Merged revisions 75365,75394,75402-75403,75418,75459,75484,75592-75596,75600,75602-75607,75610-75613,75616-75617,75623,75627,75640,75647,75696,75795 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r75365 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-11 22:16:16 +0200 (So, 11 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix broken links found by "make linkcheck". scipy.org seems to be done right now, so I could not verify links going there. ........ r75394 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-13 20:10:59 +0200 (Di, 13 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix markup. ........ r75402 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-14 17:51:48 +0200 (Mi, 14 Okt 2009) | 1 line #7125: fix typo. ........ r75403 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-14 17:57:46 +0200 (Mi, 14 Okt 2009) | 1 line #7126: os.environ changes *do* take effect in subprocesses started with os.system(). ........ r75418 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-14 20:48:32 +0200 (Mi, 14 Okt 2009) | 1 line #7116: str.join() takes an iterable. ........ r75459 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-17 10:57:43 +0200 (Sa, 17 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix refleaks in _ctypes PyCSimpleType_New, which fixes the refleak seen in test___all__. ........ r75484 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-18 09:58:12 +0200 (So, 18 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix missing word. ........ r75592 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 09:05:48 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix punctuation. ........ r75593 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 09:06:49 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Revert unintended change. ........ r75594 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 09:56:02 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix markup. ........ r75595 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 09:56:56 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix duplicate target. ........ r75596 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 10:05:04 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Add a new directive marking up implementation details and start using it. ........ r75600 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 13:01:46 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Make it more robust. ........ r75602 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 13:28:06 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Document new directive. ........ r75603 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 13:28:23 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Allow short form with text as argument. ........ r75604 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 13:36:50 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix stylesheet for multi-paragraph impl-details. ........ r75605 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 13:48:10 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Use "impl-detail" directive where applicable. ........ r75606 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 17:00:06 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line #6324: membership test tries iteration via __iter__. ........ r75607 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 17:04:09 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line #7088: document new functions in signal as Unix-only. ........ r75610 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 17:27:24 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Reorder __slots__ fine print and add a clarification. ........ r75611 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 17:42:32 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line #7035: improve docs of the various <method>_errors() functions, and give them docstrings. ........ r75612 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 17:52:15 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line #7156: document curses as Unix-only. ........ r75613 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 17:54:35 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line #6977: getopt does not support optional option arguments. ........ r75616 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 18:17:05 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Add proper references. ........ r75617 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 18:20:55 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Make printout margin important. ........ r75623 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-23 10:14:44 +0200 (Fr, 23 Okt 2009) | 1 line #7188: fix optionxform() docs. ........ r75627 | fred.drake | 2009-10-23 15:04:51 +0200 (Fr, 23 Okt 2009) | 2 lines add further note about what's passed to optionxform ........ r75640 | neil.schemenauer | 2009-10-23 21:58:17 +0200 (Fr, 23 Okt 2009) | 2 lines Improve some docstrings in the 'warnings' module. ........ r75647 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-24 12:04:19 +0200 (Sa, 24 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix markup. ........ r75696 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-25 21:25:43 +0100 (So, 25 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix a demo. ........ r75795 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-27 16:10:22 +0100 (Di, 27 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix a strange mis-edit. ........
This commit is contained in:
Georg Brandl
parent
facabe2462
commit
495f7b5adb
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@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
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# - Handles blank input lines correctly
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import re
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import string
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import sys
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def main():
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@ -32,18 +31,13 @@ def main():
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def makekey(item, prog=prog):
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match = prog.match(item)
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if match:
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var, num = match.group(1, 2)
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return string.atoi(num), var
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var, num = match.groups()
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return int(num), var
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else:
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# Bad input -- pretend it's a var with value 0
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return 0, item
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while 1:
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line = sys.stdin.readline()
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if not line:
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break
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items = line.split()
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items = list(map(makekey, items))
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items.sort()
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for line in sys.stdin:
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items = sorted(makekey(item) for item in line.split())
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for num, var in items:
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print("%s=%s" % (var, num), end=' ')
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print()
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@ -1976,9 +1976,9 @@ it so that it's implementing the class :class:`peel_banana`, a subclass of
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Subclasses of :class:`Command` must define the following methods.
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.. method:: Command.initialize_options()(S)
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.. method:: Command.initialize_options()
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et default values for all the options that this command supports. Note that
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Set default values for all the options that this command supports. Note that
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these defaults may be overridden by other commands, by the setup script, by
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config files, or by the command-line. Thus, this is not the place to code
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dependencies between options; generally, :meth:`initialize_options`
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@ -626,6 +626,24 @@ units as well as normal text:
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--------------
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.. describe:: impl-detail
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This directive is used to mark CPython-specific information. Use either with
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a block content or a single sentence as an argument, i.e. either ::
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.. impl-detail::
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This describes some implementation detail.
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More explanation.
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or ::
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.. impl-detail:: This shortly mentions an implementation detail.
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"\ **CPython implementation detail:**\ " is automatically prepended to the
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content.
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.. describe:: seealso
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Many sections include a list of references to module documentation or
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@ -396,12 +396,13 @@ calls into the Python run-time system, even for seemingly simple operations like
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``x+1``.
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Several projects described in the Python newsgroup or at past `Python
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conferences <http://python.org/community/workshops/>`_ have shown that this approach is feasible,
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although the speedups reached so far are only modest (e.g. 2x). Jython uses the
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same strategy for compiling to Java bytecode. (Jim Hugunin has demonstrated
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that in combination with whole-program analysis, speedups of 1000x are feasible
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for small demo programs. See the proceedings from the `1997 Python conference
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<http://python.org/community/workshops/1997-10/proceedings/>`_ for more information.)
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conferences <http://python.org/community/workshops/>`_ have shown that this
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approach is feasible, although the speedups reached so far are only modest
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(e.g. 2x). Jython uses the same strategy for compiling to Java bytecode. (Jim
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Hugunin has demonstrated that in combination with whole-program analysis,
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speedups of 1000x are feasible for small demo programs. See the proceedings
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from the `1997 Python conference
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<http://python.org/workshops/1997-10/proceedings/>`_ for more information.)
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Internally, Python source code is always translated into a bytecode
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representation, and this bytecode is then executed by the Python virtual
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@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Python's C API.
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If you need to interface to some C or C++ library for which no Python extension
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currently exists, you can try wrapping the library's data types and functions
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with a tool such as `SWIG <http://www.swig.org>`_. `SIP
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<http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/sip/>`_, `CXX
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<http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/sip/>`__, `CXX
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<http://cxx.sourceforge.net/>`_ `Boost
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<http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/index.html>`_, or `Weave
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<http://www.scipy.org/site_content/weave>`_ are also alternatives for wrapping
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|
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@ -164,9 +164,10 @@ Sphinx-formatted documentation, Python library modules, example programs, and
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several useful pieces of freely distributable software. The source will compile
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and run out of the box on most UNIX platforms.
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Consult the `Developer FAQ
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<http://www.python.org/dev/devfaq.html#subversion-svn>`__ for more information
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on getting the source code and compiling it.
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.. XXX update link once the dev faq is relocated
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Consult the `Developer FAQ <http://www.python.org/dev/faq/>`__ for more
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information on getting the source code and compiling it.
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How do I get documentation on Python?
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@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ How do I get documentation on Python?
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The standard documentation for the current stable version of Python is available
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at http://docs.python.org/. PDF, plain text, and downloadable HTML versions are
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also available at http://docs.python.org/download/.
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also available at http://docs.python.org/download.html.
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The documentation is written in reStructuredText and processed by `the Sphinx
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documentation tool <http://sphinx.pocoo.org/>`__. The reStructuredText source
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@ -220,8 +221,10 @@ releases are announced on the comp.lang.python and comp.lang.python.announce
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newsgroups and on the Python home page at http://www.python.org/; an RSS feed of
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news is available.
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.. XXX update link once the dev faq is relocated
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You can also access the development version of Python through Subversion. See
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http://www.python.org/dev/devfaq.html#subversion-svn for details.
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http://www.python.org/dev/faq/ for details.
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How do I submit bug reports and patches for Python?
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@ -45,11 +45,12 @@ Qt
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'''
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There are bindings available for the Qt toolkit (`PyQt
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<http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/pyqt/>`_) and for KDE (PyKDE). If you're
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writing open source software, you don't need to pay for PyQt, but if you want to
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write proprietary applications, you must buy a PyQt license from `Riverbank
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Computing <http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk>`_ and a Qt license from
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`Trolltech <http://www.trolltech.com>`_.
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<http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/>`_) and for KDE (PyKDE). If
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you're writing open source software, you don't need to pay for PyQt, but if you
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want to write proprietary applications, you must buy a PyQt license from
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`Riverbank Computing <http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk>`_ and (up to Qt 4.4;
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Qt 4.5 upwards is licensed under the LGPL license) a Qt license from `Trolltech
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<http://www.trolltech.com>`_.
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Gtk+
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''''
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@ -16,14 +16,10 @@ Check :ref:`the Library Reference <library-index>` to see if there's a relevant
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standard library module. (Eventually you'll learn what's in the standard
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library and will able to skip this step.)
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Search the `Python Package Index <http://pypi.python.org/pypi>`_.
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Next, check the `Vaults of Parnassus <http://www.vex.net/parnassus/>`_, an older
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index of packages.
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Finally, try `Google <http://www.google.com>`_ or other Web search engine.
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Searching for "Python" plus a keyword or two for your topic of interest will
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usually find something helpful.
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For third-party packages, search the `Python Package Index
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<http://pypi.python.org/pypi>`_ or try `Google <http://www.google.com>`_ or
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another Web search engine. Searching for "Python" plus a keyword or two for
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your topic of interest will usually find something helpful.
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Where is the math.py (socket.py, regex.py, etc.) source file?
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@ -181,11 +177,10 @@ in Python.
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How do I create documentation from doc strings?
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-----------------------------------------------
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.. XXX mention Sphinx/epydoc
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The :mod:`pydoc` module can create HTML from the doc strings in your Python
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source code. An alternative is `pythondoc
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<http://starship.python.net/crew/danilo/pythondoc/>`_.
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source code. An alternative for creating API documentation purely from
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docstrings is `epydoc <http://epydoc.sf.net/>`_. `Sphinx
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<http://sphinx.pocoo.org>`_ can also include docstring content.
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How do I get a single keypress at a time?
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@ -237,7 +232,7 @@ The :mod:`threading` module builds convenient abstractions on top of the
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low-level primitives provided by the :mod:`_thread` module.
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Aahz has a set of slides from his threading tutorial that are helpful; see
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http://starship.python.net/crew/aahz/OSCON2001/.
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http://www.pythoncraft.com/OSCON2001/.
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None of my threads seem to run: why?
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@ -397,6 +392,7 @@ Can't we get rid of the Global Interpreter Lock?
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------------------------------------------------
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.. XXX mention multiprocessing
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.. XXX link to dbeazley's talk about GIL?
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The Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) is often seen as a hindrance to Python's
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deployment on high-end multiprocessor server machines, because a multi-threaded
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@ -583,7 +579,7 @@ substituted for standard input and output. You will have to use pseudo ttys
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("ptys") instead of pipes. Or you can use a Python interface to Don Libes'
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"expect" library. A Python extension that interfaces to expect is called "expy"
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and available from http://expectpy.sourceforge.net. A pure Python solution that
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works like expect is ` pexpect <http://pexpect.sourceforge.net>`_.
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works like expect is `pexpect <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pexpect/>`_.
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How do I access the serial (RS232) port?
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@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ plug-ins to add a custom feature. In addition to the bug checking that
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PyChecker performs, Pylint offers some additional features such as checking line
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length, whether variable names are well-formed according to your coding
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standard, whether declared interfaces are fully implemented, and more.
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http://www.logilab.org/projects/pylint/documentation provides a full list of
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Pylint's features.
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http://www.logilab.org/card/pylint_manual provides a full list of Pylint's
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features.
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How can I create a stand-alone binary from a Python script?
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@ -1141,7 +1141,7 @@ use a list comprehension::
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A = [[None] * w for i in range(h)]
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Or, you can use an extension that provides a matrix datatype; `Numeric Python
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<http://www.pfdubois.com/numpy/>`_ is the best known.
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<http://numpy.scipy.org/>`_ is the best known.
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How do I apply a method to a sequence of objects?
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@ -389,10 +389,10 @@ need)::
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.py :REG_SZ: c:\<path to python>\python.exe -u %s %s
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This line will allow you to call your script with a simple reference like:
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http://yourserver/scripts/yourscript.py provided "scripts" is an "executable"
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directory for your server (which it usually is by default). The "-u" flag
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specifies unbuffered and binary mode for stdin - needed when working with binary
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data.
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``http://yourserver/scripts/yourscript.py`` provided "scripts" is an
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"executable" directory for your server (which it usually is by default). The
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:option:`-u` flag specifies unbuffered and binary mode for stdin - needed when
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working with binary data.
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In addition, it is recommended that using ".py" may not be a good idea for the
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file extensions when used in this context (you might want to reserve ``*.py``
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@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ Why doesn't os.popen()/win32pipe.popen() work on Win9x?
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There is a bug in Win9x that prevents os.popen/win32pipe.popen* from
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working. The good news is there is a way to work around this problem. The
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Microsoft Knowledge Base article that you need to lookup is: Q150956. You will
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find links to the knowledge base at: http://www.microsoft.com/kb.
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find links to the knowledge base at: http://support.microsoft.com/.
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PyRun_SimpleFile() crashes on Windows but not on Unix; why?
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@ -604,4 +604,4 @@ Tim Peters:
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we can't fix it).
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David A Burton has written a little program to fix this. Go to
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http://www.burtonsys.com/download.html and click on "ctl3dfix.zip".
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http://www.burtonsys.com/downloads.html and click on "ctl3dfix.zip".
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|
|
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@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ These are grouped into categories such as "Letter", "Number", "Punctuation", or
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from the above output, ``'Ll'`` means 'Letter, lowercase', ``'No'`` means
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"Number, other", ``'Mn'`` is "Mark, nonspacing", and ``'So'`` is "Symbol,
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other". See
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<http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UCD.html#General_Category_Values> for a
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<http://unicode.org/Public/5.1.0/ucd/UCD.html#General_Category_Values> for a
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list of category codes.
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References
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@ -270,8 +270,7 @@ Depending on the web server you need to have a special module.
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* lighttpd ships its own `FastCGI module
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<http://trac.lighttpd.net/trac/wiki/Docs%3AModFastCGI>`_ as well as an `SCGI
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module <http://trac.lighttpd.net/trac/wiki/Docs%3AModSCGI>`_.
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* nginx also supports `FastCGI
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<http://wiki.codemongers.com/NginxSimplePythonFCGI>`_.
|
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* nginx also supports `FastCGI <http://wiki.nginx.org/NginxSimplePythonFCGI>`_.
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Once you have installed and configured the module, you can test it with the
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following WSGI-application::
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@ -525,7 +524,7 @@ the text of a wiki page. As always, there are different ways to store
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informations on a web server.
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Often relational database engines like `MySQL <http://www.mysql.com/>`_ or
|
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`PostgreSQL <http://http://www.postgresql.org/>`_ are used due to their good
|
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`PostgreSQL <http://www.postgresql.org/>`_ are used due to their good
|
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performance handling very large databases consisting of up to millions of
|
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entries. These are *queried* using a language called `SQL
|
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<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL>`_. Python programmers in general do not like
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@ -629,7 +628,7 @@ which make it possible to write web sites nearly without any Python code.
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It has a big, international community which has created many sites using Django.
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There are also quite a lot of add-on projects which extend Django's normal
|
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functionality. This is partly due to Django's well written `online
|
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documentation <http://doc.djangoproject.com/>`_ and the `Django book
|
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documentation <http://docs.djangoproject.com/>`_ and the `Django book
|
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<http://www.djangobook.com/>`_.
|
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|
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@ -937,7 +937,8 @@ following steps.
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These compilers require some special libraries. This task is more complex than
|
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for Borland's C++, because there is no program to convert the library. First
|
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you have to create a list of symbols which the Python DLL exports. (You can find
|
||||
a good program for this task at http://www.emmestech.com/software/cygwin/pexports-0.43/download_pexports.html)
|
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a good program for this task at
|
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http://www.emmestech.com/software/pexports-0.43/download_pexports.html).
|
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|
||||
.. I don't understand what the next line means. --amk
|
||||
.. (inclusive the references on data structures.)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ It defines the following functions:
|
|||
*incrementalencoder* and *incrementaldecoder*: These have to be factory
|
||||
functions providing the following interface:
|
||||
|
||||
``factory(errors='strict')``
|
||||
``factory(errors='strict')``
|
||||
|
||||
The factory functions must return objects providing the interfaces defined by
|
||||
the base classes :class:`IncrementalEncoder` and :class:`IncrementalDecoder`,
|
||||
|
|
@ -62,21 +62,25 @@ It defines the following functions:
|
|||
*streamreader* and *streamwriter*: These have to be factory functions providing
|
||||
the following interface:
|
||||
|
||||
``factory(stream, errors='strict')``
|
||||
``factory(stream, errors='strict')``
|
||||
|
||||
The factory functions must return objects providing the interfaces defined by
|
||||
the base classes :class:`StreamWriter` and :class:`StreamReader`, respectively.
|
||||
Stream codecs can maintain state.
|
||||
|
||||
Possible values for errors are ``'strict'`` (raise an exception in case of an
|
||||
encoding error), ``'replace'`` (replace malformed data with a suitable
|
||||
replacement marker, such as ``'?'``), ``'ignore'`` (ignore malformed data and
|
||||
continue without further notice), ``'xmlcharrefreplace'`` (replace with the
|
||||
appropriate XML character reference (for encoding only)),
|
||||
``'backslashreplace'`` (replace with backslashed escape sequences (for
|
||||
encoding only)), ``'surrogateescape'`` (replace with surrogate U+DCxx, see
|
||||
:pep:`383`) as well as any other error handling name defined via
|
||||
:func:`register_error`.
|
||||
Possible values for errors are
|
||||
|
||||
* ``'strict'``: raise an exception in case of an encoding error
|
||||
* ``'replace'``: replace malformed data with a suitable replacement marker,
|
||||
such as ``'?'`` or ``'\ufffd'``
|
||||
* ``'ignore'``: ignore malformed data and continue without further notice
|
||||
* ``'xmlcharrefreplace'``: replace with the appropriate XML character
|
||||
reference (for encoding only)
|
||||
* ``'backslashreplace'``: replace with backslashed escape sequences (for
|
||||
encoding only
|
||||
* ``'surrogateescape'``: replace with surrogate U+DCxx, see :pep:`383`
|
||||
|
||||
as well as any other error handling name defined via :func:`register_error`.
|
||||
|
||||
In case a search function cannot find a given encoding, it should return
|
||||
``None``.
|
||||
|
|
@ -173,27 +177,33 @@ functions which use :func:`lookup` for the codec lookup:
|
|||
|
||||
.. function:: strict_errors(exception)
|
||||
|
||||
Implements the ``strict`` error handling.
|
||||
Implements the ``strict`` error handling: each encoding or decoding error
|
||||
raises a :exc:`UnicodeError`.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. function:: replace_errors(exception)
|
||||
|
||||
Implements the ``replace`` error handling.
|
||||
Implements the ``replace`` error handling: malformed data is replaced with a
|
||||
suitable replacement character such as ``'?'`` in bytestrings and
|
||||
``'\ufffd'`` in Unicode strings.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. function:: ignore_errors(exception)
|
||||
|
||||
Implements the ``ignore`` error handling.
|
||||
Implements the ``ignore`` error handling: malformed data is ignored and
|
||||
encoding or decoding is continued without further notice.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. function:: xmlcharrefreplace_errors(exception)
|
||||
|
||||
Implements the ``xmlcharrefreplace`` error handling.
|
||||
Implements the ``xmlcharrefreplace`` error handling (for encoding only): the
|
||||
unencodable character is replaced by an appropriate XML character reference.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. function:: backslashreplace_errors(exception)
|
||||
|
||||
Implements the ``backslashreplace`` error handling.
|
||||
Implements the ``backslashreplace`` error handling (for encoding only): the
|
||||
unencodable character is replaced by a backslashed escape sequence.
|
||||
|
||||
To simplify working with encoded files or stream, the module also defines these
|
||||
utility functions:
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -301,12 +301,23 @@ RawConfigParser Objects
|
|||
|
||||
.. method:: RawConfigParser.optionxform(option)
|
||||
|
||||
Transforms the option name *option* as found in an input file or as passed in by
|
||||
client code to the form that should be used in the internal structures. The
|
||||
default implementation returns a lower-case version of *option*; subclasses may
|
||||
override this or client code can set an attribute of this name on instances to
|
||||
affect this behavior. Setting this to :func:`str`, for example, would make
|
||||
option names case sensitive.
|
||||
Transforms the option name *option* as found in an input file or as passed in
|
||||
by client code to the form that should be used in the internal structures.
|
||||
The default implementation returns a lower-case version of *option*;
|
||||
subclasses may override this or client code can set an attribute of this name
|
||||
on instances to affect this behavior.
|
||||
|
||||
You don't necessarily need to subclass a ConfigParser to use this method, you
|
||||
can also re-set it on an instance, to a function that takes a string
|
||||
argument. Setting it to ``str``, for example, would make option names case
|
||||
sensitive::
|
||||
|
||||
cfgparser = ConfigParser()
|
||||
...
|
||||
cfgparser.optionxform = str
|
||||
|
||||
Note that when reading configuration files, whitespace around the
|
||||
option names are stripped before :meth:`optionxform` is called.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. _configparser-objects:
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
|
|||
.. module:: curses
|
||||
:synopsis: An interface to the curses library, providing portable
|
||||
terminal handling.
|
||||
:platform: Unix
|
||||
.. sectionauthor:: Moshe Zadka <moshez@zadka.site.co.il>
|
||||
.. sectionauthor:: Eric Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The :mod:`curses` module provides an interface to the curses library, the
|
||||
de-facto standard for portable advanced terminal handling.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ Supported operations:
|
|||
| | (-*t1.days*, -*t1.seconds*, |
|
||||
| | -*t1.microseconds*), and to *t1*\* -1. (1)(4) |
|
||||
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|
||||
| ``abs(t)`` | equivalent to +*t* when ``t.days >= 0``, and |
|
||||
| ``abs(t)`` | equivalent to +\ *t* when ``t.days >= 0``, and|
|
||||
| | to -*t* when ``t.days < 0``. (2) |
|
||||
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -499,8 +499,10 @@ are always available. They are listed here in alphabetical order.
|
|||
|
||||
Return the "identity" of an object. This is an integer which
|
||||
is guaranteed to be unique and constant for this object during its lifetime.
|
||||
Two objects with non-overlapping lifetimes may have the same :func:`id` value.
|
||||
(Implementation note: this is the address of the object.)
|
||||
Two objects with non-overlapping lifetimes may have the same :func:`id`
|
||||
value.
|
||||
|
||||
.. impl-detail:: This is the address of the object.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. function:: input([prompt])
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -36,12 +36,13 @@ exception:
|
|||
*longopts*, if specified, must be a list of strings with the names of the
|
||||
long options which should be supported. The leading ``'--'`` characters
|
||||
should not be included in the option name. Long options which require an
|
||||
argument should be followed by an equal sign (``'='``). To accept only long
|
||||
options, *shortopts* should be an empty string. Long options on the command line
|
||||
can be recognized so long as they provide a prefix of the option name that
|
||||
matches exactly one of the accepted options. For example, if *longopts* is
|
||||
``['foo', 'frob']``, the option :option:`--fo` will match as :option:`--foo`,
|
||||
but :option:`--f` will not match uniquely, so :exc:`GetoptError` will be raised.
|
||||
argument should be followed by an equal sign (``'='``). Optional arguments
|
||||
are not supported. To accept only long options, *shortopts* should be an
|
||||
empty string. Long options on the command line can be recognized so long as
|
||||
they provide a prefix of the option name that matches exactly one of the
|
||||
accepted options. For example, if *longopts* is ``['foo', 'frob']``, the
|
||||
option :option:`--fo` will match as :option:`--foo`, but :option:`--f` will
|
||||
not match uniquely, so :exc:`GetoptError` will be raised.
|
||||
|
||||
The return value consists of two elements: the first is a list of ``(option,
|
||||
value)`` pairs; the second is the list of program arguments left after the
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -290,18 +290,22 @@ attributes:
|
|||
|
||||
Return true if the object is a getset descriptor.
|
||||
|
||||
getsets are attributes defined in extension modules via ``PyGetSetDef``
|
||||
structures. For Python implementations without such types, this method will
|
||||
always return ``False``.
|
||||
.. impl-detail::
|
||||
|
||||
getsets are attributes defined in extension modules via
|
||||
:ctype:`PyGetSetDef` structures. For Python implementations without such
|
||||
types, this method will always return ``False``.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. function:: ismemberdescriptor(object)
|
||||
|
||||
Return true if the object is a member descriptor.
|
||||
|
||||
Member descriptors are attributes defined in extension modules via
|
||||
``PyMemberDef`` structures. For Python implementations without such types,
|
||||
this method will always return ``False``.
|
||||
.. impl-detail::
|
||||
|
||||
Member descriptors are attributes defined in extension modules via
|
||||
:ctype:`PyMemberDef` structures. For Python implementations without such
|
||||
types, this method will always return ``False``.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. _inspect-source:
|
||||
|
|
@ -508,10 +512,12 @@ line.
|
|||
|
||||
Return the frame object for the caller's stack frame.
|
||||
|
||||
This function relies on Python stack frame support in the interpreter, which
|
||||
isn't guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python. If running in
|
||||
an implementation without Python stack frame support this function returns
|
||||
``None``.
|
||||
.. impl-detail::
|
||||
|
||||
This function relies on Python stack frame support in the interpreter,
|
||||
which isn't guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python. If
|
||||
running in an implementation without Python stack frame support this
|
||||
function returns ``None``.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. function:: stack(context=1)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ Maildir, mbox, MH, Babyl, and MMDF.
|
|||
`nmh - Message Handling System <http://www.nongnu.org/nmh/>`_
|
||||
Home page of :program:`nmh`, an updated version of the original :program:`mh`.
|
||||
|
||||
`MH & nmh: Email for Users & Programmers <http://www.ics.uci.edu/~mh/book/>`_
|
||||
`MH & nmh: Email for Users & Programmers <http://rand-mh.sourceforge.net/book/>`_
|
||||
A GPL-licensed book on :program:`mh` and :program:`nmh`, with some information
|
||||
on the mailbox format.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ Constants
|
|||
The mathematical constant *e*.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. note::
|
||||
.. impl-detail::
|
||||
|
||||
The :mod:`math` module consists mostly of thin wrappers around the platform C
|
||||
math library functions. Behavior in exceptional cases is loosely specified
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -394,10 +394,10 @@ Directory Objects
|
|||
|
||||
.. seealso::
|
||||
|
||||
`Directory Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/msi/setup/directory_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`File Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/msi/setup/file_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`Component Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/msi/setup/component_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`FeatureComponents Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/msi/setup/featurecomponents_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`Directory Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/msi/setup/directory_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`File Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/msi/setup/file_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`Component Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/msi/setup/component_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`FeatureComponents Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/msi/setup/featurecomponents_table.asp>`_
|
||||
|
||||
.. _features:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ Features
|
|||
|
||||
.. seealso::
|
||||
|
||||
`Feature Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/msi/setup/feature_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`Feature Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/msi/setup/feature_table.asp>`_
|
||||
|
||||
.. _msi-gui:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -516,13 +516,13 @@ to create MSI files with a user-interface for installing Python packages.
|
|||
|
||||
.. seealso::
|
||||
|
||||
`Dialog Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/msi/setup/dialog_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`Control Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/msi/setup/control_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`Control Types <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/msi/setup/controls.asp>`_
|
||||
`ControlCondition Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/msi/setup/controlcondition_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`ControlEvent Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/msi/setup/controlevent_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`EventMapping Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/msi/setup/eventmapping_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`RadioButton Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/msi/setup/radiobutton_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`Dialog Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/msi/setup/dialog_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`Control Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/msi/setup/control_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`Control Types <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/msi/setup/controls.asp>`_
|
||||
`ControlCondition Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/msi/setup/controlcondition_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`ControlEvent Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/msi/setup/controlevent_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`EventMapping Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/msi/setup/eventmapping_table.asp>`_
|
||||
`RadioButton Table <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/msi/setup/radiobutton_table.asp>`_
|
||||
|
||||
.. _msi-tables:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -551,5 +551,3 @@ definitions. Currently, these definitions are based on MSI version 2.0.
|
|||
|
||||
This module contains definitions for the UIText and ActionText tables, for the
|
||||
standard installer actions.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1576,9 +1576,9 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
|||
.. function:: system(command)
|
||||
|
||||
Execute the command (a string) in a subshell. This is implemented by calling
|
||||
the Standard C function :cfunc:`system`, and has the same limitations. Changes
|
||||
to :data:`os.environ`, :data:`sys.stdin`, etc. are not reflected in the
|
||||
environment of the executed command.
|
||||
the Standard C function :cfunc:`system`, and has the same limitations.
|
||||
Changes to :data:`sys.stdin`, etc. are not reflected in the environment of the
|
||||
executed command.
|
||||
|
||||
On Unix, the return value is the exit status of the process encoded in the
|
||||
format specified for :func:`wait`. Note that POSIX does not specify the meaning
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ also available for Python:
|
|||
`PythonCAD <http://www.pythoncad.org/>`_. An online `tutorial
|
||||
<http://www.pygtk.org/pygtk2tutorial/index.html>`_ is available.
|
||||
|
||||
`PyQt <http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/pyqt/index.php>`_
|
||||
`PyQt <http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/>`_
|
||||
PyQt is a :program:`sip`\ -wrapped binding to the Qt toolkit. Qt is an
|
||||
extensive C++ GUI application development framework that is
|
||||
available for Unix, Windows and Mac OS X. :program:`sip` is a tool
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Cross Platform
|
|||
.. function:: python_implementation()
|
||||
|
||||
Returns a string identifying the Python implementation. Possible return values
|
||||
are: 'CPython', 'IronPython', 'Jython'
|
||||
are: 'CPython', 'IronPython', 'Jython'.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. function:: python_revision()
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -157,13 +157,14 @@ The :mod:`signal` module defines the following functions:
|
|||
|
||||
The old values are returned as a tuple: (delay, interval).
|
||||
|
||||
Attempting to pass an invalid interval timer will cause a
|
||||
:exc:`ItimerError`.
|
||||
Attempting to pass an invalid interval timer will cause an
|
||||
:exc:`ItimerError`. Availability: Unix.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. function:: getitimer(which)
|
||||
|
||||
Returns current value of a given interval timer specified by *which*.
|
||||
Availability: Unix.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. function:: set_wakeup_fd(fd)
|
||||
|
|
@ -184,7 +185,7 @@ The :mod:`signal` module defines the following functions:
|
|||
|
||||
Change system call restart behaviour: if *flag* is :const:`False`, system
|
||||
calls will be restarted when interrupted by signal *signalnum*, otherwise
|
||||
system calls will be interrupted. Returns nothing. Availability: Unix (see
|
||||
system calls will be interrupted. Returns nothing. Availability: Unix (see
|
||||
the man page :manpage:`siginterrupt(3)` for further information).
|
||||
|
||||
Note that installing a signal handler with :func:`signal` will reset the
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -772,13 +772,15 @@ Notes:
|
|||
If *k* is ``None``, it is treated like ``1``.
|
||||
|
||||
(6)
|
||||
If *s* and *t* are both strings, some Python implementations such as CPython can
|
||||
usually perform an in-place optimization for assignments of the form ``s=s+t``
|
||||
or ``s+=t``. When applicable, this optimization makes quadratic run-time much
|
||||
less likely. This optimization is both version and implementation dependent.
|
||||
For performance sensitive code, it is preferable to use the :meth:`str.join`
|
||||
method which assures consistent linear concatenation performance across versions
|
||||
and implementations.
|
||||
.. impl-detail::
|
||||
|
||||
If *s* and *t* are both strings, some Python implementations such as
|
||||
CPython can usually perform an in-place optimization for assignments of
|
||||
the form ``s = s + t`` or ``s += t``. When applicable, this optimization
|
||||
makes quadratic run-time much less likely. This optimization is both
|
||||
version and implementation dependent. For performance sensitive code, it
|
||||
is preferable to use the :meth:`str.join` method which assures consistent
|
||||
linear concatenation performance across versions and implementations.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. _string-methods:
|
||||
|
|
@ -951,12 +953,12 @@ functions based on regular expressions.
|
|||
least one cased character, false otherwise.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. method:: str.join(seq)
|
||||
.. method:: str.join(iterable)
|
||||
|
||||
Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the sequence
|
||||
*seq*. A :exc:`TypeError` will be raised if there are any non-string values
|
||||
in *seq*, including :class:`bytes` objects. The separator between elements
|
||||
is the string providing this method.
|
||||
Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
|
||||
:term:`iterable` *iterable*. A :exc:`TypeError` will be raised if there are
|
||||
any non-string values in *seq*, including :class:`bytes` objects. The
|
||||
separator between elements is the string providing this method.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. method:: str.ljust(width[, fillchar])
|
||||
|
|
@ -1510,14 +1512,17 @@ Notes:
|
|||
that compare equal --- this is helpful for sorting in multiple passes (for
|
||||
example, sort by department, then by salary grade).
|
||||
|
||||
While a list is being sorted, the effect of attempting to mutate, or even
|
||||
inspect, the list is undefined. The C implementation
|
||||
makes the list appear empty for the duration, and raises :exc:`ValueError` if it
|
||||
can detect that the list has been mutated during a sort.
|
||||
.. impl-detail::
|
||||
|
||||
While a list is being sorted, the effect of attempting to mutate, or even
|
||||
inspect, the list is undefined. The C implementation of Python makes the
|
||||
list appear empty for the duration, and raises :exc:`ValueError` if it can
|
||||
detect that the list has been mutated during a sort.
|
||||
|
||||
(8)
|
||||
:meth:`sort` is not supported by :class:`bytearray` objects.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. _bytes-methods:
|
||||
|
||||
Bytes and Byte Array Methods
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -352,8 +352,10 @@ always available.
|
|||
that is deeper than the call stack, :exc:`ValueError` is raised. The default
|
||||
for *depth* is zero, returning the frame at the top of the call stack.
|
||||
|
||||
This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only. It
|
||||
is not guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python.
|
||||
.. impl-detail::
|
||||
|
||||
This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only.
|
||||
It is not guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. function:: getprofile()
|
||||
|
|
@ -373,12 +375,12 @@ always available.
|
|||
|
||||
Get the trace function as set by :func:`settrace`.
|
||||
|
||||
.. note::
|
||||
.. impl-detail::
|
||||
|
||||
The :func:`gettrace` function is intended only for implementing debuggers,
|
||||
profilers, coverage tools and the like. Its behavior is part of the
|
||||
implementation platform, rather than part of the language definition,
|
||||
and thus may not be available in all Python implementations.
|
||||
profilers, coverage tools and the like. Its behavior is part of the
|
||||
implementation platform, rather than part of the language definition, and
|
||||
thus may not be available in all Python implementations.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. function:: getwindowsversion()
|
||||
|
|
@ -750,12 +752,12 @@ always available.
|
|||
|
||||
For more information on code and frame objects, refer to :ref:`types`.
|
||||
|
||||
.. note::
|
||||
.. impl-detail::
|
||||
|
||||
The :func:`settrace` function is intended only for implementing debuggers,
|
||||
profilers, coverage tools and the like. Its behavior is part of the
|
||||
implementation platform, rather than part of the language definition, and thus
|
||||
may not be available in all Python implementations.
|
||||
profilers, coverage tools and the like. Its behavior is part of the
|
||||
implementation platform, rather than part of the language definition, and
|
||||
thus may not be available in all Python implementations.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. function:: settscdump(on_flag)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -77,5 +77,8 @@ The module defines the following names:
|
|||
as ``datetime.timedelta.days``. This type is used as descriptor for simple C
|
||||
data members which use standard conversion functions; it has the same purpose
|
||||
as the :class:`property` type, but for classes defined in extension modules.
|
||||
In other implementations of Python, this type may be identical to
|
||||
``GetSetDescriptorType``.
|
||||
|
||||
.. impl-detail::
|
||||
|
||||
In other implementations of Python, this type may be identical to
|
||||
``GetSetDescriptorType``.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,9 +72,10 @@ support weak references but can add support through subclassing::
|
|||
|
||||
obj = Dict(red=1, green=2, blue=3) # this object is weak referenceable
|
||||
|
||||
Other built-in types such as :class:`tuple` and :class:`int` do not support
|
||||
weak references even when subclassed (those types implemented as a
|
||||
:ctype:`PyVarObject`).
|
||||
.. impl-detail::
|
||||
|
||||
Other built-in types such as :class:`tuple` and :class:`long` do not support
|
||||
weak references even when subclassed.
|
||||
|
||||
Extension types can easily be made to support weak references; see
|
||||
:ref:`weakref-support`.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -59,13 +59,16 @@ Objects are never explicitly destroyed; however, when they become unreachable
|
|||
they may be garbage-collected. An implementation is allowed to postpone garbage
|
||||
collection or omit it altogether --- it is a matter of implementation quality
|
||||
how garbage collection is implemented, as long as no objects are collected that
|
||||
are still reachable. (Implementation note: CPython currently uses a
|
||||
reference-counting scheme with (optional) delayed detection of cyclically linked
|
||||
garbage, which collects most objects as soon as they become unreachable, but is
|
||||
not guaranteed to collect garbage containing circular references. See the
|
||||
documentation of the :mod:`gc` module for information on controlling the
|
||||
collection of cyclic garbage. Other implementations act differently and CPython
|
||||
may change.)
|
||||
are still reachable.
|
||||
|
||||
.. impl-detail::
|
||||
|
||||
CPython currently uses a reference-counting scheme with (optional) delayed
|
||||
detection of cyclically linked garbage, which collects most objects as soon
|
||||
as they become unreachable, but is not guaranteed to collect garbage
|
||||
containing circular references. See the documentation of the :mod:`gc`
|
||||
module for information on controlling the collection of cyclic garbage.
|
||||
Other implementations act differently and CPython may change.
|
||||
|
||||
Note that the use of the implementation's tracing or debugging facilities may
|
||||
keep objects alive that would normally be collectable. Also note that catching
|
||||
|
|
@ -1469,15 +1472,15 @@ Notes on using *__slots__*
|
|||
*__slots__*; otherwise, the class attribute would overwrite the descriptor
|
||||
assignment.
|
||||
|
||||
* The action of a *__slots__* declaration is limited to the class where it is
|
||||
defined. As a result, subclasses will have a *__dict__* unless they also define
|
||||
*__slots__* (which must only contain names of any *additional* slots).
|
||||
|
||||
* If a class defines a slot also defined in a base class, the instance variable
|
||||
defined by the base class slot is inaccessible (except by retrieving its
|
||||
descriptor directly from the base class). This renders the meaning of the
|
||||
program undefined. In the future, a check may be added to prevent this.
|
||||
|
||||
* The action of a *__slots__* declaration is limited to the class where it is
|
||||
defined. As a result, subclasses will have a *__dict__* unless they also define
|
||||
*__slots__*.
|
||||
|
||||
* Nonempty *__slots__* does not work for classes derived from "variable-length"
|
||||
built-in types such as :class:`int`, :class:`str` and :class:`tuple`.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1714,12 +1717,16 @@ implemented as an iteration through a sequence. However, container objects can
|
|||
supply the following special method with a more efficient implementation, which
|
||||
also does not require the object be a sequence.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. method:: object.__contains__(self, item)
|
||||
|
||||
Called to implement membership test operators. Should return true if *item* is
|
||||
in *self*, false otherwise. For mapping objects, this should consider the keys
|
||||
of the mapping rather than the values or the key-item pairs.
|
||||
Called to implement membership test operators. Should return true if *item*
|
||||
is in *self*, false otherwise. For mapping objects, this should consider the
|
||||
keys of the mapping rather than the values or the key-item pairs.
|
||||
|
||||
For objects that don't define :meth:`__contains__`, the membership test first
|
||||
tries iteration via :meth:`__iter__`, then the old sequence iteration
|
||||
protocol via :meth:`__getitem__`, see :ref:`this section in the language
|
||||
reference <membership-test-details>`.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. _numeric-types:
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ the built-in module :mod:`builtins`; when in any other module,
|
|||
itself. ``__builtins__`` can be set to a user-created dictionary to create a
|
||||
weak form of restricted execution.
|
||||
|
||||
.. note::
|
||||
.. impl-detail::
|
||||
|
||||
Users should not touch ``__builtins__``; it is strictly an implementation
|
||||
detail. Users wanting to override values in the built-in namespace should
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -639,13 +639,13 @@ slots for which no default value is specified, a :exc:`TypeError` exception is
|
|||
raised. Otherwise, the list of filled slots is used as the argument list for
|
||||
the call.
|
||||
|
||||
.. note::
|
||||
.. impl-detail::
|
||||
|
||||
An implementation may provide built-in functions whose positional parameters do
|
||||
not have names, even if they are 'named' for the purpose of documentation, and
|
||||
which therefore cannot be supplied by keyword. In CPython, this is the case for
|
||||
functions implemented in C that use :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` to parse their
|
||||
arguments.
|
||||
An implementation may provide built-in functions whose positional parameters
|
||||
do not have names, even if they are 'named' for the purpose of documentation,
|
||||
and which therefore cannot be supplied by keyword. In CPython, this is the
|
||||
case for functions implemented in C that use :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` to
|
||||
parse their arguments.
|
||||
|
||||
If there are more positional arguments than there are formal parameter slots, a
|
||||
:exc:`TypeError` exception is raised, unless a formal parameter using the syntax
|
||||
|
|
@ -1053,6 +1053,8 @@ cross-type comparison is not supported, the comparison method returns
|
|||
supported cross-type comparisons and unsupported comparisons. For example,
|
||||
``Decimal(2) == 2`` and `2 == float(2)`` but ``Decimal(2) != float(2)``.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _membership-test-details:
|
||||
|
||||
The operators :keyword:`in` and :keyword:`not in` test for membership. ``x in
|
||||
s`` evaluates to true if *x* is a member of *s*, and false otherwise. ``x not
|
||||
in s`` returns the negation of ``x in s``. All built-in sequences and set types
|
||||
|
|
@ -1069,7 +1071,12 @@ return ``True``.
|
|||
For user-defined classes which define the :meth:`__contains__` method, ``x in
|
||||
y`` is true if and only if ``y.__contains__(x)`` is true.
|
||||
|
||||
For user-defined classes which do not define :meth:`__contains__` and do define
|
||||
For user-defined classes which do not define :meth:`__contains__` but do define
|
||||
:meth:`__iter__`, ``x in y`` is true if some value ``z`` with ``x == z`` is
|
||||
produced while iterating over ``y``. If an exception is raised during the
|
||||
iteration, it is as if :keyword:`in` raised that exception.
|
||||
|
||||
Lastly, the old-style iteration protocol is tried: if a class defines
|
||||
:meth:`__getitem__`, ``x in y`` is true if and only if there is a non-negative
|
||||
integer index *i* such that ``x == y[i]``, and all lower integer indices do not
|
||||
raise :exc:`IndexError` exception. (If any other exception is raised, it is as
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -236,9 +236,11 @@ Assignment of an object to a single target is recursively defined as follows.
|
|||
from the length of the assigned sequence, thus changing the length of the
|
||||
target sequence, if the object allows it.
|
||||
|
||||
(In the current implementation, the syntax for targets is taken to be the same
|
||||
as for expressions, and invalid syntax is rejected during the code generation
|
||||
phase, causing less detailed error messages.)
|
||||
.. impl-detail::
|
||||
|
||||
In the current implementation, the syntax for targets is taken to be the same
|
||||
as for expressions, and invalid syntax is rejected during the code generation
|
||||
phase, causing less detailed error messages.
|
||||
|
||||
WARNING: Although the definition of assignment implies that overlaps between the
|
||||
left-hand side and the right-hand side are 'safe' (for example ``a, b = b, a``
|
||||
|
|
@ -937,9 +939,11 @@ Names listed in a :keyword:`global` statement must not be defined as formal
|
|||
parameters or in a :keyword:`for` loop control target, :keyword:`class`
|
||||
definition, function definition, or :keyword:`import` statement.
|
||||
|
||||
(The current implementation does not enforce the latter two restrictions, but
|
||||
programs should not abuse this freedom, as future implementations may enforce
|
||||
them or silently change the meaning of the program.)
|
||||
.. impl-detail::
|
||||
|
||||
The current implementation does not enforce the latter two restrictions, but
|
||||
programs should not abuse this freedom, as future implementations may enforce
|
||||
them or silently change the meaning of the program.
|
||||
|
||||
.. index::
|
||||
builtin: exec
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ from sphinx.locale import versionlabels
|
|||
HTMLTranslator.visit_versionmodified = new_visit_versionmodified
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Support for marking up and linking to bugs.python.org issues
|
||||
|
||||
def issue_role(typ, rawtext, text, lineno, inliner, options={}, content=[]):
|
||||
issue = utils.unescape(text)
|
||||
text = 'issue ' + issue
|
||||
|
|
@ -42,6 +44,34 @@ def issue_role(typ, rawtext, text, lineno, inliner, options={}, content=[]):
|
|||
return [refnode], []
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Support for marking up implementation details
|
||||
|
||||
from sphinx.util.compat import Directive
|
||||
|
||||
class ImplementationDetail(Directive):
|
||||
|
||||
has_content = True
|
||||
required_arguments = 0
|
||||
optional_arguments = 1
|
||||
final_argument_whitespace = True
|
||||
|
||||
def run(self):
|
||||
pnode = nodes.compound(classes=['impl-detail'])
|
||||
content = self.content
|
||||
add_text = nodes.strong('CPython implementation detail:',
|
||||
'CPython implementation detail:')
|
||||
if self.arguments:
|
||||
n, m = self.state.inline_text(self.arguments[0], self.lineno)
|
||||
pnode.append(nodes.paragraph('', '', *(n + m)))
|
||||
self.state.nested_parse(content, self.content_offset, pnode)
|
||||
if pnode.children and isinstance(pnode[0], nodes.paragraph):
|
||||
pnode[0].insert(0, add_text)
|
||||
pnode[0].insert(1, nodes.Text(' '))
|
||||
else:
|
||||
pnode.insert(0, nodes.paragraph('', '', add_text))
|
||||
return [pnode]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Support for building "topic help" for pydoc
|
||||
|
||||
pydoc_topic_labels = [
|
||||
|
|
@ -108,10 +138,12 @@ class PydocTopicsBuilder(Builder):
|
|||
finally:
|
||||
f.close()
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Support for checking for suspicious markup
|
||||
|
||||
import suspicious
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Support for documenting Opcodes
|
||||
|
||||
import re
|
||||
|
|
@ -134,6 +166,7 @@ def parse_opcode_signature(env, sig, signode):
|
|||
|
||||
def setup(app):
|
||||
app.add_role('issue', issue_role)
|
||||
app.add_directive('impl-detail', ImplementationDetail)
|
||||
app.add_builder(PydocTopicsBuilder)
|
||||
app.add_builder(suspicious.CheckSuspiciousMarkupBuilder)
|
||||
app.add_description_unit('opcode', 'opcode', '%s (opcode)',
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -345,6 +345,21 @@ p.deprecated {
|
|||
background-color: #ffa
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.impl-detail {
|
||||
margin-top: 10px;
|
||||
margin-bottom: 10px;
|
||||
padding: 7px;
|
||||
border: 1px solid #ccc;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.impl-detail .compound-first {
|
||||
margin-top: 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.impl-detail .compound-last {
|
||||
margin-bottom: 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* -- code displays --------------------------------------------------------- */
|
||||
|
||||
pre {
|
||||
|
|
@ -405,7 +420,7 @@ span.eqno {
|
|||
div.document,
|
||||
div.documentwrapper,
|
||||
div.bodywrapper {
|
||||
margin: 0;
|
||||
margin: 0 !important;
|
||||
width: 100%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -28,18 +28,17 @@ features of the Python language and system. It helps to have a Python
|
|||
interpreter handy for hands-on experience, but all examples are self-contained,
|
||||
so the tutorial can be read off-line as well.
|
||||
|
||||
For a description of standard objects and modules, see the Python Library
|
||||
Reference document. The Python Reference Manual gives a more formal definition
|
||||
of the language. To write extensions in C or C++, read Extending and Embedding
|
||||
the Python Interpreter and Python/C API Reference. There are also several books
|
||||
covering Python in depth.
|
||||
For a description of standard objects and modules, see :ref:`library-index`.
|
||||
:ref:`reference-index` gives a more formal definition of the language. To write
|
||||
extensions in C or C++, read :ref:`extending-index` and
|
||||
:ref:`c-api-index`. There are also several books covering Python in depth.
|
||||
|
||||
This tutorial does not attempt to be comprehensive and cover every single
|
||||
feature, or even every commonly used feature. Instead, it introduces many of
|
||||
Python's most noteworthy features, and will give you a good idea of the
|
||||
language's flavor and style. After reading it, you will be able to read and
|
||||
write Python modules and programs, and you will be ready to learn more about the
|
||||
various Python library modules described in the Python Library Reference.
|
||||
various Python library modules described in :ref:`library-index`.
|
||||
|
||||
The :ref:`glossary` is also worth going through.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Command line and environment
|
|||
The CPython interpreter scans the command line and the environment for various
|
||||
settings.
|
||||
|
||||
.. note::
|
||||
.. impl-detail::
|
||||
|
||||
Other implementations' command line schemes may differ. See
|
||||
:ref:`implementations` for further resources.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ key features:
|
|||
`ActivePython <http://www.activestate.com/Products/activepython/>`_
|
||||
Installer with multi-platform compatibility, documentation, PyWin32
|
||||
|
||||
`Python Enthought Edition <http://code.enthought.com/enthon/>`_
|
||||
`Enthought Python Distribution <http://www.enthought.com/products/epd.php>`_
|
||||
Popular modules (such as PyWin32) with their respective documentation, tool
|
||||
suite for building extensible python applications
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -221,8 +221,7 @@ utilities for:
|
|||
* Win32 API calls
|
||||
* Registry
|
||||
* Event log
|
||||
* `Microsoft Foundation Classes <http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/
|
||||
en-us/vclib/html/_mfc_Class_Library_Reference_Introduction.asp>`_ (MFC)
|
||||
* `Microsoft Foundation Classes <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/fe1cf721%28VS.80%29.aspx>`_ (MFC)
|
||||
user interfaces
|
||||
|
||||
`PythonWin <http://web.archive.org/web/20060524042422/
|
||||
|
|
@ -299,7 +298,7 @@ For extension modules, consult :ref:`building-on-windows`.
|
|||
MinGW gcc under Windows" or "Installing Python extension with distutils
|
||||
and without Microsoft Visual C++" by Sébastien Sauvage, 2003
|
||||
|
||||
`MingW -- Python extensions <http://www.mingw.org/MinGWiki/index.php/Python%20extensions>`_
|
||||
`MingW -- Python extensions <http://oldwiki.mingw.org/index.php/Python%20extensions>`_
|
||||
by Trent Apted et al, 2007
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -572,8 +572,7 @@ Work has been done on porting Python to 64-bit Windows on the Itanium processor,
|
|||
mostly by Trent Mick of ActiveState. (Confusingly, ``sys.platform`` is still
|
||||
``'win32'`` on Win64 because it seems that for ease of porting, MS Visual C++
|
||||
treats code as 32 bit on Itanium.) PythonWin also supports Windows CE; see the
|
||||
Python CE page at http://starship.python.net/crew/mhammond/ce/ for more
|
||||
information.
|
||||
Python CE page at http://pythonce.sourceforge.net/ for more information.
|
||||
|
||||
Another new platform is Darwin/MacOS X; initial support for it is in Python 2.0.
|
||||
Dynamic loading works, if you specify "configure --with-dyld --with-suffix=.x".
|
||||
|
|
@ -1041,8 +1040,8 @@ sent over a socket. When compiling Python, you can edit :file:`Modules/Setup`
|
|||
to include SSL support, which adds an additional function to the :mod:`socket`
|
||||
module: :func:`socket.ssl(socket, keyfile, certfile)`, which takes a socket
|
||||
object and returns an SSL socket. The :mod:`httplib` and :mod:`urllib` modules
|
||||
were also changed to support "https://" URLs, though no one has implemented FTP
|
||||
or SMTP over SSL.
|
||||
were also changed to support ``https://`` URLs, though no one has implemented
|
||||
FTP or SMTP over SSL.
|
||||
|
||||
The :mod:`httplib` module has been rewritten by Greg Stein to support HTTP/1.1.
|
||||
Backward compatibility with the 1.5 version of :mod:`httplib` is provided,
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ understand the complete implementation and design rationale for a change, refer
|
|||
to the PEP for a particular new feature.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. seealso::
|
||||
.. seealso (now defunct)
|
||||
|
||||
http://www.unixreview.com/documents/s=1356/urm0109h/0109h.htm
|
||||
"What's So Special About Python 2.2?" is also about the new 2.2 features, and
|
||||
|
|
@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ amazing new capabilities. Before beginning this, the longest and most
|
|||
complicated section of this article, I'll provide an overview of the changes and
|
||||
offer some comments.
|
||||
|
||||
A long time ago I wrote a Web page (http://www.amk.ca/python/writing/warts.html)
|
||||
listing flaws in Python's design. One of the most significant flaws was that
|
||||
it's impossible to subclass Python types implemented in C. In particular, it's
|
||||
not possible to subclass built-in types, so you can't just subclass, say, lists
|
||||
in order to add a single useful method to them. The :mod:`UserList` module
|
||||
provides a class that supports all of the methods of lists and that can be
|
||||
subclassed further, but there's lots of C code that expects a regular Python
|
||||
list and won't accept a :class:`UserList` instance.
|
||||
A long time ago I wrote a Web page listing flaws in Python's design. One of the
|
||||
most significant flaws was that it's impossible to subclass Python types
|
||||
implemented in C. In particular, it's not possible to subclass built-in types,
|
||||
so you can't just subclass, say, lists in order to add a single useful method to
|
||||
them. The :mod:`UserList` module provides a class that supports all of the
|
||||
methods of lists and that can be subclassed further, but there's lots of C code
|
||||
that expects a regular Python list and won't accept a :class:`UserList`
|
||||
instance.
|
||||
|
||||
Python 2.2 fixes this, and in the process adds some exciting new capabilities.
|
||||
A brief summary:
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1855,10 +1855,10 @@ and bundle it with the source of your extension.
|
|||
|
||||
.. seealso::
|
||||
|
||||
http://cvs.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/python/python/dist/src/Objects/obmalloc.c
|
||||
For the full details of the pymalloc implementation, see the comments at the top
|
||||
of the file :file:`Objects/obmalloc.c` in the Python source code. The above
|
||||
link points to the file within the SourceForge CVS browser.
|
||||
http://svn.python.org/view/python/trunk/Objects/obmalloc.c
|
||||
For the full details of the pymalloc implementation, see the comments at
|
||||
the top of the file :file:`Objects/obmalloc.c` in the Python source code.
|
||||
The above link points to the file within the python.org SVN browser.
|
||||
|
||||
.. ======================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -680,9 +680,6 @@ includes a quick-start tutorial and a reference.
|
|||
Written by Facundo Batista and implemented by Facundo Batista, Eric Price,
|
||||
Raymond Hettinger, Aahz, and Tim Peters.
|
||||
|
||||
http://research.microsoft.com/~hollasch/cgindex/coding/ieeefloat.html
|
||||
A more detailed overview of the IEEE-754 representation.
|
||||
|
||||
http://www.lahey.com/float.htm
|
||||
The article uses Fortran code to illustrate many of the problems that floating-
|
||||
point inaccuracy can cause.
|
||||
|
|
@ -756,7 +753,7 @@ API that perform ASCII-only conversions, ignoring the locale setting:
|
|||
:ctype:`double` to an ASCII string.
|
||||
|
||||
The code for these functions came from the GLib library
|
||||
(http://developer.gnome.org/arch/gtk/glib.html), whose developers kindly
|
||||
(http://library.gnome.org/devel/glib/stable/), whose developers kindly
|
||||
relicensed the relevant functions and donated them to the Python Software
|
||||
Foundation. The :mod:`locale` module can now change the numeric locale,
|
||||
letting extensions such as GTK+ produce the correct results.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1828,7 +1828,7 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details.
|
|||
|
||||
The :mod:`bsddb.dbshelve` module now uses the highest pickling protocol
|
||||
available, instead of restricting itself to protocol 1.
|
||||
(Contributed by W. Barnes; :issue:`1551443`.)
|
||||
(Contributed by W. Barnes.)
|
||||
|
||||
* The :mod:`cgi` module will now read variables from the query string
|
||||
of an HTTP POST request. This makes it possible to use form actions
|
||||
|
|
@ -2977,7 +2977,7 @@ Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include:
|
|||
* The BerkeleyDB module now has a C API object, available as
|
||||
``bsddb.db.api``. This object can be used by other C extensions
|
||||
that wish to use the :mod:`bsddb` module for their own purposes.
|
||||
(Contributed by Duncan Grisby; :issue:`1551895`.)
|
||||
(Contributed by Duncan Grisby.)
|
||||
|
||||
* The new buffer interface, previously described in
|
||||
`the PEP 3118 section <#pep-3118-revised-buffer-protocol>`__,
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class _RLock(_Verbose):
|
|||
|
||||
def release(self):
|
||||
if self._owner is not current_thread():
|
||||
raise RuntimeError("cannot release un-aquired lock")
|
||||
raise RuntimeError("cannot release un-acquired lock")
|
||||
self._count = count = self._count - 1
|
||||
if not count:
|
||||
self._owner = None
|
||||
|
|
@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ class _Condition(_Verbose):
|
|||
|
||||
def wait(self, timeout=None):
|
||||
if not self._is_owned():
|
||||
raise RuntimeError("cannot wait on un-aquired lock")
|
||||
raise RuntimeError("cannot wait on un-acquired lock")
|
||||
waiter = _allocate_lock()
|
||||
waiter.acquire()
|
||||
self._waiters.append(waiter)
|
||||
|
|
@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ class _Condition(_Verbose):
|
|||
|
||||
def notify(self, n=1):
|
||||
if not self._is_owned():
|
||||
raise RuntimeError("cannot notify on un-aquired lock")
|
||||
raise RuntimeError("cannot notify on un-acquired lock")
|
||||
__waiters = self._waiters
|
||||
waiters = __waiters[:n]
|
||||
if not waiters:
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -32,7 +32,14 @@ def filterwarnings(action, message="", category=Warning, module="", lineno=0,
|
|||
append=False):
|
||||
"""Insert an entry into the list of warnings filters (at the front).
|
||||
|
||||
Use assertions to check that all arguments have the right type."""
|
||||
'action' -- one of "error", "ignore", "always", "default", "module",
|
||||
or "once"
|
||||
'message' -- a regex that the warning message must match
|
||||
'category' -- a class that the warning must be a subclass of
|
||||
'module' -- a regex that the module name must match
|
||||
'lineno' -- an integer line number, 0 matches all warnings
|
||||
'append' -- if true, append to the list of filters
|
||||
"""
|
||||
import re
|
||||
assert action in ("error", "ignore", "always", "default", "module",
|
||||
"once"), "invalid action: %r" % (action,)
|
||||
|
|
@ -53,6 +60,11 @@ def simplefilter(action, category=Warning, lineno=0, append=False):
|
|||
"""Insert a simple entry into the list of warnings filters (at the front).
|
||||
|
||||
A simple filter matches all modules and messages.
|
||||
'action' -- one of "error", "ignore", "always", "default", "module",
|
||||
or "once"
|
||||
'category' -- a class that the warning must be a subclass of
|
||||
'lineno' -- an integer line number, 0 matches all warnings
|
||||
'append' -- if true, append to the list of filters
|
||||
"""
|
||||
assert action in ("error", "ignore", "always", "default", "module",
|
||||
"once"), "invalid action: %r" % (action,)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1865,16 +1865,15 @@ PyCSimpleType_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
|
|||
}
|
||||
fmt = _ctypes_get_fielddesc(proto_str);
|
||||
if (fmt == NULL) {
|
||||
Py_DECREF((PyObject *)result);
|
||||
PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
|
||||
"_type_ '%s' not supported", proto_str);
|
||||
return NULL;
|
||||
goto error;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
stgdict = (StgDictObject *)PyObject_CallObject(
|
||||
(PyObject *)&PyCStgDict_Type, NULL);
|
||||
if (!stgdict)
|
||||
return NULL;
|
||||
goto error;
|
||||
|
||||
stgdict->ffi_type_pointer = *fmt->pffi_type;
|
||||
stgdict->align = fmt->pffi_type->alignment;
|
||||
|
|
@ -1889,6 +1888,7 @@ PyCSimpleType_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
|
|||
#endif
|
||||
if (stgdict->format == NULL) {
|
||||
Py_DECREF(result);
|
||||
Py_DECREF(proto);
|
||||
Py_DECREF((PyObject *)stgdict);
|
||||
return NULL;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -7710,10 +7710,10 @@ unicode_isprintable(PyObject *self)
|
|||
}
|
||||
|
||||
PyDoc_STRVAR(join__doc__,
|
||||
"S.join(sequence) -> str\n\
|
||||
"S.join(iterable) -> str\n\
|
||||
\n\
|
||||
Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the\n\
|
||||
sequence. The separator between elements is S.");
|
||||
iterable. The separator between elements is S.");
|
||||
|
||||
static PyObject*
|
||||
unicode_join(PyObject *self, PyObject *data)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -957,7 +957,9 @@ static int _PyCodecRegistry_Init(void)
|
|||
{
|
||||
"strict_errors",
|
||||
strict_errors,
|
||||
METH_O
|
||||
METH_O,
|
||||
PyDoc_STR("Implements the 'strict' error handling, which "
|
||||
"raises a UnicodeError on coding errors.")
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
|
@ -965,7 +967,9 @@ static int _PyCodecRegistry_Init(void)
|
|||
{
|
||||
"ignore_errors",
|
||||
ignore_errors,
|
||||
METH_O
|
||||
METH_O,
|
||||
PyDoc_STR("Implements the 'ignore' error handling, which "
|
||||
"ignores malformed data and continues.")
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
|
@ -973,7 +977,9 @@ static int _PyCodecRegistry_Init(void)
|
|||
{
|
||||
"replace_errors",
|
||||
replace_errors,
|
||||
METH_O
|
||||
METH_O,
|
||||
PyDoc_STR("Implements the 'replace' error handling, which "
|
||||
"replaces malformed data with a replacement marker.")
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
|
@ -981,7 +987,10 @@ static int _PyCodecRegistry_Init(void)
|
|||
{
|
||||
"xmlcharrefreplace_errors",
|
||||
xmlcharrefreplace_errors,
|
||||
METH_O
|
||||
METH_O,
|
||||
PyDoc_STR("Implements the 'xmlcharrefreplace' error handling, "
|
||||
"which replaces an unencodable character with the "
|
||||
"appropriate XML character reference.")
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
|
@ -989,7 +998,10 @@ static int _PyCodecRegistry_Init(void)
|
|||
{
|
||||
"backslashreplace_errors",
|
||||
backslashreplace_errors,
|
||||
METH_O
|
||||
METH_O,
|
||||
PyDoc_STR("Implements the 'backslashreplace' error handling, "
|
||||
"which replaces an unencodable character with a "
|
||||
"backslashed escape sequence.")
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue