Merged revisions 85548,85572-85573,85606,85609-85612,85614-85616 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/branches/py3k ........ r85548 | georg.brandl | 2010-10-15 21:46:19 +0200 (Fr, 15 Okt 2010) | 1 line #10072: assume a bit less knowledge of the FTP protocol in the ftplib docs. ........ r85572 | georg.brandl | 2010-10-16 20:51:05 +0200 (Sa, 16 Okt 2010) | 1 line #10122: typo fix. ........ r85573 | georg.brandl | 2010-10-16 20:53:08 +0200 (Sa, 16 Okt 2010) | 1 line #10124: typo fix. ........ r85606 | georg.brandl | 2010-10-17 08:32:59 +0200 (So, 17 Okt 2010) | 1 line #10058: tweak wording about exception returns. ........ r85609 | georg.brandl | 2010-10-17 11:19:03 +0200 (So, 17 Okt 2010) | 1 line #8556: use less confusing mapping key in example. ........ r85610 | georg.brandl | 2010-10-17 11:23:05 +0200 (So, 17 Okt 2010) | 1 line #8686: remove potentially confusing wording that does not add any value. ........ r85611 | georg.brandl | 2010-10-17 11:33:24 +0200 (So, 17 Okt 2010) | 1 line #8811: small fixes to sqlite3 docs. ........ r85612 | georg.brandl | 2010-10-17 11:37:54 +0200 (So, 17 Okt 2010) | 1 line #8855: add shelve security warning. ........ r85614 | georg.brandl | 2010-10-17 11:46:11 +0200 (So, 17 Okt 2010) | 1 line #8968: add actual name of token constants. ........ r85615 | georg.brandl | 2010-10-17 12:05:13 +0200 (So, 17 Okt 2010) | 1 line #459007: merge info from PC/getpathp.c and using/windows.rst to document the forming of sys.path under Windows. ........ r85616 | georg.brandl | 2010-10-17 12:07:29 +0200 (So, 17 Okt 2010) | 1 line Fix copy-paste error in example. ........
This commit is contained in:
Georg Brandl
parent
7fa6e75585
commit
26946ecaed
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@ -365,11 +365,12 @@ For C programmers, however, error checking always has to be explicit. All
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functions in the Python/C API can raise exceptions, unless an explicit claim is
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made otherwise in a function's documentation. In general, when a function
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encounters an error, it sets an exception, discards any object references that
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it owns, and returns an error indicator --- usually *NULL* or ``-1``. A few
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functions return a Boolean true/false result, with false indicating an error.
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Very few functions return no explicit error indicator or have an ambiguous
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return value, and require explicit testing for errors with
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:cfunc:`PyErr_Occurred`.
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it owns, and returns an error indicator. If not documented otherwise, this
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indicator is either *NULL* or ``-1``, depending on the function's return type.
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A few functions return a Boolean true/false result, with false indicating an
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error. Very few functions return no explicit error indicator or have an
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ambiguous return value, and require explicit testing for errors with
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:cfunc:`PyErr_Occurred`. These exceptions are always explicitly documented.
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.. index::
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single: PyErr_SetString()
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@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ Python 3.0's :func:`str` (``PyString_*`` functions in C) type is equivalent to
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compatibility with 3.0, :ctype:`PyUnicode` should be used for textual data and
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:ctype:`PyBytes` for binary data. It's also important to remember that
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:ctype:`PyBytes` and :ctype:`PyUnicode` in 3.0 are not interchangeable like
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:ctype:`PyString` and :ctype:`PyString` are in 2.x. The following example shows
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best practices with regards to :ctype:`PyUnicode`, :ctype:`PyString`, and
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:ctype:`PyBytes`. ::
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:ctype:`PyString` and :ctype:`PyUnicode` are in 2.x. The following example
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shows best practices with regards to :ctype:`PyUnicode`, :ctype:`PyString`,
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and :ctype:`PyBytes`. ::
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#include "stdlib.h"
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#include "Python.h"
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@ -236,8 +236,8 @@ and recombined later. Here is an example of how to do that::
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def mul_stereo(sample, width, lfactor, rfactor):
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lsample = audioop.tomono(sample, width, 1, 0)
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rsample = audioop.tomono(sample, width, 0, 1)
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lsample = audioop.mul(sample, width, lfactor)
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rsample = audioop.mul(sample, width, rfactor)
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lsample = audioop.mul(lsample, width, lfactor)
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rsample = audioop.mul(rsample, width, rfactor)
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lsample = audioop.tostereo(lsample, width, 1, 0)
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rsample = audioop.tostereo(rsample, width, 0, 1)
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return audioop.add(lsample, rsample, width)
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@ -528,16 +528,11 @@ The :class:`SequenceMatcher` class has this constructor:
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Return an upper bound on :meth:`ratio` relatively quickly.
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This isn't defined beyond that it is an upper bound on :meth:`ratio`, and
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is faster to compute.
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.. method:: real_quick_ratio()
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Return an upper bound on :meth:`ratio` very quickly.
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This isn't defined beyond that it is an upper bound on :meth:`ratio`, and
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is faster to compute than either :meth:`ratio` or :meth:`quick_ratio`.
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The three methods that return the ratio of matching to total characters can give
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different results due to differing levels of approximation, although
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@ -91,18 +91,21 @@ The module defines the following items:
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.. exception:: error_temp
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Exception raised when an error code in the range 400--499 is received.
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Exception raised when an error code signifying a temporary error (response
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codes in the range 400--499) is received.
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.. exception:: error_perm
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Exception raised when an error code in the range 500--599 is received.
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Exception raised when an error code signifying a permanent error (response
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codes in the range 500--599) is received.
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.. exception:: error_proto
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Exception raised when a reply is received from the server that does not
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begin with a digit in the range 1--5.
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Exception raised when a reply is received from the server that does not fit
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the response specifications of the File Transfer Protocol, i.e. begin with a
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digit in the range 1--5.
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.. data:: all_errors
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@ -199,8 +202,8 @@ followed by ``lines`` for the text version or ``binary`` for the binary version.
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.. method:: FTP.voidcmd(command)
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Send a simple command string to the server and handle the response. Return
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nothing if a response code in the range 200--299 is received. Raise an exception
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otherwise.
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nothing if a response code corresponding to success (codes in the range
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200--299) is received. Raise :exc:`error_reply` otherwise.
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.. method:: FTP.retrbinary(command, callback[, maxblocksize[, rest]])
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@ -220,9 +223,11 @@ followed by ``lines`` for the text version or ``binary`` for the binary version.
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Retrieve a file or directory listing in ASCII transfer mode. *command*
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should be an appropriate ``RETR`` command (see :meth:`retrbinary`) or a
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command such as ``LIST``, ``NLST`` or ``MLSD`` (usually just the string
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``'LIST'``). The *callback* function is called for each line with a
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string argument containing the line with the trailing CRLF stripped.
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The default *callback* prints the line to ``sys.stdout``.
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``'LIST'``). ``LIST`` retrieves a list of files and information about those files.
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``NLST`` retrieves a list of file names. On some servers, ``MLSD`` retrieves
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a machine readable list of files and information about those files. The *callback*
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function is called for each line with a string argument containing the line with
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the trailing CRLF stripped. The default *callback* prints the line to ``sys.stdout``.
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.. method:: FTP.set_pasv(boolean)
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@ -293,10 +298,10 @@ followed by ``lines`` for the text version or ``binary`` for the binary version.
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.. method:: FTP.nlst(argument[, ...])
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Return a list of files as returned by the ``NLST`` command. The optional
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*argument* is a directory to list (default is the current server directory).
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Multiple arguments can be used to pass non-standard options to the ``NLST``
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command.
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Return a list of file names as returned by the ``NLST`` command. The
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optional *argument* is a directory to list (default is the current server
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directory). Multiple arguments can be used to pass non-standard options to
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the ``NLST`` command.
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.. method:: FTP.dir(argument[, ...])
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@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ available. They are listed here in alphabetical order.
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.. function:: getattr(object, name[, default])
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Return the value of the named attributed of *object*. *name* must be a string.
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Return the value of the named attribute of *object*. *name* must be a string.
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If the string is the name of one of the object's attributes, the result is the
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value of that attribute. For example, ``getattr(x, 'foobar')`` is equivalent to
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``x.foobar``. If the named attribute does not exist, *default* is returned if
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@ -50,6 +50,11 @@ lots of shared sub-objects. The keys are ordinary strings.
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:meth:`close` explicitly when you don't need it any more, or use a
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:keyword:`with` statement with :func:`contextlib.closing`.
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.. warning::
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Because the :mod:`shelve` module is backed by :mod:`pickle`, it is insecure
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to load a shelf from an untrusted source. Like with pickle, loading a shelf
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can execute arbitrary code.
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Shelf objects support all methods supported by dictionaries. This eases the
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transition from dictionary based scripts to those requiring persistent storage.
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@ -258,22 +258,21 @@ Connection Objects
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.. method:: Connection.execute(sql, [parameters])
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This is a nonstandard shortcut that creates an intermediate cursor object by
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calling the cursor method, then calls the cursor's
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:meth:`execute<Cursor.execute>` method with the parameters given.
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calling the cursor method, then calls the cursor's :meth:`execute
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<Cursor.execute>` method with the parameters given.
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.. method:: Connection.executemany(sql, [parameters])
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This is a nonstandard shortcut that creates an intermediate cursor object by
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calling the cursor method, then calls the cursor's
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:meth:`executemany<Cursor.executemany>` method with the parameters given.
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calling the cursor method, then calls the cursor's :meth:`executemany
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<Cursor.executemany>` method with the parameters given.
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.. method:: Connection.executescript(sql_script)
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This is a nonstandard shortcut that creates an intermediate cursor object by
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calling the cursor method, then calls the cursor's
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:meth:`executescript<Cursor.executescript>` method with the parameters
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given.
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calling the cursor method, then calls the cursor's :meth:`executescript
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<Cursor.executescript>` method with the parameters given.
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.. method:: Connection.create_function(name, num_params, func)
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@ -384,8 +383,8 @@ Connection Objects
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.. versionadded:: 2.7
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This routine loads a SQLite extension from a shared library. You have to
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enable extension loading with ``enable_load_extension`` before you can use
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this routine.
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enable extension loading with :meth:`enable_load_extension` before you can
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use this routine.
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.. attribute:: Connection.row_factory
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@ -458,9 +457,9 @@ Connection Objects
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Cursor Objects
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--------------
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A :class:`Cursor` instance has the following attributes and methods:
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.. class:: Cursor
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A SQLite database cursor has the following attributes and methods:
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A :class:`Cursor` instance has the following attributes and methods.
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.. method:: Cursor.execute(sql, [parameters])
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@ -894,4 +893,3 @@ threads. If you still try to do so, you will get an exception at runtime.
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The only exception is calling the :meth:`~Connection.interrupt` method, which
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only makes sense to call from a different thread.
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@ -1356,8 +1356,8 @@ formats in the string *must* include a parenthesised mapping key into that
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dictionary inserted immediately after the ``'%'`` character. The mapping key
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selects the value to be formatted from the mapping. For example:
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>>> print '%(language)s has %(#)03d quote types.' % \
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... {'language': "Python", "#": 2}
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>>> print '%(language)s has %(number)03d quote types.' % \
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... {"language": "Python", "number": 2}
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Python has 002 quote types.
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In this case no ``*`` specifiers may occur in a format (since they require a
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@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ in the Python distribution for the definitions of the names in the context of
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the language grammar. The specific numeric values which the names map to may
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change between Python versions.
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This module also provides one data object and some functions. The functions
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mirror definitions in the Python C header files.
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The module also provides a mapping from numeric codes to names and some
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functions. The functions mirror definitions in the Python C header files.
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.. data:: tok_name
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@ -39,6 +39,65 @@ mirror definitions in the Python C header files.
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Return true if *x* is the marker indicating the end of input.
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The token constants are:
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.. data:: ENDMARKER
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NAME
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NUMBER
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STRING
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NEWLINE
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INDENT
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DEDENT
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LPAR
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RPAR
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LSQB
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RSQB
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COLON
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COMMA
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SEMI
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PLUS
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MINUS
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STAR
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SLASH
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VBAR
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AMPER
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LESS
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GREATER
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EQUAL
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DOT
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PERCENT
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BACKQUOTE
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LBRACE
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RBRACE
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EQEQUAL
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NOTEQUAL
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LESSEQUAL
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GREATEREQUAL
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TILDE
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CIRCUMFLEX
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LEFTSHIFT
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RIGHTSHIFT
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DOUBLESTAR
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PLUSEQUAL
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MINEQUAL
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STAREQUAL
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SLASHEQUAL
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PERCENTEQUAL
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AMPEREQUAL
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VBAREQUAL
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CIRCUMFLEXEQUAL
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LEFTSHIFTEQUAL
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RIGHTSHIFTEQUAL
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DOUBLESTAREQUAL
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DOUBLESLASH
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DOUBLESLASHEQUAL
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AT
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OP
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ERRORTOKEN
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N_TOKENS
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NT_OFFSET
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.. seealso::
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Module :mod:`parser`
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@ -158,23 +158,48 @@ installation directory. So, if you had installed Python to
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:file:`C:\\Python\\Lib\\` and third-party modules should be stored in
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:file:`C:\\Python\\Lib\\site-packages\\`.
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.. `` this fixes syntax highlighting errors in some editors due to the \\ hackery
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This is how :data:`sys.path` is populated on Windows:
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You can add folders to your search path to make Python's import mechanism search
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in these directories as well. Use :envvar:`PYTHONPATH`, as described in
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:ref:`using-on-envvars`, to modify :data:`sys.path`. On Windows, paths are
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separated by semicolons, though, to distinguish them from drive identifiers
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(:file:`C:\\` etc.).
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* An empty entry is added at the start, which corresponds to the current
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directory.
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.. ``
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* If the environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` exists, as described in
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:ref:`using-on-envvars`, its entries are added next. Note that on Windows,
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paths in this variable must be separated by semicolons, to distinguish them
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from the colon used in drive identifiers (``C:\`` etc.).
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Modifying the module search path can also be done through the Windows registry
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under the key :file:`HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Python\\PythonCore\\{version}\\PythonPath`.
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Subkeys which have semicolon-delimited path strings as their default value will
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cause each path to be searched. Multiple subkeys can be created and are
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appended to the path in alphabetical order. A convenient registry editor is
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:program:`regedit` (start it by typing "regedit" into :menuselection:`Start -->
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Run`).
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* Additional "application paths" can be added in the registry as subkeys of
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:samp:`\\SOFTWARE\\Python\\PythonCore\\{version}\\PythonPath` under both the
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``HKEY_CURRENT_USER`` and ``HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE`` hives. Subkeys which have
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semicolon-delimited path strings as their default value will cause each path
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to be added to :data:`sys.path`. (Note that all known installers only use
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HKLM, so HKCU is typically empty.)
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* If the environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONHOME` is set, it is assumed as
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"Python Home". Otherwise, the path of the main Python executable is used to
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locate a "landmark file" (``Lib\os.py``) to deduce the "Python Home". If a
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Python home is found, the relevant sub-directories added to :data:`sys.path`
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(``Lib``, ``plat-win``, etc) are based on that folder. Otherwise, the core
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Python path is constructed from the PythonPath stored in the registry.
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* If the Python Home cannot be located, no :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` is specified in
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the environment, and no registry entries can be found, a default path with
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relative entries is used (e.g. ``.\Lib;.\plat-win``, etc).
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The end result of all this is:
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* When running :file:`python.exe`, or any other .exe in the main Python
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directory (either an installed version, or directly from the PCbuild
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directory), the core path is deduced, and the core paths in the registry are
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ignored. Other "application paths" in the registry are always read.
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* When Python is hosted in another .exe (different directory, embedded via COM,
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etc), the "Python Home" will not be deduced, so the core path from the
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registry is used. Other "application paths" in the registry are always read.
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* If Python can't find its home and there is no registry (eg, frozen .exe, some
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very strange installation setup) you get a path with some default, but
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relative, paths.
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Executing scripts
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