. If any other threads
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are blocked waiting for the lock to become unlocked, allow exactly one of them
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@ -468,12 +477,14 @@ and "recursion level" in addition to the locked/unlocked state used by primitive
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locks. In the locked state, some thread owns the lock; in the unlocked state,
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no thread owns it.
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To lock the lock, a thread calls its :meth:`acquire` method; this returns once
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the thread owns the lock. To unlock the lock, a thread calls its
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:meth:`release` method. :meth:`acquire`/:meth:`release` call pairs may be
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nested; only the final :meth:`release` (the :meth:`release` of the outermost
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pair) resets the lock to unlocked and allows another thread blocked in
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:meth:`acquire` to proceed.
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To lock the lock, a thread calls its :meth:`~RLock.acquire` method; this
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returns once the thread owns the lock. To unlock the lock, a thread calls
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its :meth:`~Lock.release` method. :meth:`~Lock.acquire`/:meth:`~Lock.release`
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call pairs may be nested; only the final :meth:`~Lock.release` (the
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:meth:`~Lock.release` of the outermost pair) resets the lock to unlocked and
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allows another thread blocked in :meth:`~Lock.acquire` to proceed.
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Reentrant locks also support the :ref:`context manager protocol <with-locks>`.
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.. method:: RLock.acquire(blocking=True, timeout=-1)
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@ -525,62 +536,74 @@ Condition Objects
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-----------------
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A condition variable is always associated with some kind of lock; this can be
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passed in or one will be created by default. (Passing one in is useful when
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several condition variables must share the same lock.)
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passed in or one will be created by default. Passing one in is useful when
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several condition variables must share the same lock. The lock is part of
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the condition object: you don't have to track it separately.
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A condition variable has :meth:`acquire` and :meth:`release` methods that call
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the corresponding methods of the associated lock. It also has a :meth:`wait`
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method, and :meth:`notify` and :meth:`notify_all` methods. These three must only
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be called when the calling thread has acquired the lock, otherwise a
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:exc:`RuntimeError` is raised.
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A condition variable obeys the :ref:`context manager protocol <with-locks>`:
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using the ``with`` statement acquires the associated lock for the duration of
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the enclosed block. The :meth:`~Condition.acquire` and
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:meth:`~Condition.release` methods also call the corresponding methods of
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the associated lock.
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The :meth:`wait` method releases the lock, and then blocks until it is awakened
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by a :meth:`notify` or :meth:`notify_all` call for the same condition variable in
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another thread. Once awakened, it re-acquires the lock and returns. It is also
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possible to specify a timeout.
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Other methods must be called with the associated lock held. The
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:meth:`~Condition.wait` method releases the lock, and then blocks until
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another thread awakens it by calling :meth:`~Condition.notify` or
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:meth:`~Condition.notify_all`. Once awakened, :meth:`~Condition.wait`
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re-acquires the lock and returns. It is also possible to specify a timeout.
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The :meth:`notify` method wakes up one of the threads waiting for the condition
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variable, if any are waiting. The :meth:`notify_all` method wakes up all threads
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waiting for the condition variable.
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The :meth:`~Condition.notify` method wakes up one of the threads waiting for
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the condition variable, if any are waiting. The :meth:`~Condition.notify_all`
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method wakes up all threads waiting for the condition variable.
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Note: the :meth:`notify` and :meth:`notify_all` methods don't release the lock;
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this means that the thread or threads awakened will not return from their
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:meth:`wait` call immediately, but only when the thread that called
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:meth:`notify` or :meth:`notify_all` finally relinquishes ownership of the lock.
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Note: the :meth:`~Condition.notify` and :meth:`~Condition.notify_all` methods
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don't release the lock; this means that the thread or threads awakened will
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not return from their :meth:`~Condition.wait` call immediately, but only when
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the thread that called :meth:`~Condition.notify` or :meth:`~Condition.notify_all`
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finally relinquishes ownership of the lock.
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Tip: the typical programming style using condition variables uses the lock to
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Usage
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^^^^^
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The typical programming style using condition variables uses the lock to
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synchronize access to some shared state; threads that are interested in a
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particular change of state call :meth:`wait` repeatedly until they see the
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desired state, while threads that modify the state call :meth:`notify` or
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:meth:`notify_all` when they change the state in such a way that it could
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possibly be a desired state for one of the waiters. For example, the following
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code is a generic producer-consumer situation with unlimited buffer capacity::
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particular change of state call :meth:`~Condition.wait` repeatedly until they
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see the desired state, while threads that modify the state call
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:meth:`~Condition.notify` or :meth:`~Condition.notify_all` when they change
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the state in such a way that it could possibly be a desired state for one
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of the waiters. For example, the following code is a generic
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producer-consumer situation with unlimited buffer capacity::
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# Consume one item
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cv.acquire()
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with cv:
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while not an_item_is_available():
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cv.wait()
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get_an_available_item()
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cv.release()
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# Produce one item
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cv.acquire()
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with cv:
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make_an_item_available()
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cv.notify()
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cv.release()
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To choose between :meth:`notify` and :meth:`notify_all`, consider whether one
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state change can be interesting for only one or several waiting threads. E.g.
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in a typical producer-consumer situation, adding one item to the buffer only
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needs to wake up one consumer thread.
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The ``while`` loop checking for the application's condition is necessary
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because :meth:`~Condition.wait` can return after an arbitrary long time,
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and other threads may have exhausted the available items in between. This
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is inherent to multi-threaded programming. The :meth:`~Condition.wait_for`
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method can be used to automate the condition checking::
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Note: Condition variables can be, depending on the implementation, subject
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to both spurious wakeups (when :meth:`wait` returns without a :meth:`notify`
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call) and stolen wakeups (when another thread acquires the lock before the
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awoken thread.) For this reason, it is always necessary to verify the state
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the thread is waiting for when :meth:`wait` returns and optionally repeat
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the call as often as necessary.
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# Consume an item
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with cv:
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cv.wait_for(an_item_is_available)
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get_an_available_item()
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To choose between :meth:`~Condition.notify` and :meth:`~Condition.notify_all`,
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consider whether one state change can be interesting for only one or several
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waiting threads. E.g. in a typical producer-consumer situation, adding one
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item to the buffer only needs to wake up one consumer thread.
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Interface
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^^^^^^^^^
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.. class:: Condition(lock=None)
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@ -648,12 +671,6 @@ the call as often as necessary.
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held when called and is re-aquired on return. The predicate is evaluated
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with the lock held.
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Using this method, the consumer example above can be written thus::
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with cv:
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cv.wait_for(an_item_is_available)
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get_an_available_item()
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. method:: notify(n=1)
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@ -689,12 +706,16 @@ Semaphore Objects
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This is one of the oldest synchronization primitives in the history of computer
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science, invented by the early Dutch computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra (he
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used :meth:`P` and :meth:`V` instead of :meth:`acquire` and :meth:`release`).
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used the names ``P()`` and ``V()`` instead of :meth:`~Semaphore.acquire` and
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:meth:`~Semaphore.release`).
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A semaphore manages an internal counter which is decremented by each
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:meth:`acquire` call and incremented by each :meth:`release` call. The counter
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can never go below zero; when :meth:`acquire` finds that it is zero, it blocks,
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waiting until some other thread calls :meth:`release`.
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:meth:`~Semaphore.acquire` call and incremented by each :meth:`~Semaphore.release`
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call. The counter can never go below zero; when :meth:`~Semaphore.acquire`
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finds that it is zero, it blocks, waiting until some other thread calls
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:meth:`~Semaphore.release`.
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Semaphores also support the :ref:`context manager protocol <with-locks>`.
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.. class:: Semaphore(value=1)
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@ -710,11 +731,12 @@ waiting until some other thread calls :meth:`release`.
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When invoked without arguments: if the internal counter is larger than
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zero on entry, decrement it by one and return immediately. If it is zero
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on entry, block, waiting until some other thread has called
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:meth:`release` to make it larger than zero. This is done with proper
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interlocking so that if multiple :meth:`acquire` calls are blocked,
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:meth:`release` will wake exactly one of them up. The implementation may
|
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pick one at random, so the order in which blocked threads are awakened
|
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should not be relied on. Returns true (or blocks indefinitely).
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:meth:`~Semaphore.release` to make it larger than zero. This is done
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with proper interlocking so that if multiple :meth:`acquire` calls are
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blocked, :meth:`~Semaphore.release` will wake exactly one of them up.
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The implementation may pick one at random, so the order in which
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blocked threads are awakened should not be relied on. Returns
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true (or blocks indefinitely).
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When invoked with *blocking* set to false, do not block. If a call
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without an argument would block, return false immediately; otherwise,
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@ -751,11 +773,12 @@ main thread would initialize the semaphore::
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Once spawned, worker threads call the semaphore's acquire and release methods
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when they need to connect to the server::
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pool_sema.acquire()
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with pool_sema:
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conn = connectdb()
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try:
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... use connection ...
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finally:
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conn.close()
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pool_sema.release()
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The use of a bounded semaphore reduces the chance that a programming error which
|
||||
causes the semaphore to be released more than it's acquired will go undetected.
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@ -770,8 +793,8 @@ This is one of the simplest mechanisms for communication between threads: one
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thread signals an event and other threads wait for it.
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|
||||
An event object manages an internal flag that can be set to true with the
|
||||
:meth:`~Event.set` method and reset to false with the :meth:`clear` method. The
|
||||
:meth:`wait` method blocks until the flag is true.
|
||||
:meth:`~Event.set` method and reset to false with the :meth:`~Event.clear`
|
||||
method. The :meth:`~Event.wait` method blocks until the flag is true.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. class:: Event()
|
||||
|
|
@ -798,7 +821,7 @@ An event object manages an internal flag that can be set to true with the
|
|||
|
||||
Block until the internal flag is true. If the internal flag is true on
|
||||
entry, return immediately. Otherwise, block until another thread calls
|
||||
:meth:`set` to set the flag to true, or until the optional timeout occurs.
|
||||
:meth:`.set` to set the flag to true, or until the optional timeout occurs.
|
||||
|
||||
When the timeout argument is present and not ``None``, it should be a
|
||||
floating point number specifying a timeout for the operation in seconds
|
||||
|
|
@ -854,8 +877,8 @@ Barrier Objects
|
|||
|
||||
This class provides a simple synchronization primitive for use by a fixed number
|
||||
of threads that need to wait for each other. Each of the threads tries to pass
|
||||
the barrier by calling the :meth:`wait` method and will block until all of the
|
||||
threads have made the call. At this points, the threads are released
|
||||
the barrier by calling the :meth:`~Barrier.wait` method and will block until
|
||||
all of the threads have made the call. At this points, the threads are released
|
||||
simultanously.
|
||||
|
||||
The barrier can be reused any number of times for the same number of threads.
|
||||
|
|
@ -956,19 +979,24 @@ Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the :keyword:`with` statement
|
|||
|
||||
All of the objects provided by this module that have :meth:`acquire` and
|
||||
:meth:`release` methods can be used as context managers for a :keyword:`with`
|
||||
statement. The :meth:`acquire` method will be called when the block is entered,
|
||||
and :meth:`release` will be called when the block is exited.
|
||||
statement. The :meth:`acquire` method will be called when the block is
|
||||
entered, and :meth:`release` will be called when the block is exited. Hence,
|
||||
the following snippet::
|
||||
|
||||
with some_lock:
|
||||
# do something...
|
||||
|
||||
is equivalent to::
|
||||
|
||||
some_lock.acquire()
|
||||
try:
|
||||
# do something...
|
||||
finally:
|
||||
some_lock.release()
|
||||
|
||||
Currently, :class:`Lock`, :class:`RLock`, :class:`Condition`,
|
||||
:class:`Semaphore`, and :class:`BoundedSemaphore` objects may be used as
|
||||
:keyword:`with` statement context managers. For example::
|
||||
|
||||
import threading
|
||||
|
||||
some_rlock = threading.RLock()
|
||||
|
||||
with some_rlock:
|
||||
print("some_rlock is locked while this executes")
|
||||
:keyword:`with` statement context managers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. _threaded-imports:
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue