bpo-30052: Link `bytes` & `bytearray` to stdtypes not functions (GH-1271) (GH-1915)
Builtin container types have two potential link targets in the docs:
- their entry in the list of builtin callables
- their type documentation
This change brings `bytes` and `bytearray` into line with other
container types by having cross-references default to linking to
their type documentation, rather than their builtin callable entry..
(cherry picked from commit c6db4811f9)
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@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ are always available. They are listed here in alphabetical order.
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:func:`ascii` :func:`enumerate` :func:`input` :func:`oct` :func:`staticmethod`
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:func:`bin` :func:`eval` :func:`int` :func:`open` |func-str|_
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:func:`bool` :func:`exec` :func:`isinstance` :func:`ord` :func:`sum`
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:func:`bytearray` :func:`filter` :func:`issubclass` :func:`pow` :func:`super`
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:func:`bytes` :func:`float` :func:`iter` :func:`print` |func-tuple|_
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|func-bytearray|_ :func:`filter` :func:`issubclass` :func:`pow` :func:`super`
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|func-bytes|_ :func:`float` :func:`iter` :func:`print` |func-tuple|_
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:func:`callable` :func:`format` :func:`len` :func:`property` :func:`type`
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:func:`chr` |func-frozenset|_ |func-list|_ |func-range|_ :func:`vars`
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:func:`classmethod` :func:`getattr` :func:`locals` :func:`repr` :func:`zip`
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@ -37,7 +37,8 @@ are always available. They are listed here in alphabetical order.
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.. |func-str| replace:: ``str()``
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.. |func-tuple| replace:: ``tuple()``
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.. |func-range| replace:: ``range()``
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.. |func-bytearray| replace:: ``bytearray()``
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.. |func-bytes| replace:: ``bytes()``
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.. function:: abs(x)
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@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ are always available. They are listed here in alphabetical order.
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.. _func-bytearray:
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.. class:: bytearray([source[, encoding[, errors]]])
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:noindex:
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Return a new array of bytes. The :class:`bytearray` class is a mutable
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sequence of integers in the range 0 <= x < 256. It has most of the usual
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@ -128,6 +130,7 @@ are always available. They are listed here in alphabetical order.
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.. _func-bytes:
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.. class:: bytes([source[, encoding[, errors]]])
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:noindex:
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Return a new "bytes" object, which is an immutable sequence of integers in
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the range ``0 <= x < 256``. :class:`bytes` is an immutable version of
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@ -2264,8 +2264,8 @@ The :mod:`array` module supports efficient storage of basic data types like
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.. _typebytes:
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Bytes
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-----
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Bytes Objects
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-------------
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.. index:: object: bytes
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@ -2274,65 +2274,67 @@ binary protocols are based on the ASCII text encoding, bytes objects offer
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several methods that are only valid when working with ASCII compatible
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data and are closely related to string objects in a variety of other ways.
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Firstly, the syntax for bytes literals is largely the same as that for string
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literals, except that a ``b`` prefix is added:
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.. class:: bytes([source[, encoding[, errors]]])
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* Single quotes: ``b'still allows embedded "double" quotes'``
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* Double quotes: ``b"still allows embedded 'single' quotes"``.
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* Triple quoted: ``b'''3 single quotes'''``, ``b"""3 double quotes"""``
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Firstly, the syntax for bytes literals is largely the same as that for string
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literals, except that a ``b`` prefix is added:
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Only ASCII characters are permitted in bytes literals (regardless of the
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declared source code encoding). Any binary values over 127 must be entered
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into bytes literals using the appropriate escape sequence.
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* Single quotes: ``b'still allows embedded "double" quotes'``
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* Double quotes: ``b"still allows embedded 'single' quotes"``.
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* Triple quoted: ``b'''3 single quotes'''``, ``b"""3 double quotes"""``
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As with string literals, bytes literals may also use a ``r`` prefix to disable
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processing of escape sequences. See :ref:`strings` for more about the various
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forms of bytes literal, including supported escape sequences.
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Only ASCII characters are permitted in bytes literals (regardless of the
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declared source code encoding). Any binary values over 127 must be entered
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into bytes literals using the appropriate escape sequence.
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While bytes literals and representations are based on ASCII text, bytes
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objects actually behave like immutable sequences of integers, with each
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value in the sequence restricted such that ``0 <= x < 256`` (attempts to
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violate this restriction will trigger :exc:`ValueError`. This is done
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deliberately to emphasise that while many binary formats include ASCII based
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elements and can be usefully manipulated with some text-oriented algorithms,
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this is not generally the case for arbitrary binary data (blindly applying
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text processing algorithms to binary data formats that are not ASCII
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compatible will usually lead to data corruption).
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As with string literals, bytes literals may also use a ``r`` prefix to disable
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processing of escape sequences. See :ref:`strings` for more about the various
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forms of bytes literal, including supported escape sequences.
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In addition to the literal forms, bytes objects can be created in a number of
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other ways:
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While bytes literals and representations are based on ASCII text, bytes
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objects actually behave like immutable sequences of integers, with each
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value in the sequence restricted such that ``0 <= x < 256`` (attempts to
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violate this restriction will trigger :exc:`ValueError`. This is done
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deliberately to emphasise that while many binary formats include ASCII based
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elements and can be usefully manipulated with some text-oriented algorithms,
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this is not generally the case for arbitrary binary data (blindly applying
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text processing algorithms to binary data formats that are not ASCII
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compatible will usually lead to data corruption).
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* A zero-filled bytes object of a specified length: ``bytes(10)``
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* From an iterable of integers: ``bytes(range(20))``
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* Copying existing binary data via the buffer protocol: ``bytes(obj)``
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In addition to the literal forms, bytes objects can be created in a number of
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other ways:
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Also see the :ref:`bytes <func-bytes>` built-in.
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* A zero-filled bytes object of a specified length: ``bytes(10)``
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* From an iterable of integers: ``bytes(range(20))``
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* Copying existing binary data via the buffer protocol: ``bytes(obj)``
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Since 2 hexadecimal digits correspond precisely to a single byte, hexadecimal
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numbers are a commonly used format for describing binary data. Accordingly,
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the bytes type has an additional class method to read data in that format:
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Also see the :ref:`bytes <func-bytes>` built-in.
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.. classmethod:: bytes.fromhex(string)
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Since 2 hexadecimal digits correspond precisely to a single byte, hexadecimal
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numbers are a commonly used format for describing binary data. Accordingly,
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the bytes type has an additional class method to read data in that format:
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This :class:`bytes` class method returns a bytes object, decoding the
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given string object. The string must contain two hexadecimal digits per
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byte, with ASCII spaces being ignored.
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.. classmethod:: fromhex(string)
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>>> bytes.fromhex('2Ef0 F1f2 ')
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b'.\xf0\xf1\xf2'
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This :class:`bytes` class method returns a bytes object, decoding the
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given string object. The string must contain two hexadecimal digits per
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byte, with ASCII whitespace being ignored.
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A reverse conversion function exists to transform a bytes object into its
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hexadecimal representation.
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>>> bytes.fromhex('2Ef0 F1f2 ')
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b'.\xf0\xf1\xf2'
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.. method:: bytes.hex()
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A reverse conversion function exists to transform a bytes object into its
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hexadecimal representation.
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Return a string object containing two hexadecimal digits for each
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byte in the instance.
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.. method:: hex()
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>>> b'\xf0\xf1\xf2'.hex()
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'f0f1f2'
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Return a string object containing two hexadecimal digits for each
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byte in the instance.
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.. versionadded:: 3.5
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>>> b'\xf0\xf1\xf2'.hex()
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'f0f1f2'
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.. versionadded:: 3.5
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Since bytes objects are sequences of integers (akin to a tuple), for a bytes
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object *b*, ``b[0]`` will be an integer, while ``b[0:1]`` will be a bytes
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@ -2362,45 +2364,49 @@ Bytearray Objects
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.. index:: object: bytearray
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:class:`bytearray` objects are a mutable counterpart to :class:`bytes`
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objects. There is no dedicated literal syntax for bytearray objects, instead
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they are always created by calling the constructor:
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objects.
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* Creating an empty instance: ``bytearray()``
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* Creating a zero-filled instance with a given length: ``bytearray(10)``
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* From an iterable of integers: ``bytearray(range(20))``
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* Copying existing binary data via the buffer protocol: ``bytearray(b'Hi!')``
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.. class:: bytearray([source[, encoding[, errors]]])
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As bytearray objects are mutable, they support the
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:ref:`mutable <typesseq-mutable>` sequence operations in addition to the
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common bytes and bytearray operations described in :ref:`bytes-methods`.
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There is no dedicated literal syntax for bytearray objects, instead
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they are always created by calling the constructor:
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Also see the :ref:`bytearray <func-bytearray>` built-in.
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* Creating an empty instance: ``bytearray()``
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* Creating a zero-filled instance with a given length: ``bytearray(10)``
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* From an iterable of integers: ``bytearray(range(20))``
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* Copying existing binary data via the buffer protocol: ``bytearray(b'Hi!')``
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Since 2 hexadecimal digits correspond precisely to a single byte, hexadecimal
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numbers are a commonly used format for describing binary data. Accordingly,
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the bytearray type has an additional class method to read data in that format:
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As bytearray objects are mutable, they support the
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:ref:`mutable <typesseq-mutable>` sequence operations in addition to the
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common bytes and bytearray operations described in :ref:`bytes-methods`.
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.. classmethod:: bytearray.fromhex(string)
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Also see the :ref:`bytearray <func-bytearray>` built-in.
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This :class:`bytearray` class method returns bytearray object, decoding
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the given string object. The string must contain two hexadecimal digits
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per byte, with ASCII spaces being ignored.
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Since 2 hexadecimal digits correspond precisely to a single byte, hexadecimal
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numbers are a commonly used format for describing binary data. Accordingly,
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the bytearray type has an additional class method to read data in that format:
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>>> bytearray.fromhex('2Ef0 F1f2 ')
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bytearray(b'.\xf0\xf1\xf2')
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.. classmethod:: fromhex(string)
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A reverse conversion function exists to transform a bytearray object into its
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hexadecimal representation.
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This :class:`bytearray` class method returns bytearray object, decoding
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the given string object. The string must contain two hexadecimal digits
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per byte, with ASCII whitespace being ignored.
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.. method:: bytearray.hex()
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>>> bytearray.fromhex('2Ef0 F1f2 ')
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bytearray(b'.\xf0\xf1\xf2')
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Return a string object containing two hexadecimal digits for each
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byte in the instance.
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A reverse conversion function exists to transform a bytearray object into its
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hexadecimal representation.
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>>> bytearray(b'\xf0\xf1\xf2').hex()
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'f0f1f2'
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.. method:: hex()
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.. versionadded:: 3.5
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Return a string object containing two hexadecimal digits for each
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byte in the instance.
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>>> bytearray(b'\xf0\xf1\xf2').hex()
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'f0f1f2'
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.. versionadded:: 3.5
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Since bytearray objects are sequences of integers (akin to a list), for a
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bytearray object *b*, ``b[0]`` will be an integer, while ``b[0:1]`` will be
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@ -320,9 +320,9 @@ Sequences
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A bytes object is an immutable array. The items are 8-bit bytes,
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represented by integers in the range 0 <= x < 256. Bytes literals
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(like ``b'abc'``) and the built-in function :func:`bytes` can be used to
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construct bytes objects. Also, bytes objects can be decoded to strings
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via the :meth:`~bytes.decode` method.
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(like ``b'abc'``) and the built-in :func:`bytes()` constructor
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can be used to create bytes objects. Also, bytes objects can be
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decoded to strings via the :meth:`~bytes.decode` method.
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Mutable sequences
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.. index::
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@ -349,9 +349,9 @@ Sequences
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.. index:: bytearray
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A bytearray object is a mutable array. They are created by the built-in
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:func:`bytearray` constructor. Aside from being mutable (and hence
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unhashable), byte arrays otherwise provide the same interface and
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functionality as immutable bytes objects.
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:func:`bytearray` constructor. Aside from being mutable
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(and hence unhashable), byte arrays otherwise provide the same interface
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and functionality as immutable :class:`bytes` objects.
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.. index:: module: array
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@ -1253,8 +1253,8 @@ Basic customization
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.. index:: builtin: bytes
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Called by :func:`bytes` to compute a byte-string representation of an
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object. This should return a ``bytes`` object.
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Called by :ref:`bytes <func-bytes>` to compute a byte-string representation
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of an object. This should return a :class:`bytes` object.
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.. index::
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single: string; __format__() (object method)
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