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Issue #1589: Add ssl.match_hostname(), to help implement server identity 

verification for higher-level protocols.
This commit is contained in:
Antoine Pitrou 2010-10-08 10:37:08 +00:00
parent e75bc2c6f9
commit 59fdd6736b
4 changed files with 214 additions and 50 deletions
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115
Doc/library/ssl.rst
View File

@ -45,11 +45,27 @@ Functions, Constants, and Exceptions
.. exception:: SSLError
Raised to signal an error from the underlying SSL implementation. This
signifies some problem in the higher-level encryption and authentication
layer that's superimposed on the underlying network connection. This error
Raised to signal an error from the underlying SSL implementation
(currently provided by the OpenSSL library). This signifies some
problem in the higher-level encryption and authentication layer that's
superimposed on the underlying network connection. This error
is a subtype of :exc:`socket.error`, which in turn is a subtype of
:exc:`IOError`.
:exc:`IOError`. The error code and message of :exc:`SSLError` instances
are provided by the OpenSSL library.
.. exception:: CertificateError
Raised to signal an error with a certificate (such as mismatching
hostname). Certificate errors detected by OpenSSL, though, raise
an :exc:`SSLError`.
Socket creation
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The following function allows for standalone socket creation. Starting from
Python 3.2, it can be more flexible to use :meth:`SSLContext.wrap_socket`
instead.
.. function:: wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, server_side=False, cert_reqs=CERT_NONE, ssl_version={see docs}, ca_certs=None, do_handshake_on_connect=True, suppress_ragged_eofs=True, ciphers=None)
@ -139,6 +155,9 @@ Functions, Constants, and Exceptions
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
New optional argument *ciphers*.
Random generation
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. function:: RAND_status()
Returns True if the SSL pseudo-random number generator has been seeded with
@ -164,6 +183,32 @@ Functions, Constants, and Exceptions
string (so you can always use :const:`0.0`). See :rfc:`1750` for more
information on sources of entropy.
Certificate handling
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. function:: match_hostname(cert, hostname)
Verify that *cert* (in decoded format as returned by
:meth:`SSLSocket.getpeercert`) matches the given *hostname*. The rules
applied are those for checking the identity of HTTPS servers as outlined
in :rfc:`2818`, except that IP addresses are not currently supported.
In addition to HTTPS, this function should be suitable for checking the
identity of servers in various SSL-based protocols such as FTPS, IMAPS,
POPS and others.
:exc:`CertificateError` is raised on failure. On success, the function
returns nothing::
>>> cert = {'subject': ((('commonName', 'example.com'),),)}
>>> ssl.match_hostname(cert, "example.com")
>>> ssl.match_hostname(cert, "example.org")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/home/py3k/Lib/ssl.py", line 130, in match_hostname
ssl.CertificateError: hostname 'example.org' doesn't match 'example.com'
.. versionadded:: 3.2
.. function:: cert_time_to_seconds(timestring)
Returns a floating-point value containing a normal seconds-after-the-epoch
@ -178,7 +223,6 @@ Functions, Constants, and Exceptions
>>> import time
>>> time.ctime(ssl.cert_time_to_seconds("May 9 00:00:00 2007 GMT"))
'Wed May 9 00:00:00 2007'
>>>
.. function:: get_server_certificate(addr, ssl_version=PROTOCOL_SSLv3, ca_certs=None)
@ -201,6 +245,9 @@ Functions, Constants, and Exceptions
Given a certificate as an ASCII PEM string, returns a DER-encoded sequence of
bytes for that same certificate.
Constants
^^^^^^^^^
.. data:: CERT_NONE
Possible value for :attr:`SSLContext.verify_mode`, or the ``cert_reqs``
@ -683,68 +730,51 @@ should use the following idiom::
Client-side operation
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
This example connects to an SSL server, prints the server's address and
certificate, sends some bytes, and reads part of the response::
This example connects to an SSL server and prints the server's certificate::
import socket, ssl, pprint
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
# require a certificate from the server
ssl_sock = ssl.wrap_socket(s,
ca_certs="/etc/ca_certs_file",
cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED)
ssl_sock.connect(('www.verisign.com', 443))
print(repr(ssl_sock.getpeername()))
pprint.pprint(ssl_sock.getpeercert())
print(pprint.pformat(ssl_sock.getpeercert()))
# Set a simple HTTP request -- use http.client in actual code.
ssl_sock.sendall(b"GET / HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: www.verisign.com\r\n\r\n")
# Read a chunk of data. Will not necessarily
# read all the data returned by the server.
data = ssl_sock.recv()
# note that closing the SSLSocket will also close the underlying socket
ssl_sock.close()
As of September 6, 2007, the certificate printed by this program looked like
As of October 6, 2010, the certificate printed by this program looks like
this::
{'notAfter': 'May 8 23:59:59 2009 GMT',
'subject': ((('serialNumber', '2497886'),),
(('1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.3', 'US'),),
{'notAfter': 'May 25 23:59:59 2012 GMT',
'subject': ((('1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.3', 'US'),),
(('1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.2', 'Delaware'),),
(('businessCategory', 'V1.0, Clause 5.(b)'),),
(('serialNumber', '2497886'),),
(('countryName', 'US'),),
(('postalCode', '94043'),),
(('stateOrProvinceName', 'California'),),
(('localityName', 'Mountain View'),),
(('streetAddress', '487 East Middlefield Road'),),
(('organizationName', 'VeriSign, Inc.'),),
(('organizationalUnitName',
'Production Security Services'),),
(('organizationalUnitName',
'Terms of use at www.verisign.com/rpa (c)06'),),
(('organizationalUnitName', ' Production Security Services'),),
(('commonName', 'www.verisign.com'),))}
which is a fairly poorly-formed ``subject`` field.
This other example first creates an SSL context, instructs it to verify
certificates sent by peers, and feeds it a set of recognized certificate
authorities (CA)::
>>> context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
>>> context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL
>>> context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
>>> context.load_verify_locations("/etc/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt")
(it is assumed your operating system places a bundle of all CA certificates
in ``/etc/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt``; if not, you'll get an error and have
to adjust the location)
When you use the context to connect to a server, :const:`CERT_OPTIONAL`
When you use the context to connect to a server, :const:`CERT_REQUIRED`
validates the server certificate: it ensures that the server certificate
was signed with one of the CA certificates, and checks the signature for
correctness::
@ -752,11 +782,15 @@ correctness::
>>> conn = context.wrap_socket(socket.socket(socket.AF_INET))
>>> conn.connect(("linuxfr.org", 443))
You should then fetch the certificate and check its fields for conformity.
Here, the ``commonName`` field in the ``subject`` matches the desired HTTPS
host ``linuxfr.org``::
You should then fetch the certificate and check its fields for conformity::
>>> pprint.pprint(conn.getpeercert())
>>> cert = conn.getpeercert()
>>> ssl.match_hostname(cert, "linuxfr.org")
Visual inspection shows that the certificate does identify the desired service
(that is, the HTTPS host ``linuxfr.org``)::
>>> pprint.pprint(cert)
{'notAfter': 'Jun 26 21:41:46 2011 GMT',
'subject': ((('commonName', 'linuxfr.org'),),),
'subjectAltName': (('DNS', 'linuxfr.org'), ('othername', '<unsupported>'))}
@ -776,7 +810,6 @@ the server::
b'',
b'']
See the discussion of :ref:`ssl-security` below.
@ -842,12 +875,10 @@ peer, it can be insecure, especially in client mode where most of time you
would like to ensure the authenticity of the server you're talking to.
Therefore, when in client mode, it is highly recommended to use
:const:`CERT_REQUIRED`. However, it is in itself not sufficient; you also
have to check that the server certificate (obtained with
:meth:`SSLSocket.getpeercert`) matches the desired service. The exact way
of doing so depends on the higher-level protocol used; for example, with
HTTPS, you'll check that the host name in the URL matches either the
``commonName`` field in the ``subjectName``, or one of the ``DNS`` fields
in the ``subjectAltName``.
have to check that the server certificate, which can be obtained by calling
:meth:`SSLSocket.getpeercert`, matches the desired service. For many
protocols and applications, the service can be identified by the hostname;
in this case, the :func:`match_hostname` function can be used.
In server mode, if you want to authenticate your clients using the SSL layer
(rather than using a higher-level authentication mechanism), you'll also have

59
Lib/ssl.py
View File

@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ PROTOCOL_TLSv1
"""
import textwrap
import re
import _ssl # if we can't import it, let the error propagate
@ -85,6 +86,64 @@ import traceback
import errno
class CertificateError(ValueError):
pass
def _dnsname_to_pat(dn):
pats = []
for frag in dn.split(r'.'):
if frag == '*':
# When '*' is a fragment by itself, it matches a non-empty dotless
# fragment.
pats.append('[^.]+')
else:
# Otherwise, '*' matches any dotless fragment.
frag = re.escape(frag)
pats.append(frag.replace(r'\*', '[^.]*'))
return re.compile(r'\A' + r'\.'.join(pats) + r'\Z', re.IGNORECASE)
def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
"""Verify that *cert* (in decoded format as returned by
SSLSocket.getpeercert()) matches the *hostname*. RFC 2818 rules
are mostly followed, but IP addresses are not accepted for *hostname*.
CertificateError is raised on failure. On success, the function
returns nothing.
"""
if not cert:
raise ValueError("empty or no certificate")
dnsnames = []
san = cert.get('subjectAltName', ())
for key, value in san:
if key == 'DNS':
if _dnsname_to_pat(value).match(hostname):
return
dnsnames.append(value)
if not san:
# The subject is only checked when subjectAltName is empty
for sub in cert.get('subject', ()):
for key, value in sub:
# XXX according to RFC 2818, the most specific Common Name
# must be used.
if key == 'commonName':
if _dnsname_to_pat(value).match(hostname):
return
dnsnames.append(value)
if len(dnsnames) > 1:
raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
"doesn't match either of %s"
% (hostname, ', '.join(map(repr, dnsnames))))
elif len(dnsnames) == 1:
raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
"doesn't match %r"
% (hostname, dnsnames[0]))
else:
raise CertificateError("no appropriate commonName or "
"subjectAltName fields were found")
class SSLContext(_SSLContext):
"""An SSLContext holds various SSL-related configuration options and
data, such as certificates and possibly a private key."""

71
Lib/test/test_ssl.py
View File

@ -208,6 +208,77 @@ class BasicSocketTests(unittest.TestCase):
ssl.wrap_socket(socket.socket(), certfile=WRONGCERT, keyfile=WRONGCERT)
self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.ENOENT)
def test_match_hostname(self):
def ok(cert, hostname):
ssl.match_hostname(cert, hostname)
def fail(cert, hostname):
self.assertRaises(ssl.CertificateError,
ssl.match_hostname, cert, hostname)
cert = {'subject': ((('commonName', 'example.com'),),)}
ok(cert, 'example.com')
ok(cert, 'ExAmple.cOm')
fail(cert, 'www.example.com')
fail(cert, '.example.com')
fail(cert, 'example.org')
fail(cert, 'exampleXcom')
cert = {'subject': ((('commonName', '*.a.com'),),)}
ok(cert, 'foo.a.com')
fail(cert, 'bar.foo.a.com')
fail(cert, 'a.com')
fail(cert, 'Xa.com')
fail(cert, '.a.com')
cert = {'subject': ((('commonName', 'a.*.com'),),)}
ok(cert, 'a.foo.com')
fail(cert, 'a..com')
fail(cert, 'a.com')
cert = {'subject': ((('commonName', 'f*.com'),),)}
ok(cert, 'foo.com')
ok(cert, 'f.com')
fail(cert, 'bar.com')
fail(cert, 'foo.a.com')
fail(cert, 'bar.foo.com')
# Slightly fake real-world example
cert = {'notAfter': 'Jun 26 21:41:46 2011 GMT',
'subject': ((('commonName', 'linuxfrz.org'),),),
'subjectAltName': (('DNS', 'linuxfr.org'),
('DNS', 'linuxfr.com'),
('othername', '<unsupported>'))}
ok(cert, 'linuxfr.org')
ok(cert, 'linuxfr.com')
# Not a "DNS" entry
fail(cert, '<unsupported>')
# When there is a subjectAltName, commonName isn't used
fail(cert, 'linuxfrz.org')
# A pristine real-world example
cert = {'notAfter': 'Dec 18 23:59:59 2011 GMT',
'subject': ((('countryName', 'US'),),
(('stateOrProvinceName', 'California'),),
(('localityName', 'Mountain View'),),
(('organizationName', 'Google Inc'),),
(('commonName', 'mail.google.com'),))}
ok(cert, 'mail.google.com')
fail(cert, 'gmail.com')
# Only commonName is considered
fail(cert, 'California')
# Neither commonName nor subjectAltName
cert = {'notAfter': 'Dec 18 23:59:59 2011 GMT',
'subject': ((('countryName', 'US'),),
(('stateOrProvinceName', 'California'),),
(('localityName', 'Mountain View'),),
(('organizationName', 'Google Inc'),))}
fail(cert, 'mail.google.com')
# Empty cert / no cert
self.assertRaises(ValueError, ssl.match_hostname, None, 'example.com')
self.assertRaises(ValueError, ssl.match_hostname, {}, 'example.com')
class ContextTests(unittest.TestCase):

3
Misc/NEWS
View File

@ -92,6 +92,9 @@ Core and Builtins
Library
-------
- Issue #1589: Add ssl.match_hostname(), to help implement server identity
verification for higher-level protocols.
- Issue #9759: GzipFile now raises ValueError when an operation is attempted
after the file is closed. Patch by Jeffrey Finkelstein.